F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
MAR 27 2003
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
MADYUN ABDULHASEEB, a/k/a
Jerry L. Thomas,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
No. 01-7103
v. (D.C. No. 98-CV-296-S)
(E.D. Okla.)
JAMES L. SAFFLE, Director of
Oklahoma DOC; STEVE HARGETT,
Warden of LARC; BOBBY BOONE,
Warden of MACC; DERRAL
ALTOM, Case Manager Supervisor;
C. T. HURD, Unit Manager;
MALAYA BROOKS, Principal;
HELAN J. WOODALL, Post Office
Supervisor a/k/a Helen Woodall;
KAMRON HARVANEK,
Administrative Assistant to Warden
Boone; OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS; EDWARD
EVANS, West Central Regional
Director of Oklahoma DOC; JACK
HAWKINS, Chaplain at Davis
Correctional; ED STOLTZ, Religious
Coordinator for Oklahoma DOC;
GARY ALLEN, Volunteer Religious
Coordinator on A & R; DOLORES
RAMSEY, Designee of the Director;
ALBERT E. SHULTS; MACC
CHAPLAIN,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before SEYMOUR , PORFILIO , and BALDOCK , Circuit Judges.
Introduction
Appellant Madyun Abdulhaseeb was, for several years, the Imam, or
elected spiritual leader, of the Muslim prison community at the Lexington
Correctional Center (LCC). While at LCC, he filed staff requests and grievances
concerning what he perceived as disparate treatment of the Muslim community as
compared with the Christian inmate community. He was then transferred to the
Mack Alford Correctional Center (MACC), where he filed this civil rights suit,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1983. In his amended complaint, appellant alleged
religious discrimination at LCC, retaliatory transfer, and further retaliation at
MACC. After defendant s moved for summary judgment , attaching a voluminous
Martinez report, 1 the district court issued its first dispositive order (First Order).
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
1
See Ketchum v. Cruz , 961 F.2d 916, 918 n.2 (10th Cir. 1992) (citing
Martinez v. Aaron , 570 F.2d 317 (10th Cir. 1978)).
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Therein, the court granted summary judgment to defendant s and/or dismissed
eleven of appellant’s claims completely, and two claims in part.
After further briefing and a status conference, the court issued a scheduling
order setting deadlines for discovery, motions, and exhibits, and calendaring the
remaining claims for trial in May of 2001. In response to defendants’ second
motion to dismiss, the district court issued its second dispositive order (Second
Order), dismissing the remaining claims, i.e., the ones set for trial, as frivolous.
Appellant challenges these two rulings. We have jurisdiction over the
appeal by virtue of 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 2
We review the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to defendant s de novo , using the same standards as the district
court. That is, we view the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom
in the light most favorable to appellant and determine whether there are genuine
issues of material fact and whether defendant s are entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. See Simms v. Okla. ex rel. Dep’t of Mental Health & Substance Abuse
Servs. , 165 F.3d 1321, 1326 (10th Cir. 1999) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). We
review the district court’s dismissal of claims as frivolous for an abuse of
discretion only, considering appellant’s pro se status and whether the district
2
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
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court inappropriately resolved genuine issues of material fact or applied erroneous
legal conclusions. See Denton v. Hernandez , 504 U.S. 25, 33-34 (1992). Because
appellant proceeds pro se, we construe his pleadings liberally. See Haines v.
Kerner , 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972); Cummings v. Evans , 161 F.3d 610, 613 (10th
Cir. 1998). After our review of the record on appeal and the parties’ briefs in
light of the above standards, we conclude that several of appellant’s claims were
improperly dismissed; therefore, we reverse the district court’s rulings in part.
Appellant’s amended complaint contained nineteen numbered counts; we will use
these numbers in addressing the claims on appeal.
Claims Affirmed
Count Two, part three . In this subpart of Count Two, appellant alleged that
the warden at LCC, defendant Hargett, discriminated against the LCC Muslim
community when he directed all inmates to attend a Christian yard event featuring
speaker Bill Glass. The district court initially let this claim stand. See First
Order at 6. However, the court subsequently concluded that appellant had failed
to exhaust his administrative remedies with regard to this claim, and dismissed it
as frivolous. See Second Order at 2-3, 9. We review de novo the conclusion that
appellant failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. See Jernigan v. Stuchell ,
304 F.3d 1030, 1032 (10th Cir. 2002). On appeal, appellant contends that he filed
a grievance on this claim and also asserts that defendant s did not include copies
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of all his grievances in the Martinez report . He further generally argues that
defendant s intentionally frustrated his attempts to exhaust his claims, in part by
failing to respond to his grievances.
Regardless of whether the district court could properly dismiss this part of
Count Two for failure to exhaust in light of these allegations, we conclude that
this claim should have been dismissed for failure to allege any injury resulting
from the alleged conduct. In a response to interrogatories, appellant admitted that
he did not attend the Bill Glass event. Further, he has not alleged retaliation in
any form as a result of his lack of attendance. Appellant cannot raise claims on
behalf of other inmates. 3
See Cotner v. Hopkins , 795 F.2d 900, 902 (10th Cir.
1986). Therefore, dismissal of this claim was proper, although we disagree with
the district court that it was frivolous.
Count Three . Appellant alleged that warden Hargett and others had formed
a company operating at LCC that hired only white Christian inmates. The district
court dismissed this claim in its initial ruling, concluding that appellant had not
alleged personal injury. First Order at 7. We agree that the claim should have
been dismissed because our review indicates that appellant was trying to raise this
3
Appellant did seek to have this case certified as a class action. That
request was denied by the district court due to appellant’s pro se status. He does
not appeal that ruling.
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claim on behalf of another Muslim inmate who was denied a job. See Cotner , 795
F.2d at 902.
Counts Six, Seven, and Nine . In Count Six, appellant alleged that Muslim
volunteers were not invited to the annual Volunteer Appreciation Day at LCC,
although they had been before warden Hargett’s tenure. Count Seven alleged that
Muslim literature at LCC was subject to a strict review procedure, while Christian
literature was not. In Count Nine, appellant contended that, although Muslim
fund-raisers were disallowed, warden Hargett’s niece was allowed to sell food at
the LCC visiting room, and that a Muslim inmate was forced to help with these
sales, including the sale of pork sausage. The district court properly dismissed
these claims for lack of personal injury. First Order at 9, 10, 11-12. Appellant
did not claim that he should have been invited to the Volunteer Appreciation Day,
nor did he allege facts which connected the review of Muslim literature or the
visiting room food sales to his own constitutional rights. Again, he cannot raise
these claims on behalf of others in the Muslim community. Cotner , 795 F.2d
at 902.
Count Eight . Appellant alleged that literature which was racist and
derogatory towards Islam was being disseminated at the Lexington Assessment
and Reception Center (LARC), a facility adjoining LCC. The district court
initially allowed this claim to stand because defendant s had failed to address it in
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their first summary judgment motion or in the Martinez report. First Order at 11.
Ultimately, however, the district court concluded that the claim had not been
exhausted, and dismissed it as frivolous. Second Order at 2-3. As with the third
part of Count Two, discussed above, we question this ruling in the face of
allegations that appellant did file both a staff request and a grievance on this issue
and that prison officials returned grievances or failed to answer them in an effort
to deny him access to the grievance process and to prevent him from exhausting
his complaints. Nonetheless, we conclude that his claim was properly dismissed
because appellant’s allegations do not implicate personal involvement with
literature disseminated at LARC. He apparently had no access to LARC and
alleged no personal injury. We do not agree, however, that this claim was
frivolous.
Counts Ten and Sixteen . In Count Ten, appellant alleged a conspiracy
between warden Hargett and others to deprive him of the educational programs he
had pursued at LCC by transferring him and by thwarting his efforts to seek
access to educational programs while at MACC. Count Sixteen asserted that
Hargett conspired with defendant Evans in connection with appellant’s transfer to
MACC and its consequences. The district court concluded that appellant’s
allegations of conspiracy were conclusory and noted that appellant had no right to
be incarcerated at a specific facility or to educational programs. First Order
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at 13, 17. We agree, and also note that appellant has alleged no discriminatory
basis for the denial of educational benefits outside of his claim of retaliation,
which is addressed below. These claims were properly dismissed.
Count Eleven . Appellant contended that his constitutional rights were
violated by the prison’s requirement that, on official forms, he use the name under
which he was first incarcerated. He legally changed his name in 1990. The
district court dismissed this claim in its initial order, relying on the balancing test
set out in Turner v. v. Safley , 482 U.S. 78 (1987). First Order at 15. We agree.
While appellant may have a First Amendment interest in using his changed name,
see Malik v. Brown , 71 F.3d 724, 727 (9th Cir. 1995), that does not trump the
prison’s interests in security and efficient record-keeping. See Felix v. Rolan ,
833 F.2d 517, 519 (5th Cir. 1987). It is clear from the record that appellant is
allowed to use his changed name, so long as he includes his incarcerated name on
official forms. This claim was correctly dismissed.
Counts Thirteen and Seventeen . Count Thirteen asserted that a Muslim
community fund-raiser to support LCC’s college program was disallowed, while
other fund-raisers were approved. In Count Seventeen, appellant contended that
defendant Hawkins diverted and misappropriated money raised by the Muslim
community at LCC. The district court dismissed these claims in its initial ruling,
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concluding that they did not rise to the level of constitutional violations. First
Order at 16-17, 18. We agree that these claims were correctly dismissed.
Count Fifteen . This claim, alleging that appellant was transferred to
MACC for exercising his right to file grievances, was properly dismissed as
duplicative of Counts One and Ten, discussed below.
Count Nineteen . Appellant asserted that defendant Allen discriminated
against Muslim inmates at LCC because he and his volunteers were allowed to
provide Christian services at LARC, but would not provide Muslim services. The
district court first ruled that this claim survived summary judgment because
defendant s had failed to address it in their summary judgment motion. First
Order at 18. However, it later concluded that Allen was not a state actor for
§ 1983 purposes and ruled that appellant failed to show how the alleged conduct
violated his constitutional rights. Second Order at 7-8. We agree that there were
no allegations or evidence of appellant’s personal involvement at LARC or any
effect on appellant as a result of the alleged discrimination. This claim was
correctly dismissed, although, again, we disagree with the district court’s
conclusion that it was frivolous.
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Claims Reversed
Count One . Appellant contended that he was transferred from LCC to
MACC in retaliation for raising issues about disparate treatment of the Muslim
community. Relying on defendant Hargett’s affidavit, the court stated that
appellant was transferred not for exercising his First Amendment rights, but for
“his frequent, disruptive allegations of religious discrimination.” First Order at 4.
Using the Turner balancing test, the court concluded that appellant’s transfer was
“reasonably related to legitimate penological interest.” Id. The district court
erred in dismissing this claim.
It is clear that the district court relied on warden Hargett’s affidavit
regarding the motivation for appellant’s transfer. Motive is a factual question.
See Crespin v. New Mexico , 144 F.3d 641, 652 (10th Cir. 1998). Because
appellant alleged facts which contradict the warden’s statement on this point, the
court’s grant of summary judgment was error. The court cannot make credibility
determinations on summary judgment . Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S.
242, 255 (1986).
We conclude that appellant has stated a cognizable claim for retaliation
which survives summary judgment . He alleged that his transfer came on the heels
of his third grievance–that same day, actually. The other five grievances listed by
the district court were filed after appellant’s transfer in an attempt to exhaust his
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claims. See First Order at 3. In a petition for injunction accompanying his
original complaint, appellant also averred that, when he was transferred, he was
told that he had “worn out his welcome” and that warden Hargett wanted him
“gone yesterday.” R., Vol. I, doc. 3. Appellant stated that Hargett failed to
respond to his first three grievances and that grievances he filed at MACC were
returned to him on baseless technical grounds. Construing these allegations in a
light most favorable to appellant, they create a genuine issue of material fact
about the motive underlying his transfer to MACC. Therefore, the district court’s
dismissal of this claim is reversed.
Count Two, parts one and two . In the first two parts of this claim,
appellant asserted that Muslim inmates at LCC were not allowed to distribute
Islamic literature or provide religious services at LARC, although Christian
inmates were allowed to do so. He also contended that warden Hargett waived
certain rules so that all inmates could participate in a fund-raiser sponsored by the
Christian Men’s Association (CMA), but a Muslim fund-raiser was not granted
such leniency. He also noted that Muslim services were cancelled during another
Christian event because, he alleged, the warden did not want competition with
that event. As with Count One, the district court appears to have relied on the
warden’s affidavit and the Martinez report in discussing the pertinent facts. See
First Order at 5-6.
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But the crux of the district court’s ruling on this claim was its conclusion
that appellant had not asserted a personal violation of his constitutional rights in
connection with this claim. Id. We disagree. Appellant is asserting an equal
protection claim here, evident from his comparison of the Muslim community to
the Christian community at LCC. In the equal protection setting, “injury in fact”
may be demonstrated by allegations that a litigant is being treated differently than
others on an impermissible basis, such as religion. The Supreme Court has stated
that the denial of equal protection is itself the injury required to bring such a
claim. “The ‘injury in fact’ in an equal protection case . . . is the denial of equal
treatment resulting from the imposition of [a] barrier, not the ultimate ability to
obtain the benefit.” Northeastern Fla. Chapter of Assoc. Gen. Contractors of Am.
v. City of Jacksonville , 508 U.S. 656, 666 (1993). All appellant must allege to
properly state an equal protection claim is that he was personally denied equal
treatment on the basis of his religion. See Cunico v. Pueblo Sch. Dist. No. 60 ,
917 F.2d 431, 441 (10th Cir. 1990) (citing Allen v. Wright , 468 U.S. 737, 755
(1984)).
Further, although appellant’s claims are generally worded on behalf of the
entire Muslim community at LCC, we assume, construing his pleadings liberally,
that the Muslim community includes himself, unless otherwise indicated. As to
this claim specifically, appellant alleged that he participated in several requests to
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be allowed to distribute Islamic literature at LARC, and filed a grievance on the
issue. He contended that the Muslim community, assumably including himself,
was denied that opportunity while Christians were not. Similarly, he asserted that
Muslims were discriminated against when the warden treated a Christian
fund-raiser more leniently than a Muslim one and cancelled Muslim religious
services during a Christian event. In an equal protection claim, appellant need
not show that distributing literature is central to his own religious observance or
that the warden’s treatment of the fund-raiser or cancellation of Muslim services
somehow infringed upon his religious practices. Nor need he demonstrate that he
would have necessarily distributed the literature himself, only that he was denied
the opportunity to do so, which he sought, on the basis of his religion. See City of
Jacksonville , 508 U.S. at 665 (citing Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke , 438 U.S.
265, 280-81 n.14 (1978)). Again, while appellant cannot assert the claims of
others, his allegations state an equal protection violation. The district court’s
grant of summary judgment to defendants on parts one and two of Count Two is
reversed.
Count Four . Here, appellant alleged that warden Hargett cancelled an
ongoing Muslim fund-raising project–the sale of “oils”–in retaliation for the
Muslim community’s attempts to advise the ACLU about religious bias at LCC.
He also contended that fund-raising projects of other groups were not restricted
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and noted that Muslim communities in other prison facilities were allowed to sell
“oils.” Initially, the district court appeared to credit the warden’s statement in his
affidavit that he stopped the “oils” fund-raiser pursuant to Oklahoma Department
of Corrections (ODOC) policy, but declined to grant summary judgment because
defendant had failed to address appellant’s contention about “oils” sales at other
prisons. First Order at 8. In its second ruling, however, the court dismissed this
claim due to lack of personal participation by the warden, based on his affidavit.
The court concluded that appellant’s claims of conspiracy to deny the sale of
“oils” were conclusory.
We agree that any claim of conspiracy was not supported by sufficient
factual allegations. However, we disagree with the district court’s dismissal of
this claim. As with Count One, appellant’s allegations create a factual dispute
about the warden’s motive for cancelling the “oils” fund-raising project. As with
the first two parts of Count Two, appellant has sufficiently stated an equal
protection violation. He characterized the fund-raiser as “our project,” see
R., Vol. I, doc. 7 at 3A, and filed both a staff request and grievance on the issue,
demonstrating a level of personal involvement. The district court’s ruling on this
claim is reversed.
Count Five . Appellant complained that LCC hired only Christian inmates
to work in the chapel–specifically, members of the CMA–and that they were
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allowed greater access to the chapel than other religious groups. He alleged he
was promised a job in the chapel which was later denied by the warden. The
district court first noted that appellant had alleged no personal injury resulting
from the alleged disparity in access, but stated that he raised a cognizable claim
with respect to the chapel job. First Order at 9. In its subsequent ruling, the
court again appeared to rely on warden Hargett’s affidavit. Second Order at 4-5.
The court acknowledged that prison officials could not deny appellant a job on a
prohibited basis such as race or religion, but concluded that appellant “does not
allege he has been deprived of employment on the basis of any suspect
classification.” Id. at 5. The court dismissed the claim as frivolous.
Our review of the record indicates that, while appellant did not, in a single
sentence, state that he was denied the chapel job due to his religion, liberal
construction of his pleadings as a whole clearly indicates that this was the nature
of his claim. In the petition for injunction filed with his original complaint,
appellant claimed that the warden “allowed only Christians to work in the
chapel,” R., Vol. I, doc. 3, App. A at 2, and made numerous other references to
discrimination in hiring based on religion. In response to defendant s’ second
dispositive motion, appellant contended that, although the warden did not
ordinarily participate in decisions concerning the chapel, he consistently did so
whenever another official made a decision in favor of a Muslim inmate. See id. ,
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Vol. III, doc 117, at 5. In light of these and other similar statements throughout
the record, it is overwhelmingly obvious that appellant’s discrimination claim
about the chapel job was based on religion. We conclude that appellant has stated
an equal protection claim, on his own behalf, for the denial of prison employment
on account of his religion. The district court’s ruling on this claim is reversed.
Count Twelve . Appellant claimed that the Muslim community at LCC was
being denied monthly family night visits, which the Christian community enjoyed.
Family night visits must be sponsored; the CMA sponsors the Christian family
nights. Appellant requested sponsorship by defendant Hawkins, a chaplain, who
denied the request. Appellant also alleged that he was told that clubs and
organizations were allowed only one annual function in the visiting room, but
contended that the CMA held numerous events there throughout the year. The
district court initially denied summary judgment on this claim because defendant s
had not addressed appellant’s claim about requesting sponsorship for Muslim
family night visits. First Order at 16. However, the court dismissed the claim as
frivolous in its subsequent ruling, based on the conclusion that appellant was
asserting the rights of the Muslim community–and not himself–and therefore had
shown no injury. As discussed above, we conclude that appellant was raising his
own rights (along with those of the rest of the Muslim community at LCC which
he cannot assert) when, as here, he filed grievances about the issue. Again,
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because appellant need not demonstrate a particularized injury beyond his
allegations that he was treated differently because he is a Muslim, we conclude
that he has stated an equal protection violation. The district court’s dismissal of
this claim is reversed.
Counts Fourteen and Eighteen . Appellant contended that the ODOC,
warden Hargett, and defendant Stoltz have acted to establish Christianity as the
official ODOC religion. In Count Fourteen, he alleged that LCC officials openly
advocated Christianity and that they failed to ensure that equal time, money, or
resources are given to the Muslim community. His pleadings and affidavits
contain numerous specific factual allegations which support this claim. In Count
Eighteen, appellant asserted that Stoltz maintained an all-Christian chaplaincy,
solicited and appropriated funds for Christian programs, and targeted only
Christian inmates for outreach and consultation. The district court declined to
grant defendant s’ first motion for summary judgment on these claims, pointing
out that the Martinez report did not address them. First Order at 17, 18. In its
second ruling, the district court combined Counts Fourteen and Eighteen, noting
in particular defendant s’ subsequent contentions denying liability or control. The
court dismissed the claims as frivolous because appellant “failed to allege he was
deprived of his constitutional right to practice his religion.” Id. at 7.
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The district court misunderstands the legal nature of appellant’s claims. He
is not asserting Free Exercise Clause claims; he is asserting Establishment Clause
claims. “The Establishment Clause limits any governmental effort to promote
particular religious views to the detriment of those who hold other religious
beliefs or no religious beliefs, while the Free Exercise Clause affirmatively
requires the government not to interfere with the religious practices of its
citizens.” Brown v. Gillmore , 258 F.3d 265, 274 (4th Cir.), cert. denied ,
122 S. Ct. 465 (2001). We conclude that appellant’s allegations have stated equal
protection claims, including the requisite injury. The district court’s dismissal of
these claims is reversed.
Summary
The district court’s First Order is reversed as to Count One. The district
court’s Second Order is reversed in toto , except as to the third part of Count Two,
and Counts Eight and Nineteen, which are affirmed on alternate grounds. None
of the claims that survived the district court’s First Order were frivolous. First,
many of those claims survived the first summary judgment motion because
genuine issues of material fact existed which precluded judgment under the
applicable standards. Second, the district court’s conclusion that the claims were
frivolous came only after analysis of each claim in light of applicable law and
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legal standards. This kind of determination does not support a conclusion of
frivolousness. See Raymer v. Enright , 113 F.3d 172, 174 n.1 (10th Cir. 1997).
Motion to Amend
Two months after appellant filed his amended complaint, he filed motions
to add two additional claims and the respective defendant s. R., Vol. I, docs. 32A
& 32B. He alleged specific facts in support of these claims. The district court
failed to rule on this motion, and defendant s did not address the additional claims
in their dispositive motions. Leave to amend should have been granted in the
absence of prejudice to defendant s. Further, failure to rule may constitute an
abuse of the district court’s discretion. Cf. Foman v. Davis , 371 U.S. 178, 182
(1962) (“Outright refusal to grant . . . leave [to amend] without any justifying
reason appearing for the denial is not an exercise of discretion; it is merely abuse
of that discretion and inconsistent with the spirit of the Federal Rules.”). On
remand, the district court should rule on appellant’s motion to amend to add the
additional two claims and defendant s.
Remand
In light of our rulings, the following claims are remanded to the district
court for further consideration: Count One, parts one and two of Count Two, and
Counts Four, Five, Twelve, Fourteen, and Eighteen. The court is directed to rule
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on appellant’s motion for leave to add claims. Defendants have all motions
available to them. We remind the district court to liberally construe appellant’s
pleadings in this case. See Cummings , 161 F.3d at 613. Finally, because several
of appellant’s claims have been reinstated, we leave to the district court’s sound
discretion whether to appoint appellant counsel for further proceedings in this
case.
The judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Oklahoma is REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent
with this order. Appellant’s motion for leave to proceed without prepayment of
costs or fees is granted. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
Entered for the Court
Bobby R. Baldock
Circuit Judge
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