F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FEB 5 2004
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 01-2360
(D. New Mexico)
JUAN MANUEL CARBAJAL- (D.C. No. CR-99-777-JC)
MORENO,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before HENRY, MURPHY, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Juan Manuel Carbajal-Moreno appeals his convictions for engaging in a
continuing criminal enterprise (CCE) in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848 and
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 1000 kilograms or more of
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. He first claims his Fifth Amendment
right against Double Jeopardy was violated because the district court failed to
vacate his conspiracy conviction, which is a lesser included offense of his
simultaneous CCE conviction. In his second argument, he challenges his CCE
conviction, claiming the evidence was insufficient. Exercising jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we remand with instructions to vacate the
conspiracy conviction and affirm the CCE conviction.
Background
This case involves a drug organization that acquired marijuana imported
from Mexico, collected and transported it through the southwestern United States
and delivered it to Stockton, California. A central figure in this organization was
Carbajal-Moreno. The organization would have one or more individuals go to
various remote areas of southwest New Mexico, near the United States-Mexico
border, to retrieve and load into trucks very large quantities of marijuana
(hundreds and thousands of pounds) that had been smuggled from Mexico. Once
the marijuana was loaded into the trucks, the individual(s) would take the
marijuana to waiting motor homes or various stash houses. At the stash house,
-2-
the marijuana would be unloaded into the house, where it was weighed and
repackaged. The marijuana would then be loaded into another vehicle, generally
a large motor home (RV), and transported to Stockton, California, where it would
be offloaded at various locations, including a car repair shop and barn. Upon
delivery in Stockton, the RV driver(s) would be paid and the operation would
recycle.
Criminal charges against various members of the organization found their
genesis in the March 27, 1999 arrest of Glenn Duggins and Justin Comer. On the
morning of March 27, 1999, United States Border Patrol Agents were alerted that
an electronic motion sensor along the border in southwest New Mexico had been
activated. Border Patrol Agent Frank Allen went to the area to investigate and
noticed various foot prints and what he believed to be truck tire tracks. He
followed the tire tracks to an arroyo where the tracks met up with the tracks of a
large dual wheeled truck. He radioed this information to other agents.
Shortly thereafter, another border patrol agent pulled over a dual wheeled
dump truck loaded with 1,540 pounds of marijuana. The driver, Glenn Duggins,
and his passenger, Justin Comer, were arrested. Prior to this arrest, the United
States Customs Department had been investigating drug smuggling activity in
southwest New Mexico, including the activities of this organization. From the
arrest of Duggins and Comer, the Customs Department obtained additional
-3-
information indicating Carbajal-Moreno occupied a leadership role in the
organization.
In February 2001, an eight count superseding indictment was returned
against Carbajal-Moreno and five co-defendants. 1 Carbajal-Moreno was charged
with engaging in a CCE, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848 (a) & (c) (Count 1);
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 1,000 kilograms or more of
marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count 2); and six counts of possession
with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or more of marijuana, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(B) (Counts 3-8). A jury found Carbajal-Moreno
guilty of all eight counts. 2 The district court sentenced him to 262 months on
each count, all to run concurrently.
Double Jeopardy
Carbajal-Moreno claims the district court committed plain error by failing
to vacate his conspiracy conviction on Count 2 because it is a lesser included
offense of his CCE conviction and thus a violation of the Fifth Amendment’s
Double Jeopardy provision. The Government confesses error.
A conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute marijuana (21 U.S.C. §
1
His co-defendants were Glenn Eugene Duggins, Jose Armando Carbajal-Moreno,
Rachel Alba-Contreras, Jose Angel Jurado-Chavez and Rosa Elena Carbajal-Alvarez.
2
Carbajal-Moreno was the only defendant to stand trial. His co-defendants plead
guilty pursuant to plea agreements.
-4-
846) is a lesser included offense of continuing criminal enterprise (21 U.S.C. §
848). Rutledge v. United States, 517 U.S. 292, 300, 307 (1996). Thus, the
Double Jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment prohibits a defendant from being
convicted for both crimes. Id. at 301-307. Accordingly, we remand this issue to
the district court with instructions to vacate Carbajal-Moreno’s conspiracy
conviction on Count 2 and adjust his sentence accordingly.
Sufficiency of the Evidence--Continuing Criminal Enterprise
In challenging his CCE conviction, Carbajal-Moreno argues the
Government must prove he organized, supervised, or managed five or more
individuals during the commission of each predicate offense for which he was
convicted. Under this view, he asserts the evidence was insufficient.
Alternatively, he argues the evidence was insufficient to show he supervised,
managed, or organized five or more individuals at any time during the CCE.
I.
Federal criminal law prohibits any person from engaging in a CCE. 21
U.S.C. § 848(a). Specifically:
[A] person is engaged in a continuing criminal enterprise if–
(1) he violates any provision of [the federal drug laws] the
punishment for which is a felony, and
(2) such violation is a part of a continuing series of violations
of [the federal drug laws]--
-5-
(A) which are undertaken by such person in concert with
five or more other persons with respect to whom such
person occupies a position of organizer, a supervisory
position, or any other position of management, and
(B) from which such person obtains substantial income
or resources.
21 U.S.C. § 848(c). Carbajal-Moreno argues § 848 requires proof he supervised,
organized, or managed five or more persons during the commission of each of the
predicate violations for which he was convicted. He recognizes this argument has
been rejected by the Second Circuit. Santana-Madera v. United States, 260 F.3d
133, 140 n.3 (2d Cir. 2001) (interpreting Richardson v. United States, 526 U.S.
813 (1999)), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1083 (2002). We cited Santa-Madera with
approval in United States v. Almaraz, 306 F.3d 1031, 1037 (10th Cir. 2002), cert.
denied, 537 U.S. 1241 (2003). Nonetheless, Carbajal-Moreno stands by his
position, arguing the language of § 848 (“a continuing series of violations . . .
which are undertaken by such person in concert with five or more other persons . .
.”) requires each violation involve his supervision of five or more persons.
The Supreme Court decisively telegraphed its intention on this issue. In
Richardson, the Court directly held that in order to convict a defendant under §
848, the jury must unanimously agree about which specific predicate “violations
make up the ‘continuing series of violations.’” 526 U.S. at 815, 816 (citing 21
-6-
U.S.C. § 848(c)). In reaching this holding, the Court responded to arguments
made by the dissent and explained the narrow scope of its holding:
The dissent, but not the Government, argues that the prosecution will
now have to prove . . . that five persons were involved with, the
specific underlying crimes the jury unanimously agrees were
committed. To the extent the dissent suggests that those other
statutory requirements must be satisfied with respect to each
underlying crime, it is clearly wrong. Those requirements must be
met with respect to the series, which, at a minimum, permits the jury
to look at all of the agreed-upon violations in combination.
Id. at 823 (emphasis added). In Almaraz, we recognized the limited unanimity
requirement in Richardson and noted it has not been interpreted to require a
finding that each predicate violation was undertaken in concert with five or more
persons. 306 F.3d 1031, 1037, 1039 (citing Santana-Madera, 260 F.3d at 140
n.3). The “five or more” proof relates to the series of violations.
II.
Having determined the Government was not required to show Carbajal-
Moreno supervised five or more individuals on each predicate act for which he
was convicted, we still must address, under the framework iterated above, his
alternative argument that there was insufficient evidence to show he supervised,
organized, or managed five or more other persons while engaging in the CCE.
Sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury’s verdict is a legal issue that
is reviewed de novo. United States v. Lewis, 240 F.3d 866, 870 (10th Cir. 2001)
(citation omitted). On appeal, we “ask only whether taking the evidence-both
-7-
direct and circumstantial, together with the reasonable inferences to be drawn
therefrom-in the light most favorable to the government, a reasonable jury could
find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Hanzlicek,
187 F.3d 1228, 1239 (10th Cir. 1999) (quotations omitted).
A CCE conviction requires proof the defendant acted “in concert with five
or more other persons with respect to whom such person occupies a position of
organizer, a supervisory position, or any other position of management.” 21
U.S.C. § 848(c)(2)(A). Thus, the evidence is sufficient to support Carbajal-
Moreno’s CCE conviction if it shows he acted as an organizer, supervisor, or
manager of five or more people. Almaraz, 306 F.3d at 1040 (citation omitted).
The terms “organizer, supervisor, or manager” are given their everyday
nontechnical meanings. Id. (citing United States v. McSwain, 197 F.3d 472, 478
(10th Cir. 1999)).
Carbajal-Moreno’s relationships with the five or more persons “need not
have existed at the same time or with each other, and the same type of
relationship need not exist between the defendant and each of the five other
persons involved.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). Further, he need not have
had personal contact with each of the five persons involved, nor must the
directions or instructions to those being organized, supervised, or managed
originate specifically with him. United States v. Apodaca, 843 F.2d 421, 426
-8-
(10th Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 932 (1988). “The mere delegation of
managerial and supervisory duties will not defeat an individual’s ultimate status
as organizer, supervisor, or manager.” Id. Further, Carbajal-Moreno need not be
the only manager or even the dominant manager, supervisor, or organizer.
Almaraz, 306 F.3d at 1040 (citation omitted). In fact a co-defendant can also be a
co-manager and still be included as one of the five with whom the defendant
holds a supervisory position. Id. With these standards in mind and upon a
thorough review of the record, we conclude there was sufficient evidence at trial
demonstrating Carbajal-Moreno managed or supervised five or more individuals,
as described below.
A. Greg and Dianne Hedgecock
Greg Hedgecock, also known as Jack Novi within the organization, died
prior to trial. His wife, Dianne Hedgecock, testified at trial. She stated she and
her husband transported marijuana for Carbajal-Moreno on a number of
occasions. She testified Carbajal-Moreno would call her husband, she and her
husband would go to a designated location, 3 pick up the marijuana, and deliver it
to Stockton, California, where it would be unloaded. They would then be paid by
Carbajal-Moreno or his brother Armando. Carbajal-Moreno provided the
3
These designated locations varied from the side of the road, a national park, a
stash house on Latigo Trail in southwest New Mexico, a place called “Rock Park”, and
another stash house in Tucson, Arizona.
-9-
Hedgecocks with money to purchase a Pace Arrow motor home to transport the
marijuana. Carbajal-Moreno later purchased a larger motor home, a Vogue Five
Coach, for the Hedgecocks for the same purpose.
Mrs. Hedgecock further testified that after she and her husband voiced their
concerns about the security of the designated pickup areas, Carbajal-Moreno had
them find a stash house. The Hedgecocks obtained such a house in a rural area on
Latigo Trial in southwest New Mexico. Mrs. Hedgecock’s name was placed on
the lease/purchase agreement, and Carbajal-Moreno reimbursed the Hedgecocks
for the lease/purchase of the house. He also paid to furnish it. When the location
and identity of this stash house was exposed through information obtained by the
arrests of Duggins and Comer, the Hedgecocks obtained another house (with
Carbajal-Moreno’s money) in Tucson, Arizona.
From Mrs. Hedgecock’s testimony, as well as the testimony of United
States Custom’s Agent J.R. Long concerning the Hedgecocks’ involvement with
Carbajal-Moreno, sufficient evidence was presented at trial that would allow a
reasonable jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Carbajal-Moreno managed,
supervised, and organized both Dianne Hedgecock and Greg Hedgecock in the
overall transportation of marijuana from southwestern New Mexico, and later
Tucson, Arizona, to Stockton, California. Although the record indicates Greg
Hedgecock may have played a much greater role than his wife in the organization,
-10-
there was nonetheless sufficient evidence to demonstrate she was also supervised
and managed by Carbajal-Moreno.
B. Glenn Duggins
There was also sufficient evidence at trial showing Duggins transported
marijuana for Carbajal-Moreno. First, Comer, the passenger of the dump truck
driven by Duggins when they were arrested for transporting 1,540 pounds of
marijuana, testified that Duggins had recruited him to go to southwestern New
Mexico to help load and haul marijuana. 4 Prior to the arrest, he and Duggins,
along with others, including Carbajal-Moreno, waited at the stash house on Latigo
Trail in southwest New Mexico for word that they could go pick up a load of
marijuana near the border and bring it back to the house so the Hedgecocks could
transport it to Stockton, California. On the day of the arrest, Carbajal-Moreno
and his girlfriend, Rachel Alba, led the way to “check out the area,” followed by
Comer and Duggins, where they loaded the marijuana into the dump truck. They
were stopped and arrested on their way back to the stash house.
The evidence establishes that this was not the only time Duggins had
loaded and transported marijuana for Carbajal-Moreno. Dianne Hedgecock
4
Prior to being recruited to go to New Mexico to haul marijuana, Comer testified
his friendship with Duggins had been rekindled when he traveled to Nevada to help
Duggins who had broken down in a motor home. After helping Duggins fix the motor
home, Comer traveled with Duggins in the motor home to Stockton, California, at which
time Comer discovered the motor home was full of marijuana.
-11-
testified that on three occasions Duggins delivered marijuana to her and her
husband’s motor home in the Continental Divide National Park. Further,
Veronica Morton, Duggins’s former girlfriend, testified Duggins told her he
transported drugs to different places and Carbajal-Moreno was his boss. Morton
also indicated that on two separate occasions she traveled with Duggins to a
“cabin,” where Carbajal-Moreno and others were staying. She testified Duggins
would leave the cabin in a dump truck, come back with marijuana, load the
marijuana into a motor home and deliver it to Stockton, California, where he was
paid by Armando, Carbajal-Moreno’s brother. She stated this was done pursuant
to Carbajal-Moreno’s instructions.
Based upon this testimony, it is clear there was sufficient evidence for a
jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Duggins’s transportation of marijuana
was managed and supervised by Carbajal-Moreno.
C. Justin Comer
As stated above, Comer testified at trial that Duggins recruited him to help
haul and load marijuana, and he agreed to do it. Comer stated he traveled to the
stash house at Latigo Trail where Carbajal-Moreno and others were and waited
for word to pick up the marijuana. He admitted he then traveled with Duggins,
following Carbajal-Moreno and his girlfriend, to a remote area of southwest New
Mexico and loaded the marijuana into the dump truck. This testimony, as well as
-12-
other evidence in the record, indicates there was sufficient evidence for a
reasonable jury to determine beyond a reasonable doubt that under the everyday
nontechnical meaning of the terms organizer, supervisor, or manager that
Carbajal-Moreno managed or supervised Comer. Carbajal-Moreno need not have
been the only manager, nor need he have had personal contact with Comer.
Almaraz, 306 F.3d at 1040; Apodaca, 843 F.2d at 426.
D. Julian Guillen
Julian Guillen owned the car repair shop in Stockton, California, where the
marijuana from New Mexico and Arizona was delivered and unloaded. Guillen
testified Carbajal-Moreno gave him $6,000.00 or $7,000.00 to help open up this
shop. Guillen further testified that on one occasion, marijuana was unloaded in
his shop while he was present, but he did not help in the unloading and merely
went into his office to avoid those unloading the marijuana.
Guillen testified he was aware Carbajal-Moreno was involved in drug
dealing and he reluctantly agreed to purchase a home in his name for Carbajal-
Moreno, using Carbajal-Moreno’s money. Guillen testified he never lived in the
home and did not pay for the home with his own money. Rather, Carbajal-
Moreno lived in and paid for the home. Guillen knew the money Carbajal-
Moreno gave him to purchase the home was drug money. Additionally, after
Carbajal-Moreno was arrested, his brother, Armando, took a “rental agreement” to
-13-
Guillen. Guillen testified he did not receive any rent payments and he signed this
fake “rental agreement” to cover up the fact that the house was really Carbajal-
Moreno’s. Judging this evidence in a light most favorable to the government, a
reasonable jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Carbajal-Moreno
supervised, managed, or organized Guillen.
E. Others
Under § 848, the United States need only show Carbajal-Moreno
supervised, managed, or organized five or more other individuals; those five
individuals and their involvement have been demonstrated above. However, there
was also sufficient evidence at trial for a reasonable jury to infer Carbajal-
Moreno supervised, managed, or organized others, namely his brother Armando.
In her testimony, Dianne Hedgecock stated that after she and her husband
transported two loads of marijuana to Stockton, California, for Carbajal-Moreno,
they were paid by Armando. Furthermore, Veronica Morton testified that on two
separate occasions Armando paid Glenn Duggins for his work done for Carbajal-
Moreno.
In addition to Armando, the record indicates that others, including
Carbajal-Moreno’s wife, Rosa, his girlfriend, Rachel Alba, Jose Angel Jurado-
Chavez and an individual named Latto were also involved in various aspects of
the organization supervised, managed, or organized by Carbajal-Moreno.
-14-
Conclusion
This case is REMANDED to the district court to vacate the conspiracy
conviction on Count 2, and to adjust Carbajal-Moreno’s sentence accordingly.
We AFFIRM Carbajal-Moreno’s conviction for engaging in a continuing criminal
enterprise.
Entered by the Court:
Terrence L. O’Brien
United States Circuit Judge
-15-