F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
April 17, 2006
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 05-8003
v. (D. Wyoming)
BYRON LEE JACKSON, also known (D.C. No. 03-CR-192-D)
as Byran Lee Jackson, also known as
Andrew Pepin,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before HENRY, BALDOCK, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
On October 12, 2004, Defendant Byron Lee Jackson pleaded guilty to (1)
being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); (2)
being a fugitive in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(2);
(3) using or carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i); and (4) contempt of court, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 401(3). With respect to the first two counts, the district court
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10 TH C IR . R. 36.3.
sentenced Mr. Jackson as an armed career criminal, under the Armed Career
Criminal Act (“ACCA”), to the statutory minimum of 180 months’ imprisonment.
See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1); U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(a). Mr. Jackson argues on appeal
that the district court (1) violated the Ex Post Facto Clause by counting a 1998
conviction for possession of an unregistered firearm as a predicate violent felony
under the ACCA; (2) erred by sentencing him under the 2004 edition, rather the
2003 edition, of the Sentencing Guidelines; and (3) improperly counted a 1979
burglary conviction as a violent felony under the ACCA. We exercise jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
Mr. Jackson’s case began as a single-count criminal complaint for being a
felon in possession of a firearm on August 25, 2003. Mr. Jackson was indicted on
the single count in September 2003. He violated a condition of pre-trial release,
however, when he was arrested on January 27, 2004, for possession of firearms
and methamphetamine. The government subsequently filed a nine-count
superceding indictment against Mr. Jackson in March 2004. After negotiation,
Mr. Jackson pleaded guilty to four counts: (1) being a felon in possession of a
firearm, (2) being a fugitive in possession of a firearm, (3) possession of a
firearm in connection with a drug offense, and (4) contempt of court. The first
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count occurred on August 25, 2003, and the other three counts relate to his arrest
on January 27, 2004.
As to the first two counts, the presentence report (“PSR”) recommended
that Mr. Jackson be sentenced as an armed career offender on the basis of three
prior violent felonies: (1) a 1979 burglary conviction, (2) a 1991 conviction for
second-degree burglary of a dwelling, and (3) a 1998 federal conviction for
possession of an unregistered firearm. At the December 22, 2004 sentencing, the
district court accepted the PSR’s recommendation and sentenced Mr. Jackson to
180 months’ imprisonment on the first two counts–the mandatory minimum for an
armed career criminal. The court also sentenced Mr. Jackson to (1) 120 months’
imprisonment for contempt of court, to run concurrently with the first two counts;
(2) 60 months’ imprisonment for possessing a firearm during and in relation to a
drug trafficking offense, to be served consecutively to the other three counts; and
(3) 60 months of supervised release. The district court applied the 2004 edition
of the Sentencing Guidelines.
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Mr. Jackson first raises an Ex Post Facto challenge. He argues
that the district court erred when it sentenced him as an armed career criminal
because his 1998 conviction for possession of an unregistered firearm was not
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defined as a “crime of violence” in the Tenth Circuit until 2001. Second, he
contends that the district court applied the wrong edition of the Sentencing
Guidelines. Finally, according to Mr. Jackson, the district court improperly
counted his 1979 felony burglary conviction as a predicate violent felony for
ACCA sentencing.
Before we separately examine Mr. Jackson’s claims, we briefly address the
relationship between a “violent felony” and “crime of violence.” Case law
interpreting one phrase is frequently persuasive to courts interpreting the other
phrase. See, e.g., United States v. Moyer, 282 F.3d 1311, 1315 (10th Cir. 2002);
United States v. Winter, 22 F.3d 15, 18 n.3 (1st Cir. 1994). The district court
sentenced Mr. Jackson as an “armed career criminal” under § 924(e), which
mandates imprisonment not less than 180 months for an individual convicted of a
§ 922(g) firearm possession who has been previously convicted of three violent
felonies or serious drug offenses. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1); U.S.S.G. §
4B1.4(a). The phrase “crime of violence” pertains to sentencing of a “career
offender” under Section 4B1.1 of the Guidelines. For this appeal, the ACCA’s
definition of “violent felony” is identical in all material respects to the
Guidelines’ definition of “crime of violence.” Both include any felony crime or
offense “that . . . otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk
of physical injury to another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii); U.S.S.G. §
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4B1.2(a)(2).
A. The district court’s sentence did not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause.
In 1998, Mr. Jackson was convicted in federal court of possession of a
firearm not registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record.
Three years later, this circuit joined several sister circuits “in holding that
possession of an unregistered firearm in violation of Section 5861(d) is a crime of
violence as defined by U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2.” United States v. Dwyer, 245 F.3d
1168, 1172 (10th Cir. 2001). Mr. Jackson contends that because our court did not
rule until 2001 that possession of an unregistered firearm is a “crime of violence”
(and therefore a “violent felony”), his 1998 conviction for that offense cannot be
counted as an ACCA predicate felony without violating the Ex Post Facto Clause.
The district court rejected Mr. Jackson’s Ex Post Facto arguments and
concluded that the enhanced penalty under the ACCA attached to the 2003 and
2004 offenses, not to his previous conviction in 1998. The court ruled that there
was “no ex post facto problem in using a prior conviction to enhance a sentence
as long as the offense for which the sentence is being imposed was committed
after the effective date of the statutory provision setting forth the conditions of
the enhancement.” Rec. vol. III, at 13 (Sent. Hr’g, dated Dec. 22, 2004).
We review de novo whether a prior conviction constitutes a “violent
felony” under the ACCA. United States v. Moore, 401 F.3d 1220, 1226 (10th Cir.
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2005). We also review de novo a statutory challenge under the Ex Post Facto
Clause. Femedeer v. Haun, 227 F.3d 1244, 1248 (10th Cir. 2000).
“[F]or a law to violate the Ex Post Facto Clause, the law must apply to
events occurring before its enactment and must disadvantage the offender affected
by it.” United States v. Springfield, 337 F.3d 1175, 1178 (10th Cir. 2003)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]here is no ex post facto problem in using
a prior conviction to enhance a sentence, so long as the offense for which the
sentence is being imposed was committed after the effective date of the statutory
provision setting forth the conditions for enhancement.” Id. We agree with the
district court that Mr. Jackson’s enhanced sentence under the ACCA is not an
additional retroactive punishment for his 1998 conviction. Instead, his sentence
for the 2003 and 2004 offenses is “a stiffened penalty for the latest crime[s].”
Gryger v. Burke, 334 U.S. 728, 732 (1948) (rejecting an Ex Post Facto challenge
to a state sentencing enhancement that was based on a conviction prior to the
act’s passage).
Further, a retroactive application of our 2001 holding in Dwyer does not
violate the Ex Post Facto Clause as applied to Mr. Jackson. “If a judicial
construction of a criminal statute is unexpected and indefensible by reference to
the law which had been expressed prior to the conduct in issue, it must not be
given retroactive effect.” Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 354 (1964)
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(internal quotation marks omitted). Mr. Jackson does not argue on appeal that
Dwyer was “unexpected and indefensible.” Indeed, in Dwyer we relied on
previous appellate decisions uniformly holding that an unregistered firearm
involves a substantial risk of violence. See, e.g., United States v. Rivas-Palacios,
244 F.3d 396, 398 (5th Cir 2001); United States v. Dunn, 946 F.2d 615 (9th Cir.
1991); see also United States v. Luersen, 278 F.3d 772, 774 (8th Cir. 2002)
(concluding that the categorical and retroactive classification of a defendant’s
earlier escape conviction as a crime of violence after a 2001 decision “was not
unexpected or indefensible, thus retroactively applying [the 2001 decision] to [the
defendant’s] earlier escape offense is not unconstitutional”).
Mr. Jackson also contends that we should examine the nature of his 1998
felony at the time of that conviction to determine whether it should now be
considered a violent felony for ACCA sentencing. For this proposition, Mr.
Jackson relies on the Fourth Circuit’s decision in United States v. Johnson, 114
F.3d 435 (4th Cir. 1997). In Johnson, a defendant career offender had been
previously convicted of a felony (assault on a female) punishable by up to two
years in prison. Several years later, when the defendant was sentenced as a career
offender, the state’s legislature had since changed the punishment for assault to a
maximum of 150 days’ imprisonment. The defendant sought the benefit of the
lower punishment because a misdemeanor reclassification would allow him to
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avoid sentencing as a career offender. The Fourth Circuit rejected that argument,
concluding that “for career offender calculation purposes, the date the prior
conviction was sustained should control, not the date of later sentencing as a
career offender.” Id. at 445.
We are not persuaded by Mr. Jackson’s reliance on Johnson. That decision
concerned the classification of an offense as a felony or a misdemeanor due to the
length of punishment, and did not address the characterization of an offense as a
violent or non-violent felony. The Fourth Circuit logically considered the
statutory length of the defendant’s punishment at the time of his conviction,
rather than punishment subsequently prescribed for that offense by legislative
amendment. Endorsing Mr. Jackson’s approach to the characterization of felonies
would eviscerate our holding in Dwyer and all other decisions where a court first
defines an offense as a violent felony or crime of violence.
B. The district court did not err in using the 2004 edition of the Guidelines.
Section 1B1.11(a) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides that a “court shall
use the Guidelines Manual in effect on the date that the defendant is sentenced.”
“If the court determines that use of the Guidelines Manual in effect on the date
the defendant is sentenced would violate the ex post facto clause of the United
States Constitution, the court shall use the Guidelines Manual in effect on the
date that the offense of conviction was committed.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(b)(1).
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The district court sentenced Mr. Jackson under the 2004 edition of the Guidelines.
Mr. Jackson maintains that the district court should have used the 2003
edition of the Guidelines because of a change in the commentary under Section
4B1.2, which defines “crime of violence.” The 2003 edition did not define
possession of an unregistered firearm as a crime of violence, whereas the 2004
edition specifically includes such offense as a crime of violence. See id. § 4B1.2
cmt. n.1 (2004). Consequently, Mr. Jackson argues that sentencing under the
2004 Guidelines violated the Ex Post Facto Clause. We review de novo the legal
question of whether the district court applied the correct version of the
Guidelines. United States v. Osborne, 332 F.3d 1307, 1312 (10th Cir. 2003).
This claim is also without merit. The only change between editions was a
commentary note added to the 2004 Guidelines, specifically listing possession of
an unregistered firearm as a “crime of violence.” Our circuit in Dwyer, however,
had already identified possession of an unregistered firearm as a “crime of
violence” in 2001, and we already concluded that its retroactive application to Mr.
Jackson’s 1998 conviction does not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause. Thus, the
court did not err by sentencing Mr. Jackson under the 2004 Guidelines.
C. The district court did not err in concluding that the 1979 burglary felony
was a violent felony.
Mr. Jackson finally argues that his 1979 state conviction for burglary in
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Wyoming should not be counted as a “violent felony” for ACCA sentencing.
Under Wyoming law, “[a] person is guilty of burglary if, without authority, he
enters or remains in a building, occupied structure or vehicle, or separately
secured or occupied portion thereof, with intent to commit larceny or a felony
therein.” W YO . S TAT . § 6-3-301(a). State law defines a “violent felony” to
include “aggravated burglary,” but not the more generic offense of burglary for
which Mr. Jackson was convicted. Id. § 6-1-104(xii). Because Wyoming does
not define burglary as a violent felony, Mr. Jackson believes that his 1979
conviction should not be a predicate violent felony under the ACCA. We review
de novo this question of law. Moore, 401 F.3d at 1226.
Under the ACCA, the term “violent felony” includes, among other offenses,
“any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year . . . that . .
. is burglary.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). In Taylor v. United States, the
Supreme Court examined § 924(e) and concluded that “Congress presumably
realized that the word ‘burglary’ is commonly understood to include not only
aggravated burglaries, but also run-of-the-mill burglaries involving an unarmed
offender, an unoccupied building, and no use or threat of force.” 495 U.S. 575,
597 (1990). The Court went on to “conclude that a person has been convicted of
burglary for purposes of a § 924(e) enhancement if he is convicted of any crime,
regardless of its exact definition or label, having the basic elements of unlawful
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or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building or structure, with intent to
commit a crime.” Id. at 599.
Therefore, the pertinent question is whether Mr. Jackson’s Wyoming
conviction satisfied Taylor’s generic definition of “burglary.” The state’s
burglary statute encompasses certain offenses (such as burglary of a vehicle) that
would be burglary under state law, but not under § 924(e). See Shepard v. United
States, 125 S. Ct. 1254, 1257 (2005) (“The [ACCA] makes burglary a violent
felony only if committed in a building or enclosed space (‘generic burglary’), not
in a boat or motor vehicle.”). Mr. Jackson, however, has never claimed in district
court or on appeal that his burglary conviction did not meet Taylor’s definition.
Therefore, he has waived such an argument. See Rosewood Servs., Inc. v.
Sunflower Diversified Servs., Inc., 413 F.3d 1163, 1167 (10th Cir. 2005) (noting
that arguments not raised in the district court are waived on appeal).
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s sentence.
Entered for the Court,
Robert H. Henry
Circuit Judge
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