F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
June 29, 2005
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 05-3059
v. (D. Kansas)
RICHARD N. CAREW, (D.C. Nos. 04-CV-3268-MLB and
03-CR-10015-01-MLB)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER
Before SEYMOUR, HARTZ, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.
Movant Richard Carew pleaded guilty to possessing with the intent to
distribute cocaine, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(a), and was sentenced on June 2, 2003, to
57 months’ imprisonment. His base-offense level under the Sentencing
Guidelines was increased two levels for possession of a firearm, see United States
Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) § 2D1.1(b)(1), a fact that he admitted in his plea
agreement. In the agreement he waived both his right to direct appeal and his
right to file a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
Nonetheless, on August 24, 2004, Movant filed a § 2255 motion in district
court, arguing that his sentence was imposed in violation of the Fifth and Sixth
Amendments as interpreted by the Supreme Court in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530
U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004). The motion
contends that Apprendi and Blakely require that possession of the firearm be
charged in the indictment and that a jury find beyond a reasonable doubt that he
possessed the firearm before his sentence could be enhanced on that account.
Liberally construed, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (per curiam),
the § 2255 motion also argues that his counsel was ineffective for (1) not
informing him of possible Blakely-type objections when advising him regarding
the waiver of appeal in the plea agreement, and (2) failing to make Blakely-type
objections at either the sentencing hearing or on direct appeal.
The district court held the motion in abeyance pending the Supreme Court’s
decision in United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). It denied the motion
once Booker was issued, holding that relief under Booker was limited to cases on
direct review. Movant requested a certificate of appealability (COA) from the
district court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (requiring COA). The district court
denied a COA on two grounds: (1) Booker “do[es] not apply to motions for post
conviction relief” and (2) in his plea agreement Movant waived his right to file a
§ 2255 motion. R. Vol. I Doc. 66. The district court also denied Movant’s
motion to proceed in forma pauperis (IFP), finding that the appeal was not taken
in good faith. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3).
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Although Movant did not file a formal application for a COA with this
court, we construe his notice of appeal and brief as an application for a COA on
the issues they raise. See Broomes v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 1251, 1254 (10th Cir.
2004); United States v. Gordon, 172 F.3d 753 (10th Cir. 1999). The issues raised
by Movant in this court are not identical to those raised in district court. He
continues to claim that he was sentenced in violation of the Fifth and Sixth
Amendments and that his counsel was ineffective in (1) not informing him of
possible Blakely-type objections while counseling him regarding the waiver of
appeal in the plea agreement and (2) failing to object to the sentence on the basis
of Apprendi and Blakely. But he adds a claim that he is actually innocent of
possessing a gun during the commission of the offense, and he abandons his
argument that possession of the firearm must be charged in the indictment.
“A certificate of appealability may issue . . . only if the applicant has made
a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c). “Where a district court has rejected the constitutional claims on the
merits,” the prisoner “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the
district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.”
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). The standard differs slightly if the
district court relies on a procedural bar. “Where a plain procedural bar is present
and the district court is correct to invoke it to dispose of the case, a reasonable
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jurist could not conclude either that the district court erred in dismissing the
petition or that the petitioner should be allowed to proceed further.” Id. We
recognize that in determining whether to issue a COA, a “full consideration of the
factual or legal bases adduced in support of the claims” is not required. Miller-El
v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003). Instead, the decision must be based on “an
overview of the claims in the habeas petition and a general assessment of the
merits.” Id.
Because reasonable jurists would not disagree with the district court’s
conclusion that Movant’s claims are either procedurally barred or without merit,
we deny a COA and dismiss the appeal.
First, with respect to Movant’s Booker claim, we have held that neither
Blakely nor Booker applies on collateral review when the conviction was final at
the time of the Supreme Court decision. United States v. Price, 400 F.3d 844
(10th Cir. 2005) (Blakely); Bellamy v. United States, __ F.3d __, 2005 WL
1406176, at *2-4 (10th Cir. June 16, 2005) (Booker). The judgment accepting
Movant’s guilty plea was entered June 2, 2003, and he did not appeal; thus, his
conviction was final well before the Supreme Court decided either Blakely or
Booker. Accordingly, we reject Movant’s Blakely and Booker claims.
That does not, however, necessarily dispose of Movant’s
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims derived from Booker and its antecedents.
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He asserts that counsel was ineffective (1) for failing to advise him of potential
Booker-type objections before agreeing to the plea agreement’s appeal waiver and
(2) for failing to raise Booker objections at his sentencing hearing. Movant must
show (1) “that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness” and (2) that “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 57
(1985) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Movant entered his plea agreement March 17 and his sentence was imposed
July 6, 2003, approximately a year before the Supreme Court decided Blakely and
almost 18 months before Booker. He must therefore show that counsel’s failure
to extrapolate those holdings from Apprendi was objectively unreasonable. In our
view, it was not. Although we had held that the rule announced in Apprendi
applied to criminal proceedings in federal court, see United States v. Jones, 235
F.3d. 1231, 1235 (10th Cir. 2000), we had also noted that Apprendi “specifically
avoided disrupting the use or adequacy of the Sentencing Guidelines.” United
States v. Jackson, 240 F.3d 1245, 1249 (10th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Given our precedent at the time and the five-year gap between
Apprendi and Booker, counsel’s failure to predict Booker’s constitutional and
remedial holdings is not objectively unreasonable. Cf. United States v. Gonzalez-
Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 750 (10th Cir. 2005) (Briscoe, J. concurring and
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dissenting) (“[I]t is safe to say that no one . . . could have predicted the absolute
sea-change in federal sentencing that would ultimately be wrought by the
Supreme Court in its Booker remedial holding.”).
As for Movant’s claim that he is actually innocent of possessing a firearm,
we find it frivolous. “To establish actual innocence, petitioner must demonstrate
that, in light of all the evidence, it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror
would have convicted him.” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, “[i]t is important to note in this
regard that ‘actual innocence’ means factual innocence, not mere legal
insufficiency.” Id. The stipulation of facts in the plea agreement states that the
arresting officer found a .38 caliber Smith & Wesson pistol in the trunk of the car
driven by Movant. The two-level enhancement in USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1) applies “if
the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was
connected with the offense.” USSG § 2D1.1 comment. ( n.3). Movant admitted
the weapon was present and offers no argument why it is “clearly improbable”
that it was not connected with the offense. He has fallen far short of showing
actual innocence.
Because no reasonable jurist could disagree that the claims presented in
Movant’s COA application are either procedurally barred or without merit, we
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DENY the application and DISMISS the appeal. Movant’s motion to proceed IFP
is DENIED. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3).
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
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