Farnham v. Wyoming Department of Corrections

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit

July 17, 2009
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT

MARK FARNHAM,

Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 09-8033
WYOMING DEPARTMENT OF (D.C. No. 08-CV-0123-CAB)
CORRECTIONS; ROBERT (D. Wyo.)
LAMBERT, Director of Wyoming
Department of Corrections; BRUCE
A. SALZBURG, Wyoming Attorney
General,

Respondents-Appellees.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is,

therefore, submitted without oral argument.

*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
Mark Farnham, a Wyoming state prisoner appearing pro se, seeks a

certificate of appealability (COA) in order to challenge the district court’s denial

of his 28 U.S.C. § 2241 petition for federal habeas relief. Because we conclude

that Farnham has failed to properly exhaust his state court remedies, we grant a

COA, reverse the judgment of the district court, and remand with instructions to

dismiss Farnham’s petition without prejudice.

Factual background

In 1982, Farnham pled guilty in Wyoming state court to a charge of

attempted second degree murder and was sentenced to a term of life

imprisonment. On three separate occasions between August 1983 and August

1992, while serving his sentence at the Wyoming State Penitentiary (WSP),

Farnham was found by WSP officials to have violated WSP rules by attempting to

escape, assaulting another inmate with a piece of wood, and threatening another

inmate with a hammer. Under a Wyoming statute enacted after Farnham’s 1982

conviction, those disciplinary violations rendered Farnham ineligible for parole.

See Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-13-402(b) (“A prisoner is not eligible for parole if he has

. . . [m]ade an assault with a deadly weapon upon any . . . inmate of any

institution” or “[e]scaped, attempted to escape or assisted others to escape from

any institution”). Despite the disciplinary violations, however, Farnham remained

eligible for commutation of his sentence by the Governor of the State of

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Wyoming.

Under Wyoming state law, the Wyoming Board of Parole (Board) is

authorized to “make recommendations to the governor to grant commutations of

sentences . . . .” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-13-401(f). At the time of Farnham’s

conviction, the Board’s rules required it to recommend commutation if the

majority of a three-member panel voted to do so. ROA, Vol. 1 at 53, 106.

Operating under those rules, the Board made four commutation recommendations;

the Governor accepted one recommendation and rejected three. In particular, in

1992 the Governor, acting pursuant to the Board’s recommendation, commuted

Farnham’s sentence from life to a term of seventy to eighty-five years.

At some point prior to June 2001, the Board changed its rules to require the

majority vote of a three-member panel, followed by the majority vote of a quorum

of the Board, before sending a commutation recommendation to the Governor. In

June 2001, a three-member panel voted to recommend commutation of Farnham’s

sentence to time served. A quorum of the Board, considering the panel’s vote,

agreed to recommend commutation, but altered the precise recommendation from

time served to a ten-year reduction of both Farnham’s minimum and maximum

sentences. The Governor subsequently adopted this recommendation in part and

commuted Farnham’s sentence to a minimum term of sixty-five years, six months,

and twenty days, and to a maximum term of seventy-five years.

In June 2005, a three-member panel voted to recommend a commutation of

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Farnham’s minimum and maximum sentences to reduce each of them by thirty

years. A quorum of the Board, however, disagreed, and thus no such

recommendation was made to the Governor.

In 2006, the Board changed its rules to require the unanimous vote of a

three-member panel, followed by the majority vote of a quorum of the Board,

before sending a commutation recommendation to the Governor. On July 11,

2007, a three-member panel unanimously voted to recommend that Farnham’s

minimum sentence be reduced by ten years. Before the Board voted on that

recommendation, however, it twice changed its rules, first to relax the panel

voting requirement (from unanimity to a majority), and then to eliminate the

necessity of a quorum Board vote. These rule changes effectively returned the

Board to the practice in place at the time of Farnham’s conviction. The July 11,

2007 recommendation of the three-member panel was never, however, forwarded

to the Governor because the Board concluded that, due to Farnham’s ineligibility

for parole, a reduction of his minimum sentence would not affect his possibility

for early release.

Procedural background

On May 9, 2008, Farnham initiated these proceedings by filing a pro se

petition for federal habeas relief. 1 Farnham’s petition, together with his

1
Although Farnham’s petition was nominally filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
2254, it is properly characterized as requesting relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
(continued...)

4
subsequently filed district court pleadings, challenged the constitutionality of (1)

the Wyoming statute, Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-13-402(b), that rendered him ineligible

for parole, (2) the Board’s changes to its commutation recommendation

procedures, and (3) the WSP’s implementation of so-called “Pre-Parole Board”

hearings or “Team Reviews” wherein members of the WSP staff would decide

what, if anything, the institution would recommend to the Board on a prisoner’s

behalf. According to Farnham, all three of these components violated the Ex Post

Facto Clause of the United States Constitution. Farnham also alleged due process

and equal protection violations.

Respondent moved for summary judgment with respect to Farnham’s

constitutional challenges to the Board’s procedural changes. Respondent’s

motion was silent, however, with respect to Farnham’s other claims. Farnham, in

turn, moved for summary judgment with respect to all of his claims.

On March 11, 2009, the district court issued an order denying Farnham’s

petition for writ of habeas corpus. Like respondent’s summary judgment motion,

the district court’s order discussed only Farnham’s constitutional challenges to

the Board’s procedural changes. In other words, the district court’s order made

no mention of Farnham’s constitutional challenges to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-13-

1
(...continued)
2241 because it sought to challenge the execution of Farnham’s sentence. See
Montez v. McKinna, 208 F.3d 862, 865 (10th Cir. 2000).

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402(b) and the WSP’s procedural changes. Nor did the district court’s order

consider whether Farnham had properly exhausted his state court remedies.

Farnham has since filed a timely notice of appeal and an application for

COA with this court.

Issuance of a COA is jurisdictional. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322,

336 (2003). A state prisoner may appeal from the denial of federal habeas relief

under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 only if the district court or this court first issues a COA.

28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A); see Montez v. McKinna, 208 F.3d 862, 867 (10th Cir.

2000) (holding “that a state prisoner must obtain a COA to appeal the denial of a

habeas petition, whether such petition was filed pursuant to § 2254 of § 2241”).

A COA may be issued “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of

the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). In order to make

that showing, a prisoner must demonstrate “that reasonable jurists could debate

whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in

a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve

encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

Unlike habeas petitions filed pursuant to § 2254, “[n]o statutory exhaustion

requirement applies to [petitions filed pursuant to] § 2241 . . . .” Capps v.

Sullivan, 13 F.3d 350, 354 n.2 (10th Cir. 1993). Nevertheless, we have held that

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“[a] habeas petitioner seeking relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 is generally required

to exhaust state remedies.” Wilson v. Jones, 430 F.3d 113, 1118 (10th Cir. 2005).

Here, although neither respondent nor the district court raised the issue of

exhaustion, it is readily apparent from reviewing the record that Farnham made no

effort prior to filing this action to pursue his claims in Wyoming state court.

Indeed, Farnham conceded as much in his district court pleadings. 2 ROA, Vol. 1

at 6 (“Petitioner has not filed any Petitions, Applications, or Motions in any

courts, state or federal, with respect to the claims he presents in this Petition.”).

Accordingly, we conclude the proper course of action is to grant Farnham’s

application for COA, reverse the judgment of the district court, and remand with

directions to dismiss the petition without prejudice due to Farnham’s failure to

exhaust. 3

2
In his petition, Farnham attempted to excuse his failure to exhaust by
claiming that Wyoming “state law d[id] not allow for judicial review of Wyoming
Board of Parole’s rules, procedures, or decisions . . . .” ROA, Vol. 1 at 10. But
Farnham was clearly mistaken in this regard. Although the Wyoming statute
outlining the powers and duties of the Board provides that “[t]he promulgation of
substantive rules by the board, the conduct of its hearings and its final decisions
are specifically exempt from all provisions of the Wyoming Administrative
Procedure Act,” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-13-402(f), that statutory provision does not
preclude a state prisoner, such as Farnham, from challenging in Wyoming state
court the constitutionality of Board actions. See, e.g., Merchant v. State Dep’t of
Corr., 168 P.3d 856 (Wyo. 2007) (addressing inmate’s equal protection challenge
to Board of Parole’s denial of opportunity to earn special good time credit).
3
To be sure, we have serious doubts as to the viability of Farnham’s ex
post facto challenges to the Board’s procedural changes, and Farnham’s failure to
exhaust those claims would not preclude us from denying Farnham a COA as to
(continued...)

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The request for a COA is GRANTED, the judgment of the district court is

REVERSED, and the matter is REMANDED to the district court with directions

to dismiss Farnham’s habeas petition without prejudice. Farnham’s motion for

leave to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal is GRANTED.

Entered for the Court

Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge

3
(...continued)
those claims. However, because it remains unsettled whether a prisoner may file
a second or successive writ of habeas corpus pursuant to § 2241 without appellate
court preauthorization, see Ackerman v. Novak, 483 F.3d 647, 649-50 (10th Cir.
2007), we conclude the most prudent course of action, given Farnham’s pro se
status, is to remand with directions to the district court to dismiss the Farnham’s
entire petition without prejudice.