F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 27 2002
TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
SAMUEL H. MYLES,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
No. 02-3157
v. D.C. No. 00-CV-3298-JTM
(D. Kansas)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before SEYMOUR, HENRY, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
Samuel Haywood Myles, a pro se federal prisoner, brought this action
under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), seeking damages for the alleged
mishandling of his property by prison officials. The government moved to
dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) or alternatively for summary judgment,
*
After examining appellant’s brief and the appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the
determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R.
34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and
judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, or collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of
orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the
terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
contending that the court lacked jurisdiction over Mr. Myles’s claim because it is
barred by an exception to the FTCA. The court agreed and granted the
government’s motion. Mr. Myles appeals and we affirm.
We first address our standard of review. When, as here, a Rule 12(b)(1)
motion goes beyond the allegations in the complaint and challenges the facts upon
which subject matter jurisdiction depends, a district court may allow affidavits
and other evidentiary material outside the pleadings and does not presume that the
factual allegations in the complaint are true. See Holt v. United States, 46 F.3d
1000, 1002-03 (10th Cir. 1995). The consideration of such evidence does not
convert the motion into one for summary judgment unless the resolution of the
merits of the case is intertwined with the jurisdictional issue. Id. at 1003. We
have held that the merits and the jurisdictional issue are intertwined “if subject
matter jurisdiction is dependent on the same statute which provides the
substantive claim in the case.” Id. We need not determine whether that
circumstance is present here, however, because in this case the pertinent
jurisdictional facts are undisputed. We review the district court’s legal
conclusions de novo under either Rule 12(b)(1) or Rule 56.
Mr. Myles was incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth,
Kansas, from 1995 to 2000. During that time, in response to violence at the
prison, the institution was placed in “lockdown” status and massive shakedowns
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of inmate cells were conducted. Inmate property in excess of that allowed in the
cells under prison regulations was confiscated and mailed at government expense
to an address designated by the inmate. It is undisputed that two contraband
items in Mr. Myles’ cell, a ceramic mug and plate, were confiscated, sent to, and
received by a person designated by Mr. Myles. He alleged, however, that 151
books were taken by prison officials and lost in shipping. 1 After filing an
administrative claim for his books, Mr. Myles brought the instant action.
The FTCA constitutes a waiver of the sovereign immunity of the United
States and therefore must be strictly construed to prevent expanding the waiver
beyond the limits intended by Congress. See Pipkin v. United States Postal Serv.,
951 F.2d 272, 275 (10th Cir. 1991). The waiver is jurisdictional, and the court
therefore lacks subject matter jurisdiction over an action that falls within one of
the exceptions provided by the Act. See Bradley v. United States, 951 F.2d 268,
270 (10th Cir. 1991). The FTCA provides that its waiver of sovereign immunity
1
The government presented evidence that three cartons were shipped to and
received by another person designated by Mr. Myles. The total weight of these
boxes was over 131 pounds, leading the government to the reasonable inference
that these boxes contained Mr. Myles’ books. In his brief on appeal, Mr. Myles
appears to acknowledge that his brother, Mr. Riley, did in fact receive several
boxes of books shipped from Leavenworth some six months after the mug and
plate arrived at their destination. It is unclear whether all of Mr. Myles’
confiscated property is now accounted for. We need not address this factual
matter, however, in view of our conclusion that the district court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction.
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does not apply, inter alia, to “[a]ny claim arising in respect of . . . the detention of
any goods or merchandise by any . . . law enforcement officer.” 28 U.S.C. §
2680(c). 2
We have held that Ҥ 2680(c) applies where a prisoner alleges that
defendant prison officials detained his personal property and mailed it outside the
prison.” Hatten v. White, 275 F.3d 1208, 1210 (10th Cir. 2002). As did the
prisoner in Hatten, Mr. Myles seeks to assert a claim under the FTCA arising
from goods detained by prison officials. Hatten therefore applies and Mr. Myles’
FTCA claim is barred under section 2680(c). Accordingly, the district court
correctly determined that it was without subject matter jurisdiction. 3
2
Section 2680(c) was amended on April 25, 2000, to provide that it applies
to the detention of “any goods, merchandise, or other property.” 28 U.S.C. §
2680(c) (emphasis added). Because Mr. Myles’ books clearly fall within the
ambit of “goods” or “merchandise,” we need not address any retroactivity issue
arising from the amendment.
3
On appeal, Mr. Myles attempts to rely on Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S.
574 (1998). In that case, a prisoner in the District of Columbia correctional
system brought an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 based on allegations that prison
officials misdirected boxes containing his property to punish him for exercising
his First Amendment rights. Section 1983 is directed to action taken under color
of state law. Because Mr. Myles is challenging conduct by federal officials taken
under color of federal law, section 1983 is inapplicable. While Mr. Myles’ pro se
complaint, construed broadly, may have sufficiently alleged conduct by federal
actors to state a claim under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388
(1971), he has named only the United States as a defendant. A Bivens action may
not be brought against the United States as such. See Farmer v. Perrill, 275 F.3d
958, 963 (10th Cir. 2001). We also note that throughout this litigation Mr. Myles
has expressly proceeded only under the FTCA.
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The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 4
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Stephanie K. Seymour
Circuit Judge
4
The district court granted Mr. Myles leave to proceed in forma pauperis
on appeal. Mr. Myles is reminded that he must continue payments until the
appellate filing fee is paid in full.
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