FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
October 28, 2008
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
VICTOR A. TITUS,
Plaintiff!Appellant, No. 07-2213
(D.C. No. CIV-06-725 PK/RHS)
v. (D. N.M.)
JOHN AHLM; CITY OF
FARMINGTON,
Defendants!Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRISCOE, SEYMOUR, and PORFILIO, Circuit Judges.
Victor A. Titus, a Farmington, New Mexico attorney, was stopped by
Farmington Police Officer John Ahlm for allegedly running a red light. What
then transpired ultimately resulted in the filing of a charge against Mr. Titus for
driving while intoxicated (DWI). After the charge was dismissed, Mr. Titus
brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, asserting claims against Officer Ahlm
for malicious prosecution in violation of the Fourth Amendment and retaliatory
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and
10th Cir. R. 32.1.
prosecution in violation of the First Amendment. He also asserted a state law
claim against Officer Ahlm and the City of Farmington (Defendants) for
malicious prosecution, which the district court construed as a
malicious-abuse-of-process claim. Fleetwood Retail Corp. of N.M. v. LeDoux,
164 P.3d 31, 35 (N.M. 2007) (explaining that “the tort of malicious abuse of
process” is a combination of “the formerly separate torts of malicious prosecution
and abuse of process”).
Upon consideration of Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, the
district court concluded Mr. Titus was unable to establish a foundation for his
federal claims because he could not demonstrate Officer Ahlm’s conduct violated
a constitutional right. See Grubbs v. Bailes, 445 F.3d 1275, 1278 (10th Cir.
2006). The conclusion was threefold. First, Mr. Titus’s malicious prosecution
claim failed because “Officer Ahlm possessed probable cause to believe that
Mr. Titus had been operating his vehicle while intoxicated to the slightest
degree,” even after determining Mr. Titus had only a .02% breath alcohol
concentration (BAC). Aplt. App. at 131. Second, Mr. Titus’s retaliatory
prosecution claim failed because Mr. Titus did not plead and prove the absence of
probable cause for charging him with DWI. See id. at 137; Hartman v. Moore,
576 U.S. 250, 265-66 (2006) (holding that a plaintiff in a retaliatory prosecution
action must plead and prove the absence of probable cause for pressing the
underlying criminal charge). And third, to the extent Mr. Titus asserted a claim
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for retaliatory arrest in his response to Defendants’ summary judgment motion,
the claim failed because Mr. Titus was unable to produce “sufficient evidence
from which a reasonable trier of fact could find that his arrest was ‘substantially
motivated’ by his prior protected speech.” Aplt. App. at 138. Therefore, based
upon the principle of qualified immunity, the court granted Officer Ahlm
summary judgment on his federal claims. Exercising supplemental jurisdiction,
the court also granted summary judgment to Officer Ahlm and the City of
Farmington on Mr. Titus’s malicious-abuse-of-process claim because “lack of
probable cause is an essential element of a claim for malicious abuse of process”
in New Mexico and “probable cause existed at the time Officer Ahlm filed the
criminal complaint against Mr. Titus.” Id. at 140. This appeal followed, and we
affirm.
I.
“The first step in assessing the constitutionality of [Officer Ahlm’s] actions
is to determine the relevant facts. As this case was decided on summary
judgment,” we must “view the facts and draw reasonable inferences in the light
most favorable to the party opposing the [summary judgment] motion.” Scott v.
Harris, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 1774 (2007) (quotation omitted). “In qualified immunity
cases, this usually means adopting [as we have done here] the plaintiff’s version
of the facts.” Id. at 1775.
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The circumstances upon which this case is based are relatively simple.
Officer Ahlm stopped Mr. Titus for running a red light. Upon making initial
contact, Officer Ahlm noticed Mr. Titus’s eyes were watery and blood shot and he
smelled of alcohol. In response to questions by Officer Ahlm, Mr. Titus admitted
he had “been drinking . . . [b]eer.” Aplt. App. at 40 (quotation omitted).
Suspecting Mr. Titus of DWI, Officer Ahlm asked Mr. Titus to take several field
sobriety tests. Mr. Titus consented, but performed poorly on at least two. When
asked to take a portable breath alcohol test, Mr. Titus declined. He requested,
instead, a breath test from a calibrated and certified machine at the police station.
Acceding to that request, Officer Ahlm arrested Mr. Titus and transported him to
the station. The test administered at that time registered that Mr. Titus had a
.02% BAC. Mr. Titus’s low BAC surprised Officer Ahlm. 1 Yet, he suspected
Mr. Titus to be under the influence of some substance; therefore, he sought and
obtained Mr. Titus’s consent to a blood test for alcohol and drugs at the local
hospital. While Mr. Titus’s blood test result was pending, Officer Ahlm charged
him with DWI in violation of N.M. Stat. § 66-8-102. Later, when the blood test
result also showed an alcohol concentration below New Mexico’s presumptive
amount for impairment, the charge was dismissed.
II.
1
“[T]o be convicted of per se DWI, the accused must have had a .08 level or
greater . . . [at] the time of driving.” State v. Christmas, 40 P.3d 1035, 1039
(N.M. App. 2001).
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Section 1983 provides a federal civil cause of action against state officials
for the “deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “While constitutional claims for wrongful
arrest . . . and prosecution under § 1983 are analyzed in light of analogous torts,
. . . the ultimate and indispensable element of such a claim is the deprivation of a
constitutional right.” Grubbs, 445 F.3d at 1278. The constitutional rights we are
concerned with here are the Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable
seizures and the First Amendment right to free speech.
Whether an officer “is entitled to qualified immunity is a legal question we
review de novo.” Wilder v. Turner, 490 F.3d 810, 813 (10th Cir. 2007),
cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1229 (2008). “When an officer asserts a defense of
qualified immunity, the plaintiff bears a heavy two-part burden.” Id.; see also
Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200-01 (2001) (identifying underlying purposes of
qualified immunity).
[First], the plaintiff must show the officer’s conduct violated a
constitutional right: . . . Taken in the light most favorable to the
party asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer’s
conduct violated a constitutional right? If the officer’s conduct did
not violate a constitutional right, the inquiry ends and the officer is
entitled to qualified immunity.
Wilder, 490 F.3d at 813 (citation and quotation omitted).
Fourth Amendment Claim for Malicious Prosecution
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Mr. Titus does not challenge Officer Ahlm’s initial stop of his vehicle or
the legality of Officer Ahlm arresting him and transporting him to the police
station to test his BAC. Instead, he argues any probable cause was vitiated by his
breath alcohol test result. Consequently, he maintains, Officer Ahlm had an
immediate duty to release him pending receipt of his blood test result. 2 We
disagree.
The absence of probable cause to arrest is an essential element of a Fourth
Amendment malicious prosecution claim under §1983. Wilkins v. DeReyes,
528 F.3d 790, 799 (10th Cir. 2008). “Probable cause exists if facts and
circumstances within the arresting officer’s knowledge and of which he or she has
reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to lead a prudent person to
believe that the arrestee has committed or is committing an offense.” Johnson v.
Lindon City Corp., 405 F.3d 1065, 1068 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted).
“When a warrantless arrest is the subject of a § 1983 action, defendant officers
are entitled to immunity if a reasonable officer could have believed that probable
cause existed to arrest.” Id. (quotation omitted). Thus, in determining whether an
officer had probable cause to make an arrest, we look objectively at the
2
Although Mr. Titus’s complaint alleged only that Officer Ahlm violated the
Fourth Amendment by filing a criminal complaint in the absence of probable
cause, his response to Defendants’ summary judgment motion and his appellate
brief make a somewhat broader claim, alleging Officer Ahlm violated the Fourth
Amendment by further detaining him, transporting him to the hospital, subjecting
him to a blood test, and filing a criminal charge against him, all in the absence of
probable cause. Aplt. App. at 78; Aplt. Br. at 38.
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reasonable conclusions that could have been drawn based on “the facts known to
the arresting officer at the time of the arrest.” Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146,
152 (2004); see also Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318, 354 (2001) (“If
an officer has probable cause to believe that an individual has committed even a
very minor criminal offense in his presence, he may, without violating the Fourth
Amendment, arrest the offender.”).
As previously noted, Mr. Titus does not challenge his initial arrest, and it is
clear Officer Ahlm possessed probable cause to arrest Mr. Titus. Wilder,
490 F.3d at 815 (“A prudent officer could reasonably conclude from Plaintiff’s
refusal to participate in a field sobriety test coupled with the observation of
several indicators of excessive alcohol consumption that Plaintiff was under the
influence of alcohol.”). Additionally, although state law does not govern the
evaluation of a § 1983 malicious prosecution claim, it may be considered “for
guidance as to the validity of the arrest since . . . officers are subject to . . . local
standards.” Id. at 814.
In New Mexico, driving under the influence of intoxicating
liquor is prohibited in two ways. A person can commit a “per se”
violation of the DWI statute by driving a vehicle while having a BAC
of 0.08 or more. In the alternative, [i]t is unlawful for a person who
is under the influence of intoxicating liquor to drive a vehicle within
this state. A person is under the influence of intoxicating liquor if
the person was less able to the slightest degree, either mentally or
physically, or both, to exercise the clear judgment and steady hand
necessary to handle a vehicle with safety to the person and the
public.
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State v. Lewis, 184 P.3d 1050, 1056 (N.M. App.) (citations and quotations
omitted), cert. denied, 183 P.3d 932 (2008); State v. Neal, 176 P.3d 330, 338
(N.M. App.) (“The statute [N.M. Stat. § 66-8-102] gives notice, according to the
plain meaning of the word ‘influence,’ that the Legislature intends to criminalize
a condition less than intoxication, but ‘influenced’ to any degree by alcohol, no
matter how slight.”), cert. denied, 176 P.3d 1129 (2008).
Mindful of the foregoing, it is also clear Officer Ahlm possessed probable
cause to file a criminal charge against Mr. Titus. Even after Mr. Titus’s breath
test result was obtained, a reasonable officer could have believed that probable
cause existed to charge Mr. Titus. Mr. Titus’s argument to the contrary ignores
the fact that in New Mexico a person can be charged with DWI for “driving while
impaired to the slightest degree.” Vondrak v. City of Las Cruces, 535 F.3d 1198,
1207 (10th Cir. 2008).
Further, Officer Ahlm had no affirmative duty to release Mr. Titus before
receiving his consensual blood test result. An affirmative duty to release
“following a legal warrantless arrest based on probable cause . . . arises only if
the arresting officer ascertains beyond a reasonable doubt that the suspicion
(probable cause) which forms the basis for the privilege to arrest is unfounded.”
Thompson v. Olson, 798 F.2d 552, 556 (1st Cir. 1986) (citing Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 134 cmt. f (1965)). Mr. Titus’s .02% BAC did not exonerate
him. Rather, the facts known to Officer Ahlm were sufficient to justify his filing
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of the DWI charge. If the sum of the facts could not sustain a charge under
applicable law, a criminal filing would not be proper, but that is not the case here.
Cf. Strickland v. City of Dothan, 399 F. Supp. 2d 1275, 1291, 1293 (M.D. Ala.
2005) (holding that once the officer received the arrestee’s blood test results,
showing the arrestee had “a blood alcohol level of 0.00%,” the officer “had actual
knowledge of [the arrestee’s] innocence of the DUI charge . . . and [had] an
affirmative duty to release him”), aff’d, 210 F. App’x 983 (11th Cir. 2006).
Probable cause requires only a probability of criminal activity, not a prima
facie showing of such activity. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 235 (1983).
Where, as here, no Fourth Amendment violation occurred because the officer
possessed probable cause to arrest and charge the individual, “the inquiry ends
and the officer is entitled to qualified immunity,” Wilder, 490 F.3d at 813.
First Amendment Claims for Retaliatory Prosecution and Wrongful
Arrest
Although Mr. Titus’s complaint alleges only that Officer Ahlm violated the
First Amendment by filing a criminal complaint in retaliation for protected
speech, his response to Defendants’ summary judgment motion and his appellate
brief make a broader claim, alleging Officer Ahlm (also) violated the First
Amendment by arresting him in retaliation for protected speech. Aplt. App. at
83-85; Aplt. Br. at 61-62. Specifically, he contends Officer Ahlm arrested and
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charged him in retaliation for his having represented clients against the City of
Farmington and for his prior criticism of the Farmington Police Department.
To establish a § 1983 retaliation claim . . . [Mr. Titus] must
plead and prove (1) that [he] was engaged in a constitutionally
protected activity; (2) that a defendant’s action caused [him] to suffer
an injury that would chill a person of ordinary firmness from
continuing to engage in that activity; and (3) that a defendant’s
action was substantially motivated as a response to [his] exercise of
[his] First Amendment speech rights. [He] also must plead and prove
the absence of probable cause for the prosecution. Hartman,
[576 U.S. at 266].
Becker v. Kroll, 494 F.3d 904, 925 (10th Cir. 2007). Because Mr. Titus cannot
demonstrate “the absence of probable cause for the prosecution,” id., the district
court correctly concluded his retaliatory prosecution claim must fail.
While at least one circuit has held that a plaintiff pressing a retaliatory
arrest claim need not plead the absence of probable cause in order to prevail, see
Skoog v. County of Clackamas, 469 F.3d 1221, 1232, 1235 (9th Cir. 2006),
Mr. Titus’s retaliatory arrest claim still fails because he cannot demonstrate
Officer Ahlm’s conduct was substantially motivated by Mr. Titus’s prior
protected speech. Nonetheless, Mr. Titus submits that Officer Ahlm’s statement,
“if I let you go now, you’re going to sue me for false arrest,” Aplt. App. at 57
(quotation omitted), supports the third element of his retaliation claim. But the
most that statement demonstrates is the officer’s personal concern for his own
liability in the event of a future legal action. It in no way suggests Officer Ahlm
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knew of past litigation between Mr. Titus and the City, or of any public
statements against the City made by him. 3
Simply put, Mr. Titus does not demonstrate Officer Ahlm had any
knowledge of Mr. Titus’s prior protected speech. Where, as here, no First
Amendment violation is demonstrated, “the inquiry ends and the officer is entitled
to qualified immunity,” Wilder, 490 F.3d at 813.
III.
Finally, Mr. Titus asks this court to remand his malicious-abuse-of-process
claim to the state court, arguing Officer Ahlm did not possess probable cause “for
the reasons stated herein.” Aplt. Br. at 64. Such perfunctory allegations of error
“fail to frame and develop an issue sufficient to invoke appellate review.”
Murrell v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1388, 1389 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994). In any event, the
state law claim fails on the merits. “[T]he second essential element of the tort of
malicious abuse of process [is an] improper act constituting a misuse of process.”
Weststar Mortgage Corp. v. Jackson, 61 P.3d 823, 831 (N.M. 2002). “A misuse
of process may be established by showing either a lack of probable cause or a
procedural impropriety.” Id. In this case, probable cause existed at the time
3
Likewise, Officer Ahlm’s allegedly more lenient treatment of one non-
attorney criminal suspect is insufficient for a jury to draw a reasonable inference
that Officer Ahlm’s treatment of Mr. Titus was retaliatory.
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Officer Ahlm filed the criminal complaint against Mr. Titus, and Mr. Titus never
alleged or demonstrated any procedural impropriety. 4
IV.
Officer Ahlm possessed probable cause to arrest and charge Mr. Titus with
DWI and his conduct was not substantially motivated by Mr. Titus’s prior
protected speech. The district correctly determined Officer Ahlm was entitled to
summary judgment on both federal claims; and, because Officer Ahlm possessed
probable cause and did not demonstrate a procedural impropriety, the court
properly exercised supplemental jurisdiction to grant summary judgment to
Officer Ahlm and the City on Mr. Titus’s malicious-abuse-of-process claim. The
4
The only claim asserted against the City of Farmington in the district court
was malicious abuse of process. Although Mr. Titus claims on appeal that he
“alleged supervisory and municipal claims against the City,” Aplt. Br. at 10, we
will not consider his supervisory claim because it was not raised in the district
court, Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120 (1976), and he has forfeited appellate
review of his malicious-abuse-of-process claim against the City by failing to
argue it in his opening brief, see Hysten v. Burlington N. Santa Fe Ry. Co.,
530 F.3d 1260, 1278 n.11 (10th Cir. 2008).
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judgement of the district court is AFFIRMED. 5
Entered for the Court
John C. Porfilio
Circuit Judge
5
“[A] federal appellate court does not consider an issue not passed upon
below.” Singleton, 428 U.S. at 120. Thus, we do not reach three issues Mr. Titus
raises for the first time on appeal: (1) Officer Ahlm was trained to violate the
Constitution; (2) Officer Ahlm’s probable cause determination was unreasonable
because it did not comport with the National Highway Traffic Administration
Manual; and (3) Standardized Field Sobriety tests are unreliable. Similarly, “we
will not consider claims abandoned in the district court.” O’Connor v. City &
County of Denver, 894 F.2d 1210, 1214 (10th Cir. 1990). Accordingly, we do not
reach the defamation claim Mr. Titus re-urges on appeal because he expressly
abandoned it in the district court. Aplt. App. at 86.
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