F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
January 3, 2007
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
__________________________ Clerk of Court
U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 05-5141
(N.D. Okla.)
A N A I C ASTR O-PO RTILLO , (D.Ct. No. 04 CR-146-01-HE)
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *
Before BR ISC OE and B AL DOCK , Circuit Judges, and BROR BY, Senior Circuit
Judge.
Appellant Anai Castro-Portillo appeals his conviction and sentence for
possession with intent to distribute m arijuana. M r. Castro-Portillo appeals his
conviction on grounds the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress
evidence obtained during his detention in conjunction with a search of his house,
in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. He appeals his sentence on grounds
the 21 U.S.C. § 851 information filed by the government provided inadequate
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 (eff. Dec.
1, 2006) and 10th Cir. R. 32.1 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007).
notice of an enhancement. W e exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291
and affirm M r. Castro-Portillo’s conviction and sentence.
I. Factual Background
From June to August of 2004, agents with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms (ATF) conducted cocaine and other drug purchases from M r. Castro-
Portillo’s brother, Cesar Portillo. After first witnessing Cesar Portillo sell drugs,
agents followed him to a house in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Items obtained from the
trash at that house caused officers to believe cocaine was being re-packaged
inside the house for distribution. W hile at least one of the utilities associated
with the house was in the name of a Neptali Portillo-Guererra, items obtained
from the trash included a satellite television bill and W estern Union receipt in the
name of Cesar Portillo.
During two subsequent drug purchases, surveillance agents observed Cesar
Portillo leave the same house, drive to an apartment in Tulsa, and then drive to
the location of the drug sales. Based in part on these circumstances, an ATF
agent executed a twenty-three-page affidavit in support of a search warrant for
both the apartment and house, stating he believed probable cause existed to search
both locations for illegal drugs, guns, money, and other evidence related to drug
trafficking. The affidavit did not mention M r. Castro-Portillo, other than the fact
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he was a passenger with Cesar Portillo when he was stopped for not wearing a
seat belt, and agents otherwise possessed no information linking M r. Castro-
Portillo with the house to be searched, other than the fact they knew he left the
house with Cesar Portillo before that traffic stop occurred. Based on the
information contained in the affidavit, a magistrate issued a search warrant for
both the apartment and the house.
On August 20, 2004, as police were preparing to execute the search warrant
on the house, A TF A gent M atthew Abowd was conducting surveillance. At
approximately 10:30 a.m., he saw M r. Castro-Portillo exit the house, water some
plants, and reenter the house. An hour later, at 11:30 a.m., Tulsa Police Corporal
Tom M ilburn relieved Agent Abowd so he and others could put on raid gear in
order to execute the search warrant. Just before execution of the search warrant,
at 11:40 a.m., Corporal M ilburn saw a Hispanic man and woman get into a car
parked in the driveway and begin to drive away; he immediately radioed Officer
Kirk M ontgomery, a police officer who was parked nearby to assist in the search;
explained a car had just left the targeted home; and directed him to stop the car.
Officer M ontgomery immediately stopped the vehicle driven by M r. Castro-
Portillo after it traveled two blocks from the house. W hen he asked M r. Castro-
Portillo for his driver’s license and insurance, M r. Castro-Portillo did not appear
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to understand English and no documents w ere forthcoming. Because the vehicle
left the targeted house, Officer M ontgomery believed the vehicle carried the
target of the search warrant. In addition, because M r. Castro-Portillo had exited
the house subject to a search warrant for contraband and weapons, and he was
acting “extremely nervous” and “fidgety,” O fficer M ontgomery believed M r.
Castro-Portillo may have had guns or drugs in the car. For safety reasons, Officer
M ontgomery ordered M r. Castro-Portillo to exit the vehicle, handcuffed him, and
did a quick check of his waistband for weapons before calling a Spanish-speaking
police officer. Corporal Ricardo Aguilar arrived in ten minutes and questioned
M r. Castro-Portillo in Spanish as to his name and driver’s license. Approximately
five minutes after Corporal Aguilar’s arrival, M r. Castro-Portillo and his wife
were taken back to the house, where authorities were concluding the search.
Authorities recovered approximately three pounds of marijuana, drug notations,
scales, and a sealing machine.
Authorities then took M r. Castro-Portillo to the Tulsa police station, where
ATF A gent John Rodriguez interviewed him in Spanish. Agent Rodriguez
advised M r. Castro-Portillo of his M iranda rights, which M r. Castro-Portillo
waived before giving his statement. In his statement, M r. Castro-Portillo
admitted: 1) he unlawfully entered the country from M exico; 2) he and his wife
resided at the house where the search warrant was executed; 3) he sold cocaine,
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heroin, methamphetamine, and marijuana out of the searched apartment; 4) four
kilos of cocaine were stashed near the apartment kitchen sink and dishwasher, and
he kept prepackaged amounts of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine in a
cabinet over the stove; 5) he kept three pounds of marijuana in the garage at his
residence; and 6) Cesar Portillo is his younger brother, whom he hired to assist in
the sale of contraband because he was better able to understand and speak
English.
II. Procedural Background
A four-count indictment issued, including Count 1 for possession with
intent to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B)(ii)(II); Count 2 for possession with intent to distribute
fifty grams or more of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)
and (b)(1)(B)(viii); Count 3 for possession with intent to distribute heroin, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C); and Count 4 for possession with
intent to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D).
Generally, § 841(a)(1) makes it unlawful to possess with intent to distribute a
controlled substance, 1 while § 841(b) and its various subsections list the penalties
1
Specifically, § 841(a)(1) states, in part, it is “unlawful for any person
know ingly or intentionally ... to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, or possess
with intent to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, a controlled substance ....”
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statutorily proscribed for each type of drug, depending on the amount possessed. 2
Thereafter, M r. Castro-Portillo filed a motion to suppress the evidence
obtained, based in part on his contention his Fourth Amendment rights were
violated because authorities improperly detained him. The district court held a
suppression hearing, during which the officers and agents involved with M r.
Castro-Portillo’s detention and the search of his home testified. Based on this
evidence, the district court denied M r. Castro-Portillo’s motion to suppress the
contested evidence, concluding in part that the police had reasonable suspicion to
stop and detain M r. Castro-Portillo as he left the home just before they executed
the search warrant and that the detention or seizure, which lasted a total of
approximately thirty minutes from his stop to arrest, did not warrant suppression
of the evidence.
On the first day of trial, the government filed an information to enhance
M r. Castro-Portillo’s sentence, as allowed under 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1), for a 1989
Texas cocaine conviction, which it contended applied to M r. Castro-Portillo’s
2
For example, § 841(b)(1)(B)(ii)(II) proscribes the penalties for the
unlawful act of possession with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine;
§ 841(b)(1)(B)(viii) for possession of five grams or more of methamphetamine;
§ 841(b)(1)(C) for possession of a schedule I or II controlled substance (i.e.,
heroin), see U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 (Drug Quantity and Drug Equivalency Tables); and
§ 841(b)(1)(D) for possession of less than fifty kilograms of marijuana.
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violations of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (unlaw ful act of possession with intent to
distribute a controlled substance); and two parts of subsection (b), including
§ 841(b)(1)(B)(ii)(II) (Count 1 punishment subsection for cocaine), and
§ 841(b)(1)(B)(viii) (Count 2 punishment subsection for methamphetamine). The
information did not include any reference to either the heroin or marijuana counts
or their correlating § 841(b) subsections. Later, at the conference to discuss jury
instructions, the government stated the enhancement would only apply to Counts
1 (cocaine) and 2 (methamphetamine), and not Counts 3 (heroin) and 4
(marijuana).
Thereafter, a jury acquitted M r. Castro-Portillo of Counts 1, 2, and 3, but
found him guilty of Count 4 for possession with intent to distribute marijuana.
Following the trial, the government moved to amend the information, stating, in
part, it committed a clerical error by not including reference to 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(D), the penalty subsection for marijuana, in the information. In turn,
M r. Castro-Portillo objected to the motion to amend, arguing the district court
lacked jurisdiction to grant the motion because the government filed the
amendment after the trial and had represented the enhancement did not apply to
the marijuana count. In the subsequent presentence report, the probation officer
did not apply an enhancement for the prior Texas conviction. In response to the
government’s objection regarding omission of the enhancement, the probation
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officer suggested a legal question existed for the district court’s resolution on
whether the original information sufficiently met the statutory notice required
under 21 U.S.C. § 851 and, if not, whether omission of § 841(b)(1)(D) constituted
a clerical error allowing correction prior to the sentencing hearing.
At the sentencing hearing, M r. Castro-Portillo again opposed the
enhancement but admitted he had a prior Texas cocaine conviction. In granting
the government’s motion to amend, the district court held the original information
met the requirements of 21 U.S.C. § 851 because it gave notice of the
government’s intent to rely on the prior conviction for enhancement purposes and
afforded M r. Castro-Portillo an opportunity to object if he disputed the existence
of the prior conviction. The district court further determined that by listing some
of the subsections of § 841(b) the government simply gave surplus information,
and M r. Castro-Portillo was not prejudiced, because he received notice of the
enhancement, regardless of whether an error occurred in not designating the
marijuana count. After considering certain criteria, including the United States
Sentencing Guidelines and M r. Castro-Portillo’s criminal history; applying certain
enhancements, including the contested enhancement for the prior Texas
conviction; and concluding M r. Castro-Portillo should not be punished for going
to trial under the circumstances presented, the district court sentenced M r. Castro-
Portillo to eighty-four months imprisonment.
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III. Discussion
A. Fourth Amendment Stop and Detention
On appeal, M r. Castro-Portillo does not contest the validity of the search
warrant, but contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress,
given his “Fourth Amendment rights were violated by his detention pending
execution of a search warrant at his residence.” Apt. Br. at 1. Our standard of
review on a motion to suppress is set forth in United States v. Higgins, which
instructs:
On review of a denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we consider
the totality of the circumstances and view the evidence in a light
most favorable to the government. W e accept the district court’s
factual findings unless those findings are clearly erroneous. The
credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given evidence, and the
reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence fall within the
province of the district court. Keeping in mind that the burden is on
the defendant to prove that the challenged search was illegal under
the Fourth A mendment, the ultimate determination of reasonableness
under the Fourth Amendment is a question of law reviewable de
novo.
282 F.3d 1261, 1269-70 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Unquestionably, probable cause is necessary for issuance of a search warrant, and
“[a] valid probable cause determination requires only a substantial basis to find
that evidence of a crime was probably present in the place to be searched.”
United States v. M athis, 357 F.3d 1200, 1203-05 (10th Cir. 2004).
Once a search warrant issues based on probable cause, we have looked to
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M ichigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692 (1981), in determining whether seizure of an
occupant of the targeted building is valid. This court has relied on Summers for
the proposition that where a valid search warrant issues “some seizures can be
reasonable under the Fourth Amendment without probable cause where the
seizure is inherently less intrusive than an arrest, is justified by substantial law
enforcement interests, and the police have [a] reasonable articulable suspicion of
criminal activity.” United States v. Ritchie, 35 F.3d 1477, 1481 (10th Cir. 1994)
(relying on Summers, 452 U.S. at 697-701).
In Summers, police stopped and detained the defendant as he descended the
front steps of a house subject to execution of a search warrant. See 452 U.S. at
693. In applying the three-prong proposition announced in its decision, the
Supreme Court first determined M r. Summers’s detention constituted a seizure
but it did not violate the Fourth A mendment because the detention was less
intrusive than allowed by the search warrant itself or an arrest. Id. at 701-02.
The Court next outlined the law enforcement interests justifying such seizures,
which include prevention of flight, minimization of the risk of harm to authorities
executing the search warrant, and the orderly completion of such a search. Id. at
702-03. Finally, the Court discussed seizures in the context of when police have
a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal activity. Id. at 703-04. It held a
search warrant for contraband founded on probable cause gives “the police officer
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an easily identifiable and certain basis for determining that suspicion of criminal
activity justifies a detention of that occupant.” Id. at 704. In so holding, it
concluded, “a warrant to search for contraband founded on probable cause
implicitly carries with it the limited authority to detain the occupants of the
premises while a proper search is conducted.” Id. at 705 (emphasis added).
Since Summers, the Supreme Court, in M uehler v. M ena, 544 U.S. 93
(2005), has extended this holding. This court has relied on M uehler in stating
“[p]olice officers have a ‘categorical’ authority to detain persons found on
premises subject to a lawful search warrant for ‘contraband’ materials incidental
to the officers’ execution of the warrant.” Denver Justice & Peace Comm. v. City
of Golden, 405 F.3d 923, 929 (10th Cir. 2005) (relying on M uehler, 544 U.S. at
98), cert. dismissed, 126 S. Ct. 1164 (2006). As the M uehler Court stated,
“Summers makes clear that when a neutral magistrate has determined police have
probable cause to believe contraband exists, the connection of an occupant to a
home alone justifies a detention of that occupant.” 544 U.S. at 99 n.2 (quotation
marks and citation omitted and emphasis added).
Applying Summers and M uehler to the case at hand, it is plain the search
warrant in this case carried with it the limited authority to detain M r. Castro-
Portillo as an occupant during the search of the house. This alone was sufficient
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to detain him during the entirety of the search. The fact he was not observed
committing a crime at the time of the stop, drove away from the house moments
before the execution of the search warrant, and did not know about the search
warrant did not prevent authorities from having the requisite suspicion to stop
him, as further demonstrated by our decision in Ritchie. In that case, the
defendant was stopped in his driveway and then detained in his yard ten minutes
before execution of a search warrant on his residence. See 35 F.3d at 1479, 1483.
Applying Summers, we held the search warrant gave police reasonable suspicion
to detain the defendant, regardless of the fact an agent was minutes away en route
with the warrant. Id. at 1483. In addition, we determined the fact he was leaving
the scene and did not have knowledge of the search warrant did not mean he did
not pose a threat to officers executing the warrant, as he may have returned home
unexpectedly while the search was ongoing and, once there, “[tried] to forcibly
thwart execution of the warrant.” Id. at 1484. For the same reasons, in this case,
the search warrant alone provided reasonable suspicion to stop M r. Castro-
Portillo, and the fact he did not know about the search warrant does not diminish
the risk he may have posed.
M r. Castro-Portillo attempts to factually distinguish his case from Summers
and Ritchie by pointing out he had driven away from the house before the search
began. However, like the Sixth Circuit, we do not find this distinction
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significant, as “Summers does not impose upon police a duty based on geographic
proximity (i.e., defendant must be detained while still on his premises) ....”
United States v. Cochran, 939 F.2d 337, 339 (6th Cir. 1991). Like that circuit, w e
believe the focus should be on whether police detained the defendant as soon as
practicable after departing the premises, which “will normally, but not
necessarily, result in detention of an individual in close proximity to his
residence.” Id. As another circuit has said, “[t]he proximity between an occupant
of a residence and the residence itself may be relevant in deciding whether to
apply Summers, but it is by no means controlling.” United States v. Cavazos, 288
F.3d 706, 712 (5th Cir. 2002). In this case, it appears Officer M ontgomery
stopped M r. Castro-Portillo as soon as reasonably practicable as he drove away
from the house, and M r. Castro-Portillo admits he “was detained just minutes
before the search began ... at 11:40 a.m.” Apt. Br. at 15.
In continuing his Fourth Amendment argument, M r. Castro-Portillo relies
on our decision in United States v. Edwards, 103 F.3d 90 (10th Cir. 1996), which
he contends is factually similar to the circumstances in his case and supports
suppression of the evidence obtained from the search. However, we find Edwards
distinguishable and note it preceded the Supreme Court’s decision in M uehler. In
Edwards, officers stopped the defendant after he had driven three blocks away
from a house subject to a search warrant. 103 F.3d at 91, 94. It is important to
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note the stop was based on a suspicion his vehicle contained drugs and he might
be armed and dangerous. Id. at 91-92. The district court concluded that at the
time of the street-side stop the police had “reasonable suspicion” to detain him,
and neither party appealed that conclusion. Id. at 93. However, following the
stop, police detained M r. Edwards for forty-five minutes, during which time he
and his vehicle were searched, he was handcuffed, guns were drawn on him, and
no M iranda warning was given. Id. at 91-92. W e determined that at the
conclusion of the approximately fifteen-minute search of the defendant’s car and
person, which produced no evidence of illegal activity or danger to police, the
police no longer possessed any “reasonable suspicion” warranting his continued
detention. Id. at 93-94. In so holding, we found his prolonged detention during
the thirty minutes that followed, before the search warrant was executed and
drugs were found, went beyond a permissible detention, as it was not based on a
legitimate interest in preventing flight, preventing risk of harm to the officers, or
facilitating orderly completion of the search. Id. M r. Castro-Portillo relies on
Edwards to contend his own thirty-minute detention was not supported by any
governmental interests, as he was not fleeing, did not know about the search, and
was not asked to assist in the search on his return to the house.
Unlike Edwards, M r. Castro-Portillo’s detention occurred during the search
of the house and his detention was not “unduly prolonged” prior to execution of
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the search warrant. Summers, 452 U.S. at 701. M oreover, M r. Castro-Portillo
does not contend, nor does the record indicate, that any officer held him at gun-
point during his detention. In addition, once stopped, it appears M r. Castro-
Portillo’s total thirty-minute street-side and house detainment was as short as the
situation and search warranted. 3
To the extent M r. Castro-Portillo argues he should have been returned to
the house sooner, rather than detained street-side, we note the search warrant gave
police the requisite reasonable suspicion to detain M r. Castro-Portillo during the
entirety of the search, regardless of whether the detention was accomplished in or
outside of his home or both. See Summers, 452 U.S. at 702 n.16 (explaining the
fact the defendant was detained outside w hen leaving his house w as no more
3
M r. Castro-Portillo also relies on an Eighth Circuit decision, United
States v. Sherrill, 27 F.3d 344 (8th Cir. 1994), to support his position his
detention constituted a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. Admittedly,
the facts in that case are similar to his, given M r. Sherrill left his residence just
before police executed a search warrant and officers stopped him only one block
away from his home. Id. at 345. The Sherrill court declined to apply Summers,
in part because the defendant had already exited the premises, and it concluded
the street detention greatly increased the intrusiveness of the stop and detention.
Id. at 346. However, we note the Sherrill decision pre-dates the Supreme Court’s
decision in M uehler, which holds authorities have a categorical authority to detain
an occupant of a house subject to a law ful search warrant. M oreover, this court is
not bound by other circuit court precedent, and, instead, we are inclined to follow
our own precedent in Ritchie, which has a holding counter to Sherrill even though
it is based on similar facts. Finally, extenuating factors surrounding M r. Castro-
Portillo’s street-side detention sufficiently differ from those presented in Sherrill
so that it does not substantially aid in our determination of the issues presented.
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intrusive than the detention of those inside). W hile some inconvenience and
indignity may be associated with a short, street-side detainment, it is less so than
the circumstances surrounding an arrest, the thirty-minute gun-point pre-search
detainment in Edwards, or a compelled visit to the police station. See Sum mers,
452 U.S. at 702; Ritchie, 35 F.3d at 1484. M oreover, the facts of this case do not
suggest, as M r. Castro-Portillo implies, that authorities in any way attempted to
manipulate the circumstances in order to detain him street-side.
M r. Castro-Portillo also argues police unnecessarily handcuffed him during
both his street-side and home detentions. However, where a search warrant
authorizes a search for weapons, an “inherently dangerous situation” arises which
extends the governmental interest “in not only detaining [the defendant], but
using handcuffs” during the detention. M uehler, 544 U.S. at 100. In this case,
the fact M r. Castro-Portillo left a house subject to a search warrant for contraband
and weapons, together with his nervous behavior, reasonably caused Officer
M ontgomery to believe M r. Castro-Portillo might have guns on his person or in
the car, leading him to handcuff M r. Castro-Portillo. Under the circumstances,
his handcuffed detention was justified by a substantial governmental interest in
minimizing the risk of harm to authorities who reasonably believed he might
possess a gun or otherwise might present some danger to the officers during the
course of the entire search, both while he was detained street-side and later when
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authorities returned him to the house.
As an alternative argument, M r. Castro-Portillo suggests that because
Summers expressly refers to the “occupant” of the premises, an inference exists
that “residency” of the defendant is required. He then suggests police could not
stop or detain him as he exited the house because the search warrant did not
expressly implicate him, and they had no other indication M r. Castro-Portillo
resided at the house, had “any ties to the residence,” or was involved in the drug
operation. Apt. Br. at 13-14. In support, he relies on Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S.
85 (1979), in which the Court determined authorities did not have an articulable
and individualized suspicion to search patrons at a tavern where a search warrant
was executed. Id. at 91-92.
W e disagree with M r. Castro-Portillo’s assessment of these cases. In
Summers, the Court generally used the term “occupant” and did not limit the
principles of its decision only to known residents. 452 U.S. at 703-05. Rather, it
explained that issuance of a search warrant is based on probable cause that
someone in the home is committing a crime, and “[t]he connection of an occupant
to that home gives the police officer an easily identifiable and certain basis for
determining that suspicion of criminal activity justifies a detention of that
occupant.” Id. at 703-04. In M uehler, the Court applied the same principle in
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Summers to a woman found sleeping in a house, whom a SW AT team member
handcuffed and detained while executing a search warrant. 544 U.S. at 96. The
Supreme Court determined her “detention for the duration of the search was
reasonable under Summers because a warrant existed to search [the address] and
she was an occupant of that address at the time of the search.” Id. at 98.
In this case, authorities admittedly did not know M r. Castro-Portillo w as a
resident of the house. However, they could reasonably conclude M r. Castro-
Portillo was at least an occupant of the house, given he was seen exiting the
premises at roughly the same time the search warrant was executed. M oreover,
the officer making the stop reasonably believed M r. Castro-Portillo was the
“target” of the search, and M r. Castro-Portillo’s failure to provide identification
showing otherwise contributed to that belief. The fact M r. Castro-Portillo was
spotted exiting and reentering the house in order to water plants on the premises
also contributed to the perception of his occupancy, although admittedly, the
officer instructed to make the stop may not have had that information.
W ith respect to M r. Castro-Portillo’s reliance on Ybarra, the Summers
Court expressly warned that a “seizure” issue “should not be confused with the
‘search’ issued presented in Ybarra v. Illinois.” 452 U.S. at 695 n.4. In other
words, while police officers have “categorical” authority to detain occupants
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subject to a lawful search warrant for contraband, they do not have the same
authority to search the persons they detain, as the police improperly did in
Ybarra. See also Denver Justice, 405 F.3d at 929-31 (pointing out that while
Summers, M uehler, and Ritchie support categorical authority to detain, they do
not support a categorical authority to conduct a pat-down search, unless an
inherently dangerous situation arises where the search warrant covers items
related to w eapons, gang membership, violent crime, or contraband). 4
Finally, M r. Castro-Portillo contends that because his detention was
improper, any inculpatory evidence obtained should be suppressed. Relying on
the three factors identified in Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590 (1975), to determine
if a confession is tainted by a prior illegal detention, he argues his illegal
detention led to a chain of events, including his confession, which ultimately tied
him to the inculpatory evidence found. However, because M r. Castro-Portillo
was not improperly detained, we must discredit this argument and need not apply
the factors outlined in Brown.
4
M r. Castro-Portillo does not appeal the police officer’s initial waistband
search. Therefore, we do not address this issue other than to point out that the
search of his person for weapons is distinguishable from the random search of
patrons in Ybarra. In this case, extenuating circumstances existed, including the
fact M r. Castro-Portillo left a residence suspected of housing a drug operation and
containing weapons in support of that operation.
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Applying our standard of review to the district court’s denial of M r. Castro-
Portillo’s motion to suppress evidence, we conclude he has failed to meet his
burden of showing the challenged detention was illegal under the Fourth
Amendment. See Higgins, 282 F.3d at 1269-70. For these reasons, we hold the
district court did not err in denying M r. Castro-Portillo’s motion to suppress.
B. Notice of Enhancement
In appealing his sentence, M r. Castro-Portillo claims the original
information filed by the government under 21 U.S.C. § 851, while timely, did not
provide him adequate notice of the enhancement for the purpose of applying it to
Count 4 for his marijuana possession. He bases his argument on the fact the
information did not reference his marijuana count or the corresponding subsection
§ 841(b)(1)(D) and, instead, referred only to the cocaine- and methamphetamine-
related subsections of § 841(b), which the government represented would be the
only counts to which the enhancement would apply. Because he was acquitted of
those counts, M r. Castro-Portillo contends the enhancement cannot apply, even
though he previously admitted he committed the prior Texas crime at issue.
W hile he concedes the government is not required “to specify which counts of the
indictment notice relates to,” he contends that once the government does commit
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to a count, “it cannot subsequently pursue enhancement of unspecified counts.” 5
Apt. Br. at 20. In support of his argument, M r. Castro-Portillo relies on various
circuit decisions for the proposition that one of the purposes of § 851 is “to allow
[the] defendant to have ample time to determine whether to enter a plea or go to
trial and plan his trial strategy with full knowledge of the consequences of a
potential guilty verdict.” Apt. Br. at 20-21. See United States v. Williams, 59
F.3d 1180, 1181 (11th Cir. 1995); see also United States v. Hamilton, 208 F.3d
1165, 1168-69 (9th Cir. 2000); Kelly v. United States, 29 F.3d 1107, 1109 (7th
Cir. 1994); United States v. Johnson, 944 F.2d 396, 407 (8th Cir. 1991). Based
on this proposition alone, M r. Castro-Portillo contends the information
undermined his assessment of “the consequences of a guilty plea or verdict” with
respect to his marijuana count. Apt. Br. at 21. However, he provides no other
specifics to support his contention nor otherw ise explains how he was prejudiced.
W e begin with an examination of 21 U.S.C. § 851, which states, in part:
(a) Information filed by United States Attorney
5
The government now concedes it was not a clerical error to omit Count 4
from the information, but suggests the original § 851 information nevertheless
provided M r. Castro-Portillo the requisite notice. Specifically, the government
contends reference in the original information to some § 841(b) subsections
without reference to the subsection pertaining to the marijuana count did not
prejudice M r. Castro-Portillo, given the notice requirements were met and he
knew the government intended to seek an enhanced sentence based on the Texas
conviction.
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(1) N o person who stands convicted of an offense under this part
shall be sentenced to increased punishment by reason of one or more
prior convictions, unless before trial, or before entry of a plea of
guilty, the United States attorney files an information with the court
(and serves a copy of such information on the person or counsel for
the person) stating in writing the previous convictions to be relied
upon. Upon a showing by the United States attorney that facts
regarding prior convictions could not with due diligence be obtained
prior to trial or before entry of a plea of guilty, the court may
postpone the trial or the taking of the plea of guilty for a reasonable
period for the purpose of obtaining such facts. Clerical mistakes in
the information may be amended at any time prior to the
pronouncement of sentence.
21 U.S.C. § 851 (emphasis added).
W e have said § 851 was enacted to fulfill the due process requirement that
a defendant “receive reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard relative to the
recidivist charge even if due process does not require that notice be given prior to
trial on the substantive offense.” United States v. Gonzalez-Lerma, 14 F.3d 1479,
1485 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotation marks and citation omitted). See also United
States v. King, 127 F.3d 483, 489 (6th Cir. 1997). Thus, our inquiry is whether
the information provided the defendant “reasonable notice of the government’s
intent to rely on a particular conviction and a meaningful opportunity to be
heard.” G onzalez-Lerm a at 1485 (quotation marks and citation omitted). See also
United States v. Curiale, 390 F.3d 1075, 1076 (8th Cir. 2004); Perez v. United
States, 249 F.3d 1261, 1266 (11th Cir. 2001); King, 127 F.3d at 489. Because
“[s]ection 851 does not specify the particular form which [a] notice of
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enhancement must take ...,” G onzalez-Lerma, 14 F.3d at 1485, we must be careful
not to “elevate form over substance,” 6 Curiale, 390 F.3d at 1077. See also
Weaver, 267 F.3d at 247; United States v. Layne, 192 F.3d 556, 576 (6th Cir.
1999); King, 127 F.3d at 489. However, when an error of a non-clerical nature is
made w hich might negatively implicate proper notice of an enhancement or a
meaningful opportunity to be heard, this and at least three other circuits consider
whether the defendant was prejudiced by the error. See U nited States v. Lopez-
Gutierrez, 83 F.3d 1235, 1246 (10th Cir. 1996); United States v. Severino, 316
F.3d 939, 944 (9th Cir. 2003); United States v. Steen, 55 F.3d 1022, 1025-26 (5th
Cir. 1995); United States v. Campbell, 980 F.2d 245, 248 (4th Cir. 1992).
B ecause the sufficiency of an information filed under § 851 is a question of law ,
we review the issue de novo. See Layne, 192 F.3d at 575; King, 127 F.3d at 487-
88; Steen, 55 F.3d at 1025.
W e begin by examining the various circuit court decisions on which M r.
Castro-Portillo relies. W e do not differ with the propositions set forth in those
cases, but find his reliance on them somewhat misguided. Three of the cases
6
It is important not to elevate form over substance because a distinction
exists between the strict procedural requirements in § 851 regarding the “giving
of notice, such as service and filing, which are explicit in the statute, and the
precise information that must be included in an information, which the statute
does not specify.” United States v. Weaver, 267 F.3d 231, 247 (3d Cir. 2001). A s
the Third Circuit further noted, “[c]ourts have often found that the statute permits
more flexibility with respect to the latter.” Id.
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cited concern the timely filing of an information. In those cases, the court
determined filing the information before jury selection or before the first trial
gave the defendant time to determine whether to enter a plea or go to trial and to
plan his trial strategy with full knowledge of the consequences of a potential
guilty verdict. See William s, 59 F.3d at 1185; Kelly, 29 F.3d at 1109-1110;
Johnson, 944 F.2d at 407. In other words, the defendant would know the
government planned on seeking an enhancement based on the prior conviction and
could timely determine whether to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid the
consequences of such an enhancement if convicted. The fourth case, United
States v. Hamilton, concerns an information filed before trial which identified the
prior conviction by the wrong year. 208 F.3d at 1167-68. However, because the
information contained all other pertinent data about the prior conviction, the court
determined the defendant could not have been confused about the prior conviction
and, therefore, had sufficient notice for the purpose of advancing to trial or
pleading guilty. Id. at 1169.
The issues of timely filing of the information and proper identification of
the prior conviction have not been raised in this appeal. M oreover, none of the
cases cited by M r. Castro-Portillo indicate the information must identify the
specific penalty subsections of § 841(b) or that inclusion of some and not other
subsections of § 841(b) in the information is per se prejudicial. Instead, M r.
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Castro-Portillo concedes § 851 does not require the government to identify the
counts to which the notice relates. See Campbell, 980 F.2d at 252 (holding § 851
does not require the government to identify any subsections of § 841). 7 W e note
the statute itself, § 841(b), explains the statutory sentence for each count a
defendant faces and the increase to those sentences if a prior conviction
enhancement is applied. See generally 21 U.S.C. § 841(b). Thus, had the original
information not contained reference to any § 841(b) subsections but provided M r.
Castro-Portillo with notice an enhancement would be sought, he and his counsel
could have generally relied on § 841 to assess the penalties and enhanced
penalties outlined therein to determine the risks associated with advancing to trial
or pleading guilty on each count.
However, in the actual situation presented, the original information is
problematic because it included reference to some and not other subsections of
§ 841(b), and the government verbally represented it would not apply the
enhancem ent to M r. Castro-Portillo’s heroin and m arijuana counts. Under these
circumstances, M r. Castro-Portillo reasonably contends he believed the
7
In Campbell, the information sought an enhancement in conjunction with
one subsection, § 841(b)(1)(C), but instead should have referenced another
subsection, § 841(b)(1)(B). 980 F.2d at 247. The court made its determination no
prejudice occurred, in part on the fact that, unlike here, counsel “conceded that
his trial strategy would have been no different had the government’s pretrial
information recited the correct sub-part.” Id. at 252.
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enhancement would apply only to the cocaine and methamphetamine counts.
However, even if he believed the enhancement would not apply to the marijuana
count, it is unclear how he was prejudiced. Clearly, M r. Castro-Portillo knew the
enhancement would increase the statutory sentence for the cocaine and
methamphetamine counts from a minimum sentence of five years to ten years in
prison. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(ii) and (viii). Nonetheless, M r. Castro-
Portillo proceeded to trial on those counts. Given his decision to proceed on
those counts, M r. Castro-Portillo has not explained why, if he had known of the
enhancement’s application to the marijuana count, he would have pled guilty
rather than proceed to trial, especially given the enhancement would have
similarly increased his maximum sentence from five to ten years. See 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(D). W ithout further explanation, M r. Castro-Portillo’s contention
seems based on hindsight rather than any trial or guilty plea strategy.
The lack of any specific argument from M r. Castro-Portillo explaining why
he w ould have otherw ise pled guilty if he had known of the enhancement’s
application to the marijuana charge leads us to conclude he suffered no prejudice
from the information’s reference to some, but not other, penalty subsections of
§ 841(b). In other words, nothing about M r. Castro-Portillo's argument persuades
us he would have pled guilty or presented a different defense or trial strategy if
the original information had identified the additional subsection relating to the
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marijuana conviction. See Severino, 316 F.3d at 945; Campbell, 980 F.2d at 252.
IV. Conclusion
For these reasons, w e A FFIRM M r. Castro-Portillo's conviction and
sentence.
Entered by the C ourt:
W ADE BRO RBY
United States Circuit Judge
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