F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
JUN 5 2003
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
BRUCE R. LONGYEAR,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 02-4159
(D.C. No. 2:01-CV-408-PGC)
UTAH BOARD OF PARDONS & (D. Utah)
PAROLE,
Defendant-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before EBEL , HENRY , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Appellant Bruce R. Longyear, a Utah state prisoner appearing pro se , filed
a civil rights complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the Utah Board of
Pardons and Parole (“Board”) violated his federal due process rights by holding
an original parole hearing to determine the length of his sentence without
affording him notice of, or an opportunity to be heard or present at, the hearing.
He also alleged that the Board discriminates on the basis of religion. Pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1915, the district court sua sponte dismissed Longyear’s due process
claim for failure to state a claim under the United States Constitution, and
dismissed his religious discrimination claim as “clearly baseless.” See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e)(2)(B) (requiring district court to dismiss a complaint when it
determines that “the action . . . (i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state
a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against
a defendant who is immune from such relief”).
On appeal, Mr. Longyear raises three issues: 1) that the Board violated his
due process rights by holding an original parole hearing without notifying him of
the hearing, giving him any opportunity to appear at the hearing, or informing
him of the evidence presented against him; 2) that the Board engages in religious
discrimination in evaluating parole; and 3) that the executive and legislative
branches of Utah’s government are engaged in a conspiracy to allow these
violations to continue.
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Due Process Claim. In April 1998, Longyear was committed to prison for a
one-to-fifteen year sentence. Under Utah’s sentencing system, “the trial judge is
required to impose the statutorily prescribed range of years and then the Board of
Pardons decides the length of time a person is confined.” Malek v. Haun , 26 F.3d
1013, 1016 (10th Cir. 1994). Pursuant to Utah’s sentencing system, the Board
held an original parole hearing in June 1998 at which it considered Longyear’s
offense and the evidence against him. As a result of that hearing, the Board set
January 2001 as the first date at which Longyear would be considered for parole.
Longyear contends the Board violated his federal due process rights
because it did not notify him of the hearing, give him any opportunity to appear
at the hearing, or inform him of the evidence presented against him. Citing
Malek, 26 F.3d at 1016, the district court dismissed this claim on the basis that
Utah prisoners have no recognized federal liberty interest in parole.
We review the district court’s dismissal of Mr. Longyear’s due process
claims for failure to state a claim de novo. See Perkins v. Kan. Dep’t of Corr. ,
165 F.3d 803, 806 (10th Cir. 1999) (“[A] de novo standard should govern review
of dismissals under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).”). This court has previously ruled that
the Utah parole statute creates no legitimate expectation of release because the
state has granted the Board “complete discretion in making parole decisions.”
Malek , 26 F.3d at 1016. Thus, Malek held, the Utah parole statute “does not
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create a liberty interest entitling [Utah prisoners] to due process protection under
the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and thus
cannot be used as a basis for relief under § 1983.” Id. While it is true that the
Utah Supreme Court has imposed state-level due process requirements on the
Board at the original parole hearing stage, see, e.g., Labrum v. Utah State Bd. of
Pardons, 870 P.2d 902, 911 (Utah 1993), this does not give rise to a federal due
process claim. “[A] violation of state law alone does not give rise to a federal
cause of action under § 1983.” Malek, 26 F.3d at 1016. Because the Utah parole
statute does not create a liberty interest entitling prisoners to federal
constitutional protection, there is no basis for a federal due process claim arising
from the conduct of these state-level parole hearings. See id . The district court,
therefore, correctly dismissed Longyear’s due process claims.
Religious Discrimination Claim . Longyear alleged in his complaint that the
Parole Board considers an inmate’s membership in the Mormon church and
involvement in Mormon programs, and disregards the same program if not taught
by the Mormon church. He also alleges that a 1996 report to the Utah Governor
concluded that Mormon prisoners received earlier hearing dates and served less
time than non-Mormon prisoners, and that in l997, the Parole Board based a
parole decision about an inmate on his desire to go on a mission for the Mormon
Church. As part of its screening obligations under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(i), to
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review prisoner complaints, the district court ruled this claim was factually
frivolous because Longyear’s complaint lacked any specific facts to support his
allegation that Mormons received special treatment from the Parole Board and
failed to allege any facts suggesting Longyear had suffered any personal injury.
The district court dismissed Longyear’s complaint with prejudice. We review the
district court’s dismissal of Longyear’s religious discrimination claim as frivolous
under § 1915A(b)(i) for abuse of discretion. See McWilliams v. Colorado , 121
F.3d 573, 574-75 (10th Cir. 1997).
Longyear made additional factual allegations in his opening brief before
this court, from which we conclude Longyear could have amended his complaint
to demonstrate he had standing to assert viable Establishment Clause and Equal
Protection Clause claims. We believe, therefore, that it was not appropriate for
the district court to have dismissed Longyear’s complaint with prejudice. See
Reynoldson v. Shillinger, 907 F.2d 124, 126 (10th Cir. 1990) (holding that a pro
se prisoner’s complaint should not be dismissed without leave to amend a
potentially curable defect in standing). Here, however, Longyear never requested
leave to amend his religious discrimination claim in any post-judgment motion
before the district court. When his complaint was dismissed, Longyear did not
file a motion to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 59(e) or for relief from
the judgment under Rule 60(b). See Curley v. Perry, 246 F.3d 1278, 1284
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(10th Cir. 2001) (noting that litigants have post-judgment procedural safeguards
to avoid erroneous sua sponte dismissals of complaints under § 1915). Further,
Longyear does not contend on appeal that he should have been given an
opportunity to amend his religious discrimination claim. Thus, we conclude the
district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing this claim. See Burleigh v.
Utah Bd. of Pardons & Parole, No. 02-4168, 2003 WL 157562 (10th Cir. Jan. 23,
2003) (unpublished order and judgment).
Conspiracy Claim . Finally, Longyear asserts on appeal that, by their
inaction, the governor and the legislature of the State of Utah are engaged in a
conspiracy to allow these alleged constitutional violations to continue. Longyear
did not present this issue to the district court and we decline to reach it for the
first time on appeal. See Lyons v. Jefferson Bank & Trust , 994 F.2d 716, 721
(10th Cir. 1993).
The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Utah
is AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
Entered for the Court
David M. Ebel
Circuit Judge
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02-4159, Longyear v. Utah Board of Pardons and Parole
HENRY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I join the majority in affirming the district court’s dismissal of the due
process and conspiracy claims. However, because Mr. Longyear’s religious
discrimination claim is not frivolous, and because I believe that Mr. Longyear’s
pro se appellate brief should be read to challenge the dismissal of that claim with
prejudice, I would vacate and remand with instructions to dismiss that claim
without prejudice.
Three Aspects of the District Court’s Disposition of the Religious Discrimination
Claim
Although the district court characterized its handling of the religious
discrimination claim by saying simply that the claim is “dismissed as frivolous,”
Order at 3, its disposition logically involves three separate steps: (1) dismissing
the claim as legally deficient, (2) attaching prejudice, and (3) declaring the claim
to be frivolous. Each of these choices by the district court must be analyzed
separately.
1. Dismissal of the Religious Discrimination Claim
The district court dismissed Mr. Longyear’s complaint as frivolous under
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(b)(i). Although our prior cases have stated that our
review of dismissals on grounds of frivolousness is for an abuse of discretion,
“[review under] the deferential ‘abuse of discretion’ standard . . . cannot be
understood entirely literally. En route to determining that a claim is frivolous, the
district court must determine whether it is legally insufficient, an issue purely of
law on which appellate review is plenary.” Billman v. Indiana Dep’t of
Corrections, 56 F.3d 785, 787 (7th Cir. 1995); see also Johnson v. Rodriguez, 943
F.2d 104, 107 n.2 (1st Cir. 1991) (“While suggestive of the standard for dismissal
under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), the standard under section 1915(d) is more
rigorous.”); Street v. Fair, 918 F.2d 269, 273 (1st Cir. 1990) (“Although
[plaintiff’s] conclusory allegations in this regard arguably run afoul of Rule
12(b)(6), the claim would appear nonfrivolous.”).
The “route” that we must travel, therefore, starts with a de novo legal
determination of sufficiency and then proceeds to a deferential review of
frivolousness. Legal sufficiency is a threshold issue. Thus, when the majority
concludes that “the district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing
this claim,” Maj. at 6, it seems to suggest that the complaint was legally
insufficient . Our decision in McWilliams v. Colorado, 121 F.3d 573 (10th Cir.
1997), cited by the majority, is not to the contrary. There, we stated: “We review
the district court’s § 1915(e) dismissal for an abuse of discretion,” id. at 574-75,
but we then reviewed whether the complaint at issue was frivolous. We
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determined that one of the plaintiff’s claims was frivolous because it was
“duplicative of his earlier action,” id. at 575, and we affirmed on sovereign
immunity grounds the finding of frivolousness of the plaintiff’s remaining claim.
Id. We did not, therefore, apply an abuse of discretion standard to the legal
question of the adequacy of the pleadings. In short, the abuse of discretion
standard applies exclusively to our review of the finding of frivolousness, a
question that should be reached only if we have first concluded on de novo review
that the complaint is legally deficient.
Because Mr. Longyear is proceeding pro se, we construe his pleadings
liberally. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972); Cummings v. Evans,
161 F.3d 610, 613 (10th Cir. 1998). On the appropriate standard of review, I find
it difficult to agree that the complaint, construed liberally, failed to state a claim.
2. Attaching Prejudice to the Dismissal
Even assuming arguendo that Mr. Longyear’s original complaint was
deficient, though, I agree with the majority that Mr. Longyear has provided on
appeal additional factual allegations that would have allowed him to avoid
dismissal for failure to state a claim. Maj. at 5. In light of these allegations, the
district court’s dismissal with prejudice raises serious concerns.
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We have before us a legal document that Mr. Longyear has submitted, the
A-12 form, appealing the dismissal of his claim. If, in that hand-written
submission, Mr. Longyear failed to state separately that he was not only
challenging the dismissal but also the dismissal with prejudice, then surely that
distinction is covered by Haines, which recognized that “we hold [pro se
complaints] to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.”
404 U.S. at 520. I see no reason why pro se litigants would be any more skilled at
writing appellate briefs than they are at drafting complaints, responding to
motions for summary judgment, etc. See Ledbetter v. City of Topeka, 318 F.3d
1183, 1187 (10th Cir. 2003) (“Because [the plaintiff] proceeds pro se, we
construe his pleadings liberally. We therefore read his appellate brief as
challenging the district court’s five dispositive rulings.”) (citation omitted).
Obviously, therefore, I agree with the majority’s statement that “[w]e
believe . . . that it was not appropriate for the district court to have dismissed
Longyear’s complaint with prejudice.” Maj. at 5. As this court stated in
Reynoldson v. Shillinger, 907 F.2d 124, 126 (10th Cir. 1990): “Particularly where
deficiencies in a complaint are attributable to oversights likely the result of an
untutored pro se litigant’s ignorance of special pleading requirements, dismissal
of the complaint without prejudice is preferable.” It is true that Mr. Longyear did
not request leave to amend in a post-judgment motion. Maj. at 5. At most,
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however, that implies that we should not remand with leave to amend. The
question here is whether the complaint should be dismissed with prejudice.
Because Mr. Longyear appealed the district court’s dismissal of his
complaint, I believe that he necessarily also appealed the attachment of prejudice
to that dismissal. Therefore, we should remand with instructions to dismiss his
religious discrimination claim without prejudice.
3. Frivolousness
To clarify the scope of our review, I reiterate that a civil rights complaint
accompanied by a motion to proceed in forma pauperis is reviewed under 28
U.S.C. § 1915. A civil complaint filed by a prisoner seeking redress from a
governmental entity is reviewed under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. Both statutes apply
here. Under either statute, a district court must dismiss the complaint prior to
service if it is frivolous or malicious. See § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i); § 1915A(b)(1).
As to the standard of review we apply, “this court has not yet determined
whether a dismissal pursuant to § 1915A on the ground that the complaint is
legally frivolous is reviewed de novo or for abuse of discretion.” Plunk v.
Givens, 234 F.3d 1128, 1130 (10th Cir. 2000). However, because we review a
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dismissal for frivolousness under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) for an abuse of discretion, I
will use that standard here. 1
Under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), district courts have the “unusual power to pierce
the veil of the complaint’s factual allegations and dismiss those claims whose
factual contentions are clearly baseless.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327
(1989) (construing former § 1915(d)). Nonetheless, a district court may not
dismiss a complaint as frivolous “simply because the court finds the plaintiff’s
allegations unlikely.” Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 33 (1992).
Furthermore,
the . . . frivolousness determination, frequently made sua
sponte before the defendant has even been asked to file
an answer, cannot serve as a factfinding process for the
resolution of disputed facts[,] . . . [and] a court may
dismiss a claim as factually frivolous only if the facts
alleged are clearly baseless, a category encompassing
allegations that are fanciful, fantastic, and delusional.
1
As to the standard of review we apply to a dismissal for frivolousness under §
1915A, I believe we need not decide which standard applies here because I
believe the result would be the same under either standard. See Plunk , 224 F.3d
at 1130.
We have noted in an unpublished disposition, however, that because the
PLRA removed the discretionary language regarding dismissal for frivolousness
(now mandating such a dismissal upon conclusion that the litigation is frivolous),
it is “question[able] whether abuse of discretion is now the correct standard to
apply.” Basham v. Uphoff, No. 98-8013, 1998 WL 847689, at *4 n. 2 (10th Cir.
Dec. 8, 1998) (unpublished disposition) (“[A] determination of frivolousness may
now be subject to de novo review.”); see also McGore v. Wrigglesworth , 114 F.3d
601, 604 (6th Cir. 1997) (adopting, after considering the effect of the PLRA, the
de novo standard of review).
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As those words suggest, a finding of factual
frivolousness is appropriate when the facts alleged rise
to the level of the irrational or the wholly incredible.
Id. at 32-33 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (emphasis added).
Under this standard, a claim is legally baseless if it alleges the infringement of a
legal interest that does not exist or if the named defendants are clearly entitled to
immunity. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327.
The Denton Court also made it clear that in reviewing a dismissal for
frivolousness under the abuse of discretion standard, we should consider “whether
the plaintiff was proceeding pro se; whether the court inappropriately resolved
genuine issues of disputed fact; whether the court applied erroneous legal
conclusions; whether the court has provided a statement explaining the dismissal
that facilitates ‘intelligent appellate review’; and whether the dismissal was with
or without prejudice.” 504 U.S. at 34 (citations omitted). Several of the factors
prominently in play in this case (pro se status, legal errors, the extent of the
district court’s analysis, and dismissal with prejudice) are thus important factors
to consider in determining whether the district court abused its discretion.
In light of the above standards, I cannot agree that Mr. Longyear’s
allegations even begin to approach the standard of frivolousness. See Complaint
at 4 (“The Utah Board of Pardons does consider . . . the inmates membership in,
desire to support, . . . and recommendations the inmate receives from the Church
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of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.”). Indeed, Mr. Longyear’s appellate brief
contains two factual allegations that can hardly be called fanciful or delusional: 1)
that, in 1996, an agency of the Utah state government issued a report in which it
found that Mormon inmates served shorter terms in prison than non-Mormons,
and 2) that, in 1999, the chairman of the Utah Board of Pardons and Parole
admitted that he allowed an inmate’s affiliation with the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints to influence his parole decision. 2
“Prisoners have been held to enjoy substantial religious freedom under the
First and Fourteenth Amendments.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556
(1974). The facts alleged by Mr. Longyear, if true, lend support to his claim that
his religious affiliation disadvantaged him in his dealings with the state of Utah.
His religious discrimination claim alleges the infringement of a recognized legal
interest and is, therefore, not frivolous.
Conclusion
Accordingly, I would hold that the district court erred in dismissing Mr.
Longyear’s religious discrimination claim with prejudice and as frivolous.
2
I note that Mr. Longyear’s original complaint, cited by the majority at 4,
asserted that this occurred in 1997, whereas his appellate brief asserts that the
date of this action was 1999. A-12 at 32. For present purposes, however, that
difference is not at issue.
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