F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
July 14, 2005
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 04-2132
v. (D. of N.M.)
JOSE REYES SANCHEZ-SANCHEZ, (D.C. No. CR-03-2470-RB)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY , O’BRIEN , and TYMKOVICH , Circuit Judges. **
Jose Reyes Sanchez-Sanchez appeals the 46-month sentence he received
resulting from his illegal reentry into the United States, in violation of 8 U.S.C.
§ 1326. Sanchez-Sanchez asserts he should be re-sentenced because Blakely v.
Washington , 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004) and United States v. Booker , 125 S. Ct. 738
(2005), both of which the Supreme Court handed down after Sanchez-Sanchez
*
This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders; nevertheless, an order may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
pled guilty, make it clear his sentence violates his Sixth Amendment rights. We
find Sanchez-Sanchez’s rights were not violated and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In September 2003, Sanchez-Sanchez was arrested after illegally entering
the United States. He admitted he was a citizen of Mexico and was in the United
States illegally. Authorities discovered Sanchez-Sanchez had been deported on
four prior occasions, his most recent deportation resulting from a conviction for
importing less than 50 kilograms of marijuana.
The government charged Sanchez-Sanchez with, and he pled guilty to,
illegal reentry after being deported as a result of a conviction for an aggravated
felony in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1), (2) and (b)(2). Prior to sentencing,
Sanchez-Sanchez filed a motion for downward departure. He argued that
downward departure was warranted because his reentry was necessary to care for
his ailing parents and that he suffered from various illnesses and disabilities.
Although the district court found Sanchez-Sanchez’s case a sympathetic one, it
determined that other cases in which no downward departure was granted were
equally sympathetic. Thus, on May 25, 2004, the district court denied Sanchez-
Sanchez’s motion and, based on his crime, criminal history, and acceptance of
responsibility, sentenced Sanchez-Sanchez to 46 months in prison (the low-end of
the relevant United States Sentencing Guidelines range).
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Though Sanchez-Sanchez did not object at the time the district court
entered his sentence, he now claims his sentence is unconstitutional. Sanchez-
Sanchez asserts both Blakely and Booker require us to remand his case for re-
sentencing because his sentence, which was determined under a mandatory
sentencing scheme, violates his Sixth Amendment rights.
II. ANALYSIS
We review a sentence imposed under the Guidelines pre- Booker for plain
error when a defendant fails to object to his sentence. United States v. Gonzalez-
Huerta , 403 F.3d 727, 732. (10th Cir. 2005). To prove plain error, an appellant
must prove that (1) the district court committed error, (2) the error was plain, and
(3) the error affected the appellant’s substantial rights. See Johnson v. United
States , 520 U.S. 461, 466-67 (1997). Only after an appellant demonstrates all
three elements of plain error may we then exercise our discretion to notice the
error, but we will only exercise our discretion if “the error seriously affect[s] the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. at 467
(internal quotation marks omitted).
In Booker , the Court found the Guidelines unconstitutional because they
were mandatory. 125 S. Ct. at 750. To remedy the problem, the Court excised
certain portions of the Guidelines that made them mandatory and declared
henceforth the Guidelines would be advisory in their application. Id. at 764-65.
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Thus, it was error for the court to impose a sentence under the mandatory
Guidelines. See Gonzalez-Huerta , 403 F.3d at 731. However, Booker recognized
this error occurred in two distinct forms. See id. One type of error,
“constitutional error,” occurs when a judge determines facts, other than the fact of
a prior conviction, and uses those facts to enhance a sentence beyond the
maximum allowed based on a jury conviction or guilty plea. See id. The other
type of error,“non-constitutional error,” occurs when a court sentences a
defendant under the mandatory Guidelines. See id. Importantly, non-
constitutional error does not involve a situation where the sentencing judge
determined facts that enhanced a sentence. See id.
This circuit has acknowledged plain error review may be less rigid in cases
where constitutional error occurred. United States v. Clifton , 406 F.3d 1173,
1182 (10th Cir. 2005). In this case, because the district court judge did not
determine any facts other than the fact of prior conviction, no constitutional error
is present. United States v. Moore , 401 F.3d 1220, 1223 (10th Cir. 2005). We
therefore apply non-constitutional plain error analysis.
Sanchez-Sanchez meets the first two prongs of the plain error test. It was
error for the district court to sentence Sanchez-Sanchez under a mandatory
sentencing scheme. See Gonzalez-Huerta , 403 F.3d at 732. That error was plain
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even though Booker was not decided until after the district court sentenced
Sanchez-Sanchez. See id.
We need not consider the third prong of our plain error review because
Sanchez-Sanchez cannot demonstrate on this record that the mandatory
application of the Guidelines seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings, the fourth prong of plain error review. See id.
at 736 (“We need not determine whether [the defendant] can satisfy this burden
[of showing his substantial rights were affected] because even if he were to meet
the third prong, he must also satisfy the fourth prong to obtain relief.”).
We recently outlined several factors to help determine whether a defendant
has satisfied this fourth prong of plain error review, including the likelihood the
district court would impose a lighter sentence on remand, whether the factors set
forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) warrant departure, and the weight of evidence
supporting the enhancement. See United States v. Dowlin, 408 F.3d 647, 671
(10th Cir. 2005). Applying these factors to this case, we conclude that we should
not exercise our discretion to notice plain error under the fourth prong.
Sanchez-Sanchez provides no evidence the court would have given him a
lower sentence but for the mandatory nature of the Guidelines. In addition, his
extensive criminal history, which includes assault, child abuse, and several
convictions for driving while intoxicated, supports the court’s sentence, and
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strongly weighs against a conclusion that the court would evaluate the sentence
differently 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C) (e.g., “The court, in determining the
particular sentence to be imposed shall consider — . . . the need for the sentence
imposed — . . . to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant”).
Finally, in cases of non-constitutional plain error review, the defendant must
make an especially compelling record to warrant noticing of error. Sanchez-
Sanchez cannot do so in this case. Therefore, we conclude the error does not
meet the fourth prong of plain error review, and, accordingly, we decline to
exercise our discretion and order a remand.
AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge
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