PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Charles William PARKER, III, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 247790.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted January 25, 2005, at Lansing. Decided July 7, 2005, at 9:10 a.m. Released for Publication September 28, 2005.*735 Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Eric J. Smith, Prosecuting Attorney, and Robert Berlin, Chief Appellate Lawyer, for the people.
Lee A. Somerville, Bingham Farms, for the defendant.
Before: TALBOT, P.J., WHITBECK, C.J., and JANSEN, J.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant Charles William Parker III appeals by delayed leave granted his sentence following his plea of guilty of a probation violation. Parker was originally convicted of receiving and concealing stolen property with a value equal to or greater than $1,000 but less than $20,000,[1] and operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor (OUIL).[2] Following the violation, the trial court sentenced Parker to two to five years' imprisonment on each of his original convictions. We reverse and remand for resentencing. We decide this case without oral argument pursuant to MCR 7.214(E).
I. Basic Facts And Procedural History
In November 2001, Parker pleaded guilty to one count each of receiving and concealing property with a value equaling or greater than $1,000 but less than $20,000 and OUIL. The trial court sentenced Parker to two years' probation on the stolen property charge, with the nine months to be served in jail and credit for one hundred days. On the OUIL charge, the trial court sentenced Parker to ninety days in jail, and his driver's license was suspended for one year. The trial court did not sentence Parker to probation on the OUIL charge.
On August 15, 2002, a bench warrant was issued for Parker. The bench warrant petition indicated that Parker had "involved himself in a new violation of law," breaking and entering a vehicle and causing damage.[3] On August 22, 2002, the trial court accepted Parker's guilty plea.[4] On September 25, 2002, the trial court sentenced Parker to two to five years' imprisonment, with credit for 199 days, for each of the charges he pleaded guilty to in 2001. Parker did not, at that time, raise the issue of the applicability of the legislative sentencing guidelines.
In December 2002, Parker moved for resentencing, pursuant to MCR 6.429(B)(3), and for entry of a corrected presentence investigation report (PSIR). Parker argued that resentencing was necessary because his sentence did not comply with the legislative sentencing guidelines.[5] Also, Parker sought entry of a corrected *736 PSIR to reflect the correct recommendation on the OUIL charge and Parker's proper jail credit. Following a hearing, the trial court denied resentencing, but granted correction of the PSIR, except for the jail credit. We granted Parker's delayed application for leave to appeal.
II. Application Of The Legislative Sentencing Guidelines
A. Overview
(1) The Judicial Sentencing Guidelines
As noted in People v. Hendrick,[6] sentencing guidelines did not exist in Michigan before 1983. Trial courts therefore sentenced convicted offenders to a period within the statutory minimums and maximums for any given offense. In 1983, the Michigan Supreme Court developed a set of judicial sentencing guidelines. Importantly, these judicial sentencing guidelines were not applicable to a wide variety of offenses, including sentences imposed after probation violations.[7] Had the judicial sentencing guidelines been in place when the trial court sentenced Parker for violating his probation, those sentencing guidelines would not have been applicable to that sentence, and Parker would have been unable to assert that the sentence the trial court imposed violated those judicial sentencing guidelines.
(2) The Legislative Sentencing Guidelines
Again as noted in Hendrick, in 1998 the Legislature enacted legislative sentencing guidelines that apply to certain enumerated felonies committed on or after January 1, 1999.[8] The question presented in Hendrick was whether the legislative sentencing guidelines apply to sentences imposed after a probation violation.[9] The trial court had held that they did not.[10] The Hendrick panel reversed, holding that the statutory legislative guidelines apply to sentences imposed after a probation violation,[11] stating:
Because defendant committed the felonies for which he was sentenced after January 1, 1999, and the felonies were specifically identified as felonies subject to the legislative sentencing guidelines, the guidelines apply to sentencing following his probation violation. The language of MCL 769.34(2) is very clear and no exception to this legislative directive is found anywhere else in the legislative sentencing guidelines or the Code of Criminal Procedure. Thus, the legislative sentencing guidelines apply to all enumerated felonies committed on or after January 1, 1999, regardless of whether the sentence is imposed after a probation violation.[[12]]
The Michigan Supreme Court affirmed this holding, specifically agreeing that "the language of MCL 769.34(2) is clear and lists no exceptions."[13]
(3) Issue Presented
There is no question that Parker committed the offenses for which he was originally convicted after January 1, 1999, and that the trial court sentenced him for his later probation violation after January 1, 1999. Therefore, the legislative sentencing *737 guidelines clearly applied. However, the trial court sentenced Parker in late 2002, well before May of 2004 when this Court decided in Hendrick that the legislative sentencing guidelines applied to sentences imposed after a probation violation if the underlying crimes were committed after January 1, 1999. We must therefore decide whether this Court's decision in Hendrick applies retroactively.
B. Preservation of the Issue
As noted, Parker did not object at sentencing to the trial court's failure to apply the legislative sentencing guidelines, but he did raise the issue in a proper motion for resentencing. A recent decision by this Court establishes that raising a challenge to the application of the sentencing guidelines for the first time in a motion for resentencing is adequate to preserve the issue for appellate review. In People v. Mack,[14] the defendant was convicted of one count of third-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC III) and one count of assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving penetration (AWICSC).[15] Following the convictions, the probation department prepared a PSIR that calculated a guidelines range for the CSC III count; however, the department failed to prepare a PSIR for the AWICSC count.[16] When the trial court sentenced the defendant to fifteen to thirty years' imprisonment for the AWICSC count, he failed to object at sentencing on the grounds that the sentence was outside the appropriate guidelines range for his AWICSC conviction.[17] Nevertheless, the defendant filed a timely motion for resentencing on the grounds that the trial court erred by sentencing him outside the appropriate guidelines range for his AWICSC conviction.[18]
For guidance regarding whether this issue was preserved, the Mack panel looked to the Michigan Supreme Court's opinion in People v. Kimble.[19] In Kimble, the Court held that "pursuant to [MCL 769.34(10)], a sentence that is outside the appropriate guidelines sentence range, for whatever reason, is appealable regardless of whether the issue was raised at sentencing, in a motion for resentencing, or in a motion to remand."[20] The Mack panel concluded that, because the defendant had raised the issue in a motion for resentencing, it should be considered preserved, despite the defendant's failure to raise the issue at sentencing.[21]
Like the defendant in Mack, Parker contends that the legislative sentencing guidelines applied at his sentencing and that his sentence constituted an improper departure from those guidelines. Additionally, like the defendant in Mack, Parker made a proper motion for resentencing on this ground. These similarities indicate that Parker, by virtue of his proper motion for resentencing, preserved for appeal the issue of the trial court's failure to apply the guidelines.[22]
*738 C. The Retroactivity Of Hendrick
There is, however, a factor that clearly distinguishes Mack from this case. The legislative sentencing guidelines in Mack, as a matter of law, were applicable to the defendant's conviction at the time he was sentenced. Here, this Court's decision in Hendrick requiring sentencing courts to apply the legislative sentencing guidelines to probation violations was over a year away when the trial court sentenced Parker. We must therefore to evaluate the degree to which this Court's holding in Hendrick was foreseeable at the time the trial court sentenced Parker for his probation violation. This question presents an issue of law subject to review de novo.[23]
Generally, this Court's decisions are fully retroactive.[24] However, there are circumstances in which the decisions should only be applied prospectively. With respect to criminal matters, both the United States Supreme Court and the Michigan Supreme Court consider three factors to determine whether a law should be applied retroactively or prospectively: "(1) the purpose of the new rule, (2) the general reliance on the old rule, and (3) the effect on the administration of justice."[25] Before applying these factors, however, the decision in question must satisfy a threshold criterion: namely, that "the decision clearly establish[es] a new principle of law[.]"[26] More specifically, as the Michigan Supreme Court stated in Lindsey v. Harper Hosp, "[p]rospective application of a holding is appropriate when the holding overrules settled precedent or decides an `"issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed."'"[27]
While it was settled precedent that the judicial sentencing guidelines were not applicable to sentences imposed after probation violations,[28] the guidelines at issue here are the statutory sentencing guidelines. Thus, the "settled precedent" exception does not apply. This Court must therefore determine whether the Hendrick panel "decide[d] an `"issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed."'"[29]
Hendrick was the first published decision of this Court to conclude that the *739 legislative sentencing guidelines applied to sentences for probation violations, thus making it an issue of first impression. However, not all issues of first impression are limited to prospective application, only those "whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed."[30] Our reading of Hendrick indicates that the pertinent rule that emerged was clearly foreshadowed by the legislative sentencing guidelines themselves. The Hendrick panel found that the guidelines contain "no conflict or ambiguity requiring statutory construction" because the language of MCL 769.34(2) is "very clear" that the legislative guidelines must apply to sentencing for the enumerated felonies following a probation violation.[31] Similarly, the Michigan Supreme Court agreed that "the language of MCL 769.34(2) is clear and lists no exceptions."[32]
Considering the ease with which this Court reached its ruling in Hendrick, the absolute clarity of that ruling, and the consensus of this Court and the Michigan Supreme Court that the language of MCL 769.34(2) clearly compelled the result, we conclude that the language in MCL 769.34(2) and MCL 771.4 clearly foreshadowed the ruling in Hendrick.[33] Therefore, the trial court here should have been able to foresee this Court's decision to mandate the use of the legislative sentencing guidelines in determining sentences following probation violations. For that reason, under Adams and Lindsey, Hendrick applies retroactively.
D. Applying Hendrick
Our conclusion that Hendrick applies retroactively compels the corollary conclusion that the trial court erred in failing to apply the legislative sentencing guidelines. As a result of its failure to apply the guidelines, the trial court gave Parker a sentence that departed from the guidelines without fulfilling its statutory obligation to state a substantial and compelling reason for that departure.[34] Even if our review of the record revealed that, in our judgment, a substantial and compelling reason for departure existed, we cannot affirm Parker's sentence on that basis.[35] Instead, we "must remand the case to the trial court for resentencing or rearticulation."[36]
We note that Parker has served his minimum sentence and was paroled on March 9, 2004. However, we conclude that this appeal is not moot because Parker is scheduled to remain on parole until March 15, 2006, which imposes some continuing limitations on his freedom. Had Parker received an intermediate sanction, as he contends he should have, he might not be subject to any limitations at all. Because we are remanding for resentencing, we need not address Parker's claim that double jeopardy was violated by not sentencing him under the legislative guidelines.[37]
*740 Reversed and remanded for resentencing under the legislative sentencing guidelines. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1] MCL 750.535(3)(a).
[2] MCL 257.625(1)(a).
[3] MCL 750.356a(3).
[4] The charge or charges to which Parker pleaded guilty are unclear from the disposition document, but we assume from the circumstances of the case that Parker pleaded guilty of violating his probation.
[5] MCL 777.1 et seq.
[6] People v. Hendrick, 261 Mich.App. 673, 676-677, 683 N.W.2d 218 (2004), aff'd in part and rev'd in part 472 Mich. 555, 697 N.W.2d 511 (2005).
[7] Id. at 677, 683 N.W.2d 218, citing People v. Cotton, 209 Mich.App. 82, 83-84, 530 N.W.2d 495 (1995).
[8] Hendrick, supra at 677, 683 N.W.2d 218, citing MCL 777.1 et seq. and MCL 769.34(2).
[9] Hendrick, supra at 675, 683 N.W.2d 218.
[10] Id. at 676, 683 N.W.2d 218.
[11] Id. at 675, 683 N.W.2d 218.
[12] Id. at 679-680, 683 N.W.2d 218.
[13] People v. Hendrick, 472 Mich. 555, 560, 697 N.W.2d 511 (2005).
[14] People v. Mack, 265 Mich.App. 122, 695 N.W.2d 342 (2005).
[15] Id. at 123, 695 N.W.2d 342.
[16] Id. at 124, 695 N.W.2d 342.
[17] Id. at 124-126, 695 N.W.2d 342.
[18] Id.
[19] People v. Kimble, 470 Mich. 305, 684 N.W.2d 669 (2004).
[20] Id. at 310, 684 N.W.2d 669 (emphasis supplied).
[21] Mack, supra at 126, 695 N.W.2d 342.
[22] There is the view that Parker was required to raise this issue at sentencing for this Court to consider it. However, this position appears irreconcilable not only with this Court's position in Mack, but also with the Michigan Supreme Court's holding in Kimble, which states that a defendant may appeal a sentence outside the guidelines range even if it was not preserved. See Kimble, supra at 310, 684 N.W.2d 669. We take this portion of Kimble to mean that this Court must review a sentence that falls outside the legislative sentencing guidelines; the only question is whether it should be reviewed under the standard for preserved or unpreserved error. See People v. Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 761-64, 774, 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999) (unpreserved issues are reviewed for plain error that affects a defendant's substantial rights).
[23] See People v. Sexton, 458 Mich. 43, 52, 580 N.W.2d 404 (1998).
[24] Adams v. Dep't of Transportation, 253 Mich.App. 431, 435, 655 N.W.2d 625 (2002).
[25] Lincoln v. Gen. Motors Corp., 231 Mich. App. 262, 309, 586 N.W.2d 241 (1998) (Whitbeck, P.J., concurring), citing Tehan v. United States ex rel Shott, 382 U.S. 406, 86 S.Ct. 459, 15 L.Ed.2d 453 (1966), Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601 (1965), People v. Hampton, 384 Mich. 669, 674-679, 187 N.W.2d 404 (1971), Sexton, supra at 57 n. 29, 580 N.W.2d 404, and People v. Markham, 397 Mich. 530, 534-535, 245 N.W.2d 41 (1976).
[26] Lincoln, supra at 310, 586 N.W.2d 241 (Whitbeck, P.J., concurring).
[27] Lindsey v. Harper Hosp., 455 Mich. 56, 68, 564 N.W.2d 861 (1997), quoting People v. Phillips, 416 Mich. 63, 68, 330 N.W.2d 366 (1982), quoting Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 106, 92 S.Ct. 349, 30 L.Ed.2d 296 (1971).
[28] Cotton, supra at 83-84, 530 N.W.2d 495.
[29] Lindsey, supra at 68, 564 N.W.2d 861 (citations omitted).
[30] Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
[31] Hendrick, supra, 261 Mich.App. at 679, 683 N.W.2d 218 (emphasis supplied).
[32] Hendrick, supra, 472 Mich. at 560, 697 N.W.2d 511.
[33] Hendrick, supra, 261 Mich.App. at 679-681, 683 N.W.2d 218.
[34] See 769.34(3); People v. Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 258, 666 N.W.2d 231 (2003).
[35] Id. at 258-259, 666 N.W.2d 231.
[36] Id. at 259, 666 N.W.2d 231.
[37] See People v. Riley, 465 Mich. 442, 447, 636 N.W.2d 514 (2001); People v. Rutledge, 250 Mich.App. 1, 11, 645 N.W.2d 333 (2002).