F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
May 1, 2007
UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 06-2126
M EL LAM BERT V ELARDE,
Defendant-Appellant.
A PPE AL FR OM T HE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR T HE D ISTRICT OF NEW M EXICO
(D .C . N O. C R N o. 98-391 LH )
M arc M . Lowry (Peter Schoenburg with him on the briefs), Rothstein, Donatelli,
Hughes, Dahlstrom, Schoenburg & Bienvenu, LLP, Albuquerque, New M exico,
for Defendant-Appellant.
J. M iles Hanisee, Assistant United States Attorney (David C. Iglesias, United
States Attorney, with him on the brief), Albuquerque, New M exico, for Plaintiff-
Appellee.
Before HA RTZ, A ND ER SO N, and M cCO NNELL, Circuit Judges.
M cCO NNELL, Circuit Judge.
M el Velarde, who was convicted of sexually abusing a minor within Indian
country, has filed a motion for a new trial under Rule 33(b) of the Federal Rules
of Criminal Procedure. He claims that the government violated his rights under
Brady v. M aryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), by suppressing evidence that L.V., the
minor victim, falsely accused her school teacher and vice principal of
inappropriate touching. Velarde argues that had the government disclosed this
evidence, he could have impeached L.V. at trial, and the result of his trial would
have been different.
The district court initially scheduled an evidentiary hearing at which M r.
Velarde would have been able to subpoena certain otherwise uncooperative
witnesses and determine the nature of L.V.’s false accusations, if that is what they
were, and establish whether the government was aware of them. Later, however,
the court sua sponte cancelled the evidentiary hearing and denied M r. Velarde’s
motion for a new trial on the ground that he had failed to introduce admissible
evidence in support of his Brady claim. W e hold that the district court erred by
denying M r. V erlarde’s motion without granting an opportunity for discovery.
W e therefore VACATE the district court’s order and REM AND for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
FA C TS A N D PROCEDURAL HISTORY
1. The Jury Trials and R ule 33 M otion
In M arch 1999, M el Velarde was convicted by a jury of sexually abusing a
minor within Indian country in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153, 2241(c),
2246(2)(A). L.V., the alleged minor victim, is the daughter of the w oman M r.
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Velarde was dating at that time. No one else saw the alleged crime, and there was
no corroborating medical evidence, so M r. Velarde was convicted almost entirely
on L.V.’s testimony. M r. Velarde appealed his conviction and this Court
reversed, holding that the district court erroneously admitted expert testimony
concerning L.V.’s propensity for truthtelling. United States v. Velarde, 214 F.3d
1204, 1210–11 (10th Cir. 2000).
The government elected to retry M r. Velarde. During his second trial,
which occurred in September 2001, L.V. testified that M r. Velarde took her from
the top bunk of her brothers’ bed (her younger brother was also sleeping in the
top bunk, and her older brother was sleeping in the lower bunk) into the hallway
and held her mouth shut while he “tried to stick his private part in [her] private
part.” R. V ol. III, at 255. M r. V elarde’s theory of the case was that L.V.
fabricated those allegations to get back at him because when he spent the night at
her mother’s house he displaced L.V. from her mother’s bed, L.V.’s usual
sleeping place. This second trial resulted in another conviction, which this Court
affirmed. United States v. Velarde, 88 F. App’x 339 (10th Cir. 2004).
In September 2004, three years after his second trial, M r. Velarde filed a
motion under Rule 33(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure seeking a
new trial. He alleged that the government violated his Brady rights by failing to
disclose before his second trial evidence that was favorable to him and material.
Specifically, M r. Velarde claimed that in the days immediately preceding his
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second trial, L.V. falsely accused her school teacher and the school’s vice
principal of inappropriately touching her. He asserted that, because the case
hinged largely on w hether L.V .’s testimony was credible, evidence that L.V.
falsely accused other men of inappropriate touching could have impeached L.V.
and led to a different result.
M r. Velarde learned of L.V.’s apparently false accusations from Phil
Gallegos, another teacher at L.V.’s school who was L.V.’s teacher’s union
representative. M r. Gallegos testified in an affidavit that he told FBI Agent Frank
C him its about L.V .’s false accusations before Velarde’s second trial began. H e
also testified that he “reminded Agent Chimit[s] of his legal obligation to fully
disclose this type of evidence.” R. Vol. I, Doc. 334, Ex. A., at 2. The
government countered with Agent Chimits’s affidavit testimony that he “did not
at any time have a conversation with [M r. Gallegos] of the nature described in
Defendant Velarde’s M otion,” nor did he know of L.V.’s second accusations from
any other source prior to the second trial. R. Vol. I, Doc. 314, Ex. 1, at 2.
2. The District Court’s Response to M r. Velarde’s Brady M otion
Faced with the contradictory Gallegos and Chimits affidavits, the district
court set an evidentiary hearing. R. Vol. I, Doc. 349. The order stated that “[t]he
Court’s initial task is to determine whether a conversation with the content
described in the Gallegos affidavit, did or did not occur.” Id. at 4. The court
ordered the parties to “be prepared to present substantive evidence as to the
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specific content of a conversation between Gallegos and Chimits.” Id. at 5. The
court also ordered M r. Velarde to present at the hearing “the substantive, strong,
exculpatory, admissible evidence that he intends to present at trial, i.e., the ‘new
evidence’ on which he has based his motion.” Id. at 7.
Soon after the district court issued this order, M r. Velarde moved the court
to issue subpoenas under Fed. R. Crim. P. 17(b) to compel the attendance of
Gallegos, L.V., and L.V.’s principal, vice principal, and teacher. R. Vol. I, Doc.
350, at 1. These witnesses were to be the source of the “substantive, strong,
exculpatory, admissible” new evidence that the court ordered him to introduce.
M r. Velarde contended that because the allegations implicated the school
officials’ fitness for continued employment, subpoena power w as necessary to
compel their cooperation.
Approximately one week after M r. Velarde sought these subpoenas, and
before the court took any action on his motion, the district court sua sponte
vacated the evidentiary hearing. R. Vol. I, Doc. 351, at 1. The court stated that
“[r]ather than proceed with a costly and time-consuming evidentiary hearing, as
well as potentially with at least a portion of a new trial, the Court determines that
it is prudent, at this juncture, to determine the ultimate admissibility of such
evidence, if established.” Id. at 1–2. The court ordered the parties to brief
whether the evidence would be admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 412 and “to appear
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for legal arguments,” id. at 1, at “a strictly legal hearing” after the briefing was
complete, id. at 3.
The parties submitted briefs as directed and appeared for the “strictly legal
hearing” at the appointed time. But when the hearing began, the district judge
immediately asked defense counsel to give “a statement of exactly what the new
evidence is that the defendant wishes to or claims to have found that justifies a
new trial.” R. Vol. VI, at 2. Defense counsel offered what the district court later
characterized as a “proffer,” R. Vol. I, Doc. 357, at 4, 6, based on conversations a
paid defense investigator had with L.V.’s teacher and vice principal.
According to defense counsel, L.V.’s teacher told the investigator that he
was summoned to the principal’s office in the week after September 11, 2001,
where L.V. and her mother were present. He was asked, “W hat did you do to
[L.V.], if [you] touched her inappropriately.” R. Vol. VI, at 5. He denied the
charge. The principal then asked L.V. why she did not bring the incident to the
attention of the vice principal. L.V. responded that she did not like the vice
principal “because he touches me funny too.” Id. at 5–6. Her teacher w as told to
leave the office, and he “never knew what happened afterwards.” Id. at 6.
The investigator’s conversations with the vice principal largely concerned
the school’s investigation into L.V.’s charges. The investigation involved the
vice principal, a school counselor, and “others.” Id. at 6–7. Initially, the vice
principal discussed the school’s investigation with the defense investigator. Id. at
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6. He told the investigator “that nothing came of it, and that they didn’t think
[L.V.] was telling the truth.” Id. at 6. Later, however, he clammed up, stating
that “he couldn’t recall.” Id. at 7. He provided no further information to the
investigator. And the school counselor who the vice principal stated “would have
handled this” told the defense investigator that “she had no recall of the
investigation.” Id. at 9.
The defense subpoenaed the school records, but according to defense
counsel, “there is [sic] no records to be had” because they are purged on an
annual basis. Id. at 7.
Defense counsel informed the district court that the defense wished to
present the testimony of L.V.’s teacher and the defense investigator, and wished
to subpoena the vice principal and the principal, Bill Reese. He explained to the
court that “the underlying allegations of inappropriate touching are admissible, as
well as M r. Gallegos’ testimony that he, in fact, informed Agent Chimits about
the allegations.” Id. at 8. In further discussion with the district court, defense
counsel stated that the admissible evidence the defense would present relates to
“[the teacher’s] comments, M r. Reese’s discussion with the mother, and the
victim, and [the vice principal],” as well as “the investigation, if any, [that] was
done by [the vice principal].” Id. at 8–9.
The district court attempted to pin down the defense regarding the exact
nature of L.V.’s allegations against her teacher:
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M R. LOW RY: [L.V.’s teacher]— and this is in [the investigator’s]
report— said that when the principal, Bill Reese, asked her, she
responded— [the teacher] recalls LV saying, “Because he scares me,”
referring to [the vice principal].
And then, when M r. Reese asked, “W hy does he scare you,” she
added, “He touches me.”
TH E C OU RT: Well, the first time you stated that you said, “He
touches me funny.”
M R. LOW RY: W ell, I apologize. This is what I have in actual quotes
from—
THE COURT: “He touches me.”
M R. LOW RY: “He touches me.”
THE COURT: And you don’t know where?
M R. LOW RY: No, Your Honor. But this was [L.V.]’s explanation to the
principal about why she was afraid to go to the vice-principal to report the
allegations against [her teacher].
* * * * *
THE COURT: [W hat is L.V.’s teacher’s] testimony going to be? And
that’s what you have to tell me. And what you’ve told me, the way I
understand it, was that it was inappropriate touching.
M R. LOW RY: [The teacher] wasn’t privy to the conversation that
took place in the principal’s office before he arrived. W hat [the
teacher] knows was that he was summoned into that office.
THE COURT: W ell, who is going to testify what kind of touching it
was, and what will that testimony be? W hat I’ve understood from
you— and that’s what I asked you for— and what I have understood
from you is that [L.V.’s teacher] touched her inappropriately.
M R. LOW RY: And I think that we have to make that assumption,
given what we know. And I think, if we want [a] more particularized
description, it would take—
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THE COURT: If you’re going to give me any more particular a
description, it’s got to be now. This case was filed in 1998, and it’s
now [2006], and I’m going to get rid of this case one way or the
other, okay? So you have to tell me exactly what— how the touching
was described, and who is going to say that.
Id. at 9–10, 19–20.
Defense counsel explained to the district court why it was necessary to
subpoena witnesses in order to obtain the details regarding L.V.’s accusation:
M R. LOW RY: I want to step back for just a second and address the
underlying allegations, and you wanted more specificity, and I
wholeheartedly understand why. But I want to address the context
within which we’re talking about— we’re talking about school
officials, teachers, in an environment that they deal directly on a day-
to-day basis with children. And these individuals, to say that they
are concerned is understated. But an allegation of sexual touching is
sort of a death knell to a career for a teacher—
THE COURT: I understand that.
M R. LOW RY: — or a school official. At the onset, we’re dealing
with a huge psychological barrier for people to even discuss with us
the nature of touching, as it were. So I’m trying to be fully candid
with Your Honor, but I also want the Court to be well aware of the
circumstance that we’re dealing with. And it makes it exceedingly
difficult to get, you know, highly descriptive, especially
self— perhaps self-discriminating descriptions of touching. So I just
wanted to place that in context for the Court.
Id. at 32–33.
Following the hearing, the district court issued a w ritten order denying M r.
Velarde’s Rule 33 motion on the ground that “the Defendant’s ‘newly discovered
evidence’ is not admissible.” R. Vol. I, Doc. 357, at 6. First, the district court
concluded that the Gallegos affidavit did not contain reliable or admissible
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evidence, largely because it was “based on hearsay.” Id. Nor did “the proffer by
defense counsel at the M arch 15 hearing” provide “any admissible evidence” that
L.V. had falsely accused her teacher and vice principal of inappropriate touching.
Id. The court explained:
There is no proof before the Court as to whether L.V. indeed accused [her
teacher] of an inappropriate touching. W hat is in the record is that [her
teacher] denied touching her inappropriately. W hile there is evidence that
L.V. states that [her vice principal] “touches me,” there is no evidence that
the accusation is false. Further, there is no proof before the Court as to
whether or not L.V. accused [her teacher] and/or [her vice principal] of
inappropriate touching of a sexual nature.
Id. at 7.
Second, the district court concluded that “[e]ven if Defendant’s evidence
were more complete and stronger,” it lacked probative value for M r. Velarde’s
defense “because the circumstances of the two incidents differ so substantially.”
Id. at 7. Not only did the alleged incident at school occur two to three years after
the incident charged in the indictment, but “these alleged accusations against
[L.V.’s teacher] and [vice principal] involved unspecified types of touching that
have yet to be described to the Court. There is certainly no proof that these other
alleged incidents were of a sexual nature.” Id. The court observed that “[t]he
alleged [teacher/vice principal] incidents could have consisted of a touching such
as shove or other minor assault.” Id. at 7.
The court then analyzed the proffered evidence under Federal Rules of
Evidence 608(b) and 403 and the Confrontation Clause. Extrinsic evidence was
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not admissible under Rule 608(b), according to the court, because it involved a
collateral mater: “The lack of similarity of the events surrounding the prior and
present allegations, and the slight degree of probative value of the proffered
evidence on issues that are not collateral, such as L.V.’s credibility, bias, interest
and motives, prompt the Court to exercise its discretion under Rule 608(b) and
find the proffered evidence is inadmissible.” Id. at 8–9. The court also found
that “the relevance and probative value of this evidence is extremely slight and
the danger of confusion and prejudice is great,” leading the court to exclude it
under R ule 403. Id. at 9. Finally, the court rejected the defendant’s argument
that he has a right to admission of this evidence under the Confrontation Clause
on the ground that it “is too attenuated in terms of what type of touching and in
terms of time, to be probative,” and because “there is no proof before the Court
that the statement ‘he touches me’ is false.” Id. at 10. The court concluded:
Defendant’s evidence falls far short of showing a scheme of fabrication by
L.V. Certainly this evidence is not relevant to show false accusations of a
similar nature, with the same intent, motivation and plan or to establish
possible biases, prejudices, or ulterior motive of L.V., which are “always
relevant as discrediting the w itness and affecting the w eight of [her]
testimony.” Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316 (1974).
Id. at 10 (alteration in original).
M r. Velarde now appeals from that order.
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D ISC USSIO N
A defendant who seeks a new trial under Rule 33 based on an alleged Brady
violation must show that “(1) the prosecution suppressed evidence, (2) the
evidence was favorable to the defendant, and (3) the evidence was material.”
United States v. Quintanilla, 193 F.3d 1139, 1149 & n.10 (10th Cir. 1999). The
government has not contested that M r. Velarde would satisfy the second element,
so w e lim it our inquiry to the first and third elements. W e review de novo the
district court’s ruling on M r. Velarde’s Rule 33 motion because it alleges a Brady
violation. United States v. Pearl, 324 F.3d 1210, 1215 (10th Cir. 2003).
A. Did the prosecution suppress potentially exculpatory evidence?
“Due process mandates disclosure by the prosecution of all evidence that
favors the defendant and is ‘material either to guilt or punishment.’” Robinson,
39 F.3d at 1118 (quoting Brady, 373 U.S. at 87). This duty to disclose extends to
prosecutors, police, and other government investigators. Kyles v. Whitley, 514
U.S. 419, 437–38 (1995). Accordingly, a defendant may base a Brady claim on a
government investigator’s failure to disclose evidence material to guilt or
punishment, even when the prosecutor personally did not know of that evidence.
See id.
M r. Gallegos and Agent Chimits presented conflicting evidence to the
district court regarding whether the prosecution suppressed potentially material
evidence. The district court did not hold an evidentiary hearing to resolve this
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conflict, but instead ruled that even if the government suppressed the information,
M r. Velarde is not entitled to a new trial because the suppressed evidence would
not have been admissible. For purposes of this appeal, therefore, we will assume
(as the district court apparently did) that the defendant is correct that M r.
Gallegos informed the government regarding L.V.’s supposed false accusations
and that the government failed to provide this information to the defense. This
question— whether suppression actually occurred— is, of course, open on remand.
If, on remand, the district court concludes after an evidentiary hearing that
Gallegos did not make the alleged statement to Chimits, there is no need for
further proceedings to determine the materiality of the evidence.
B. W as the petitioner entitled to discovery?
Evidence is “material” under Brady “‘only if there is a reasonable
probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A “reasonable probability” is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’” United States v. Robinson,
39 F.3d 1115, 1118 (10th Cir. 1994) (quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S.
667, 682 (1985) (Blackmun, J.)). The district court denied M r. Velarde’s Rule 33
motion on the ground that the evidence regarding L.V.’s supposed false
accusations was neither admissible nor material. The court reached that
conclusion, however, without considering whether defense counsel should be
given leave to conduct discovery into the facts supporting M r. Gallegos’s
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allegations. The case law in this area, as we discuss below, is obscure and
apparently not well understood. The district court’s course of action— and
defense counsel’s failure to point out the correct course more precisely— is
therefore understandable. Nevertheless, we conclude that the court erred by
failing to grant leave to conduct discovery.
This case arises at the intersection of evidentiary hearings and fact
discovery in the Rule 33 context. Our precedent speaks more frequently to the
former and makes clear that a district court is “not required to hold” an
evidentiary hearing before resolving a motion for a new trial, United States v.
Sutton, 767 F.2d 726, 729 (10th Cir. 1985), particularly “when the record is
complete or the petitioner raised only legal claims that can be resolved without
the taking of additional evidence,” Lawrence v. Lensing, 42 F.3d 255, 259 (5th
Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted), cited in Pearl, 324 F.3d at 1215.
This is because “[t]he purpose of an evidentiary hearing is to resolve conflicting
evidence.” Anderson v. Attorney Gen., 425 F.3d 853, 860 (10th Cir. 2005). As
we stated in Anderson, “‘[w]hether the record raises a genuine factual issue
[requiring an evidentiary hearing in a § 2254 proceeding] is decided by the same
standards used to decide a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment.’” Id. (quoting
East v. Scott, 55 F.3d 996, 1002 (5th Cir. 1995)) (brackets in original); see
Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 80 (1977). Thus, the court is required to
conduct the evidentiary hearing only if the admissible evidence presented by
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petitioner, if accepted as true, would w arrant relief as a matter of law . M r.
Velarde does not satisfy that standard here because, by his own admission, he was
unable to procure the necessary evidence from the school officials without
judicial compulsion.
In limited circumstances, however, a defendant who is unable to submit
evidence to the court sufficient to warrant an evidentiary hearing, is able to make
a showing that further investigation under the court’s subpoena power very likely
would lead to the discovery of such evidence. In that rare case, what should the
defendant do?
The answer, we think, is to request leave to conduct discovery. Discovery
is authorized in habeas corpus cases, an analogous post-conviction proceeding.
See Blackledge, 431 U.S. at 81–82, citing Rule 6 of the Rules Governing Habeas
Corpus. Courts have authority to allow discovery based on the All W rits Act, 28
U.S.C. § 1651, a “legislatively approved source of procedural instruments
designed to achieve the rational ends of the law” that “courts may rely upon . . .
in issuing orders appropriate to assist them in conducting factual inquiries.”
Harris v. Nelson, 394 U.S. 286, 299 (1969) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). According to the Supreme Court, “where specific allegations
before the court show reason to believe that the petitioner may, if the facts are
fully developed, be able to demonstrate that he is” entitled to a new trial, “it is the
duty of the court to provide the necessary facilities and procedures for an
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adequate inquiry.” Id.; see also United States v. Wolfson, 413 F.2d 804, 808 (2d
Cir. 1969) (in dictum, suggesting that Harris applies to Rule 33 motions); 26
James W m. M oore et al., M oore’s Federal Practice § 633.21[3], at 633-50 (3d ed.
2006). In fulfilling this duty, a district court has broad discretion to fashion
discovery mechanisms suitable to the case before it. W e construe M r. Velarde’s
request for the issuance of subpoenas in connection with the evidentiary hearing
in this case as a request for discovery. 1
Based on the record here, we conclude that M r. Velarde’s case fits in the
rare class of cases described above. Defense counsel proffered affidavit evidence
from M r. G allegos that, just a few days before M r. Velarde’s trial— at which L.V .
accused Velarde of inappropriate touching— L.V. accused her teacher and vice
principal of some (unspecified) form of inappropriate touching, that the school
investigated the allegations, and that the investigation concluded that L.V. was
lying. Defense counsel could not identify the precise nature of the “touching”
because L.V.’s teacher was not informed of what he was accused; the vice
principal, after initially discussing the school investigation with the defense,
claimed not to remember any more; the principal would not talk to the defense;
and the school records of the investigation had been destroyed. Defense counsel
1
Our decision to construe M r. Velarde’s m otion as a request for discovery is
based on the particular context of this litigation, including the absence in this
Circuit of an established practice of discovery in cases of this sort. In future
cases, depending on the particular circumstances, a movant’s failure to request
discovery may constitute a w aiver.
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explained that further details about L.V.’s accusation and evidence of its falsity
were known only to school officials who, for professional reasons, would discuss
the matter only if compelled by subpoena power.
If the evidence proffered by M r. Velarde’s counsel is accurate, it is more
likely than not that L.V. in fact made allegations of inappropriate touching against
her teacher and principal, and that the school investigated these allegations and
found them false. Discovery in this case would therefore not be a mere fishing
expedition based on the defendant’s mere hopes of finding exculpatory evidence.
Rather, there is a firm evidentiary basis for believing such evidence likely exists.
C. W as the evidence material under Brady?
The question remains whether the exculpatory evidence would be material
under Brady. The district court ruled as a matter of law that any evidence of
alleged touching by school officials— the specifics of which were still
unascertained— would be inadmissible under Rules 608(b) and 403 of the Federal
Rules of Evidence. To a great extent, that ruling was reached on the basis of the
evidence actually submitted by defense counsel, as opposed to the evidence that
could be elicited through discovery. See R. Vol. I, Doc. 357, at 7 (“There is no
proof before the Court as to whether L.V. indeed accused [her teacher] of
inappropriate touching. W hat is in the record is that [he] denied touching her
inappropriately. . . . Further, there is no proof before the Court as to whether or
not L.V. accused [her teacher] and/or [her vice principal] of inappropriate
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touching of a sexual nature.”) W hen determining whether to conduct discovery,
however, the issue cannot be what the defense has already proved, but what the
defense might reasonably be able to prove if discovery is conducted.
The government argues that even if M r. Velarde were able to produce
evidence that L.V. made false accusations of inappropriate touching against her
teacher and vice principal, such evidence would be inadmissible at trial and its
suppression therefore would not be a violation of Brady. In general, the Federal
Rules of Evidence do not permit the introduction of evidence regarding collateral
matters solely for the purpose of impeaching the credibility of a witness. Rule
608(b) prohibits “prov[ing] by extrinsic evidence” a “specific instance[] of the
conduct of a w itness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the w itness’
character for truthfulness.” Fed. R. Evid. 608(b). See White v. Coplan, 399 F.3d
18, 26 (1st Cir. 2005) (on habeas, concluding that prisoner was entitled to cross-
examine complainants regarding prior accusations but noting that court is “not
endorsing any open-ended constitutional right to offer extrinsic evidence”);
United States v. Bartlett, 856 F.2d 1071, 1089 (8th Cir. 1988) (exclusion of
extrinsic evidence of prior allegedly false allegation of rape is constitutional and
proper under Rules 412 and 608(b)); Benn v. Greiner, 294 F. Supp. 2d 354, 365
(E.D.N.Y. 2003) (W einstein, J.) (state court’s preclusion of prisoner’s cross-
examination of victim regarding prior allegations of sexual abuse entitled him to
habeas relief, but the state court “could . . . have precluded further inquiry or
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extrinsic proof in order to avoid complicating the trial”), rev’d, 402 F.3d 100 (2d
Cir. 2005) (holding error was harmless). The reason for excluding such extrinsic
evidence is to avoid mini-trials that may consume a disproportionate amount of
time and confuse the issues. As the First Circuit explained in Ellsworth v.
Warden, 333 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2003) (en banc), “[t]he theory, simple enough, is
that evidence about lies not directly relevant to the episode at hand could carry
courts into an endless parade of distracting, time-consuming inquiries.”
In United States v. M agallanez, 408 F.3d 672 (10th Cir. 2005), on which
M r. Velarde relies, we held that the government was properly allowed to call a
rebuttal witness to contradict a false statement made by a witness on direct
examination. Accordingly, if, on direct examination, L.V. were to testify that she
had never made a false accusation of sexual abuse, M agallanez would support the
introduction of the evidence (assuming it exists) regarding her false accusations
against her teacher and vice principal. If, however, the issue did not arise on
direct, the defense would be permitted to cross-examine her regarding the
supposed false accusations at school, but M agallanez would not permit M r.
Velarde to introduce extrinsic evidence regarding such accusations.
To be sure, some authority supports admission of such extrinsic evidence,
but it has not been accepted by this Circuit. One court in a habeas proceeding
under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 noted that the state court might allow such testimony, at
least in some limited circumstances. Ellsworth, 333 F.3d at 4. In that case, the
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defendant, who was accused of sexually molesting a boy at a residential treatment
center, sought to introduce evidence that the boy had falsely accused caretakers at
a prior care center of sexually molesting him. The First Circuit noted that New
Hampshire allows extrinsic evidence of a prior false accusation of sexual assault
if the prior accusation is similar to the new accusation and the defendant can
show that the prior accusation was “demonstrably false.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). And a federal district court, in an opinion affirmed in an
unpublished circuit decision, allowed extrinsic evidence of three prior allegations
that the complainant had admitted in writing to be false. See United States v.
Stamper, 766 F. Supp. 1396, 1406 (W .D.N.C. 1991), aff’d sub nom. In re One
Female Juvenile Victim, 959 F.2d 231 (4th Cir. 1992) (unpublished decision)
(appeal by witness only). 2
M oreover, as M r. Velarde argues, there may be circumstances in which the
Confrontation Clause would entitle a criminal defendant to introduce highly
probative exculpatory extrinsic evidence. But if such constitutional exceptions
exist, they are narrow. See Holmes v. South Carolina, 126 S. Ct. 1727, 1732
(2006) (“W hile the Constitution . . . prohibits the exclusion of defense evidence
under rules that serve no legitimate purpose or that are disproportionate to the
ends that they are asserted to promote, w ell-established rules of evidence permit
2
In that case, the government, relying on Fed. R. Evid. 412, had conceded
that the evidence would otherwise be admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 404(b) and
608. See 766 F. Supp. at 1406.
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trial judges to exclude evidence if its probative value is outweighed by certain
other factors such as unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or potential to
mislead the jury. . . . [T]he Constitution permits judges to exclude evidence that
is repetitive, only marginally relevant or poses an undue risk of ‘harassment,
prejudice, or confusion of the issues.” (citations, ellipsis, brackets, and internal
quotation marks omitted)); United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308 (1998);
Ellsworth, 333 F.3d at 6 (“[C]onfrontation clause objection is pretty well limited
to extreme cases where the state restriction is patently unreasonable . . . .”);
United States v. Gomes, 177 F.3d 76, 82 (1st Cir. 1999) (“[Confrontation Clause]
challenge is tenable only where the restriction is manifestly unreasonable or
overbroad.”). Neither this Court nor the Supreme Court has held that a defendant
has a constitutional right to introduce extrinsic evidence under circumstances
analogous to these.
But we need not definitively resolve w hether extrinsic evidence of L.V.’s
false accusations (assuming it exists and assuming it was withheld by the
government) would be admissible on retrial. Even assuming such evidence would
not be admissible, discovery could have led to facts that the defense could use to
effectively cross-examine L.V. about her truthfulness. W hile Rule 608(b) makes
this type of cross-examination subject to the district court’s discretion, it may
well be an abuse of discretion not to allow such cross-examination in a criminal
case w here the vast majority of inculpatory evidence is the alleged victim’s
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testimony. See White, 399 F.3d at 26 (on habeas, concluding that prisoner was
entitled to cross-examine complainants regarding prior accusations); Benn, 294 F.
Supp. 2d at 365 (state court’s preclusion of prisoner’s cross-examination of
victim regarding prior allegations of sexual abuse entitled him to habeas relief,
but the state court “could . . . have precluded further inquiry or extrinsic proof in
order to avoid complicating the trial”), rev’d, 402 F.3d 100 (2d Cir. 2005)
(holding error was harmless); see also M athis v. Berghuis, 90 F. App’x 101, 107
(6th Cir. 2004) (unpublished decision) (affirming conditional grant of habeas
relief to state prisoner based on possibility of cross-examination of complainant
regarding prior rape allegations even though the applicable rule of evidence “does
not generally permit” extrinsic evidence on the issue).
W e believe those holdings are applicable here. L.V.’s testimony was
virtually the only evidence of M r. Velarde’s guilt, and the fact (if it is a fact) that
near the time of trial she made similar false accusations against two other men
creates a reasonable probability that, had the defense known of this evidence, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. If, under the circumstances, it
would have been an abuse of discretion for the district court to preclude the
defense from cross-examining L.V. about these prior false accusations, it is a
Brady violation for the government to withhold from the defense the information
on which it would conduct such a cross-examination.
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W e reiterate, however, that if the court on remand w ere to conduct an
evidentiary hearing to resolve the conflict in testimony between FBI Agent
Chimits and M r. Gallegos, and conclude that the government did not suppress the
information regarding L.V.’s supposed false accusations, the Brady question
could be resolved on the first prong of the analysis, without need for discovery.
C ON CLU SIO N
W e VACATE the district court’s order denying M r. Velarde’s Rule 33
motion and REM AND for proceedings consistent with the Brady analysis outlined
above. W e do not hold that M r. Velarde is entitled to a new trial. W e hold only
that, on this record, the district court erred in holding that the suppressed
evidence was immaterial without first either resolving the disputed question
regarding whether the government suppressed information regarding L.V.’s
supposed false accusations at school or allowing discovery to determine the
nature and veracity of L.V.’s supposed accusations against her teacher and vice
principal. The district court has broad discretion to determine the type and manner
of any discovery.
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