FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
January 5, 2010
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 09-6066
v. (W.D. of Okla.)
ALBERT EARL BOLDEN, JR., (D.C. No. 5:99-CR-00059-L-1)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, SILER **, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
Albert Earl Bolden, Jr., a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s ruling
that it lacks the authority to resentence him under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) to a
term of imprisonment below the amended guideline range. 1 This court has
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
**
The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge, Sixth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
1
Recently, the court has addressed a number of appeals relating to
Amendment 706 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. This decision’s
reasoning and holding are consistent with our determinations in those other “crack
cases.” In particular, see: United States v. Williams, No. 09-6053, --- WL --- (---
); United States v. Chatman, No. 09-6078, --- WL --- (---); United States v.
Burris, No. 09-6046, 2009 WL 4071833 (Nov. 25, 2009); and United States v.
(continued...)
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We AFFIRM the decision of the
district court.
I. Background
In 1999, a jury found Bolden guilty of various crimes relating to crack
cocaine, and, in 2000, he was sentenced to 360 months’ imprisonment. Bolden’s
sentence was calculated in accordance with the 1998 edition of the Sentencing
Guidelines and reflected a total offense level of 38 and a criminal history
category of VI.
Amendment 706 to the Sentencing Guidelines, effective November 1, 2007,
reduced by two levels the base offense level associated with each enumerated
quantity of crack cocaine set forth in USSG § 2D1.1. See United States v.
Rhodes, 549 F.3d 833, 835 (10th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2052 (2009).
Subsequently, Amendment 706 was made retroactive. See id.
In 2009, based on Amendment 706 and pursuant to § 3582(c)(2), Bolden
filed a motion to have his sentence reduced. The district court granted the motion
in part. Application of Amendment 706 lowered Bolden’s total offense level to
36, which, in turn, decreased the applicable guideline range. In accordance with
the amended guideline range, the district court resentenced Bolden to 324 months’
imprisonment.
1
(...continued)
Hodge, No. 09-6062, 2009 WL 4071832 (Nov. 25, 2009).
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The district court denied Bolden’s motion for a reduced sentence insofar as
it requested imposition of a term of imprisonment below the amended guideline
range. Citing United States v. Rhodes, the district court held that it lacked the
authority to impose such a sentence.
II. Discussion
The district court’s determination of its authority to modify a sentence
under § 3582(c)(2) is reviewed de novo, see Rhodes, 549 F.3d at 837, as is the
district court’s interpretation of a statute or the Sentencing Guidelines, see United
States v. Sharkey, 543 F.3d 1236, 1238 (10th Cir. 2008).
In a series of cases, we have rejected Bolden’s contention that he is entitled
under Amendment 706 to a further reduction in his sentence. Our precedent is
clear that § 3582 resentencings are not eligible for discretionary reductions below
the amended guideline range, and that the advisory provisions of United States v.
Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), do not apply to § 3582(c)(2) proceedings. See
Rhodes, 549 F.3d at 840S41. In Rhodes, we recognized:
[T]he Sixth Amendment concerns that gave rise to the Booker
decision will not be replicated in sentence modification proceedings.
Given the narrow scope of sentence modification proceedings, there
is no concern that a district court in such a proceeding will make
factual findings that in turn will raise a defendant’s sentence beyond
the level justified by ‘the facts established by a plea of guilty or a
jury verdict. . . .’ Indeed, a district court in a sentence modification
proceeding is authorized only to ‘reduce the [originally imposed]
term of imprisonment,’ not to increase it. As a result, we conclude
that Booker simply has no bearing on sentencing modification
proceedings conducted under § 3582(c)(2).
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Rhodes, 549 F.3d at 840. “After our holding in Rhodes, [the] argument that
Booker and the Sixth Amendment mandate discretion to impose a below-
guidelines sentence at resentencing has been settled: they do not.” United States
v. Pedraza, 550 F.3d 1218, 1220 (10th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2406
(2009); see also United States v. Gaines, 2009 WL 3059067, at *4 (10th Cir.
Sept. 25, 2009) (“We have [] repeatedly rejected the notion that the principles
informing Booker have any role in a sentencing modification proceeding under
§ 3582(c)(2).”); United States v. Harris, 2009 WL 2837529, at *3 (10th Cir.
Sept. 4, 2009) (“Kimbrough[ v. United States, 552 U.S. 85 (2007),] does not
provide a separate basis for relief under § 3582(c)(2).”); accord United States v.
Melvin, 556 F.3d 1190 (11th Cir. 2009) (“Concluding that Booker and Kimbrough
do not apply to § 3582(c)(2) proceedings, we hold that a district court is bound by
the limitations on its discretion imposed by § 3582(c)(2) and the applicable policy
statements by the Sentencing Commission.”), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2382
(2009).
We have also ruled that the policy statement applicable to § 3582(c)(2)
does not impermissibly vest the Sentencing Commission with the power to
determine which cases the federal courts have jurisdiction to consider. See
United States v. Dryden, 563 F.3d 1168, 1170 (10th Cir. 2009) (considering
§ 1B1.10(a)(2)(B)), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 311 (2009). Specifically,
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§ 1B1.10(b)(2)(A) does not violate the federal courts’ statutory or constitutional
sentencing obligations, because § 3582(c)(2) “explicitly references the
applicability of Sentencing Commission policy statements.” United States v.
Petties, 327 F. App’x 786, 788 (10th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 329
(2009). Accordingly, because § 1B1.10(b)(2)(A) clearly indicates that sentencing
courts shall not impose sentences below the amended guideline range, and
because that policy statement is binding on district courts pursuant to
§ 3582(c)(2), district courts lack the authority to impose modified sentences that
fall below the amended guideline range. See Rhodes, 549 F.3d at 841. 2
2
Similarly, in United States v. Savoy, the Second Circuit stated:
We are bound by the language of this policy statement because
Congress has made it clear that a court may reduce the terms of
imprisonment under § 3582(c) only if doing so is consistent with
applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.
We therefore join the majority of circuits and hold that district courts
lack the authority when reducing a sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2)
to reduce that sentence below the amended Guidelines range. . . .
567 F.3d 71, 74 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal punctuation omitted), cert. denied, 130 S.
Ct. 342 (2009); see also United States v. Fanfan, 558 F.3d 105, 110 (1st Cir.
2009), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 99 (2009); United States v. Doe, 564 F.3d 305, 313
(3d Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 563 (2009); United States v. Dunphy, 551
F.3d 247, 251S56 (4th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2401 (2009); United
States v. Doublin, 572 F.3d 235, 238 (5th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 517
(2009); United States v. Washington, 584 F.3d 693, 696S701 (6th Cir. 2009);
United States v. Cunningham, 554 F.3d 703, 705S09 (7th Cir. 2009), cert. denied,
129 S. Ct. 2826 (2009); but see United States v. Hicks, 472 F.3d 1167, 1169 (9th
Cir. 2007).
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The district court thus did not err in concluding that it lacked the authority
to resentence Bolden below the amended guideline range. Bolden suggests that
our decisions—namely, Rhodes, Pedraza, and Petties—concerning the
relationship between § 3582(c)(2), § 1B1.10, and district courts’ resentencing
authority were incorrectly decided. Bolden points to Spears v. United States, 129
S. Ct. 840 (2009), and Nelson v. United States, 129 S. Ct. 890 (2009) to support
the position that the discretion Booker accorded district courts in imposing
original sentences applies to resentencings as well. Bolden also contends that we
have not adequately taken into account the Sentencing Reform Act’s legislative
history or the differences between guidelines and policy statements.
Neither Spears nor Nelson dealt with resentencing under § 3582(c). Rather,
they concerned initial sentencings. We have previously noted that, while Booker
excised statutory provisions mandating that judges impose within-guidelines
sentences in original sentencings, it did not touch § 3582(c)(2) proceedings. See
Pedraza, 550 F.3d at 1220. “A resentencing proceeding is an entirely different
animal that does not implicate the Sixth Amendment concerns that drove the
Booker remedy.” Id. The Supreme Court’s holdings in Spears and Nelson,
therefore, do not support extending Booker to § 3582(c)(2) proceedings and
finding that district courts have authority to resentence below the amended
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guideline range. Bolden does not identify, and a careful reading does not reveal,
any language from Spears and Nelson that necessitates a different conclusion. 3
Bolden’s reliance on legislative history is similarly misplaced.
“[L]egislative history is often murky, ambiguous, and contradictory, and [the
court] should resort to it only when a statute’s plain language is unclear.” Ford v.
Ford Motor Credit Corp., 574 F.3d 1279, 1293 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Section 3582(c)(2)’s language is not
ambiguous with regard to the limiting effect of policy statements. The statute
expressly states that a sentencing reduction is allowed, “if such a reduction is
consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing
Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Furthermore, the legislative history of the
Sentencing Reform Act that Bolden cites does not discuss § 3582(c)(2), let alone
the specific language at issue. In short, the language of the statute is
unambiguous and reference to legislative history is unwarranted—Bolden’s
legislative-history argument does not support the conclusion that district courts
may resentence below the amended guideline range.
3
Moreover, overturning this court’s prior precedent requires either an
intervening en banc decision of this court or a superseding contrary decision by
the Supreme Court. See In re Smith, 10 F.3d 723, 724 (10th Cir. 1993). We are
aware the Supreme Court recently announced it will review resentencing next
year in Dillon v. United States, --- S. Ct. --- 2009 WL 2899562 (Dec. 7, 2009)
(granting certiorari).
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Bolden also asserts, based on United States v. Lee, 957 F.2d 770 (10th Cir.
1992), and United States v. Tsosie, 376 F.3d 1210 (10th Cir. 2004), that the policy
statement applicable to § 3582(c)(2) proceedings should be considered advisory,
rather than mandatory. But both Lee and Tsosie concerned the revocation of
supervised release; they did not involve issues relating to resentencing. 4 Both
cases acknowledge that the policy statements of Chapter 7 of the Sentencing
Guidelines are advisory in nature. In reaching our conclusion in Lee, we noted
that our holding was specifically limited to Chapter 7 and that “[o]ther policy
statements in the Sentencing Guidelines must be examined separately in the
context of their statutory basis and their accompanying commentary.” Lee, 957
F.2d at 773. Specifically,
[t]he cases noting the mandatory nature of this provision in § 5K1.1
recognize that the motion requirement is suggested, if not compelled,
by the underlying statute; they do not hold that policy statements are
binding as a general rule. A provision set out in a policy statement
may be binding because required by the underlying statutes.
Id. at 773S74.
Contrary to Bolden’s suggestion, Lee, and by extension Tsosie, do not
support finding § 1B1.10(b)(2)(A) merely advisory. Instead, those cases instruct
us to base our determination on an examination of the underlying statute,
4
In United States v. Tsosie, 376 F.3d 1210 (10th Cir. 2004), the court did
not alter the holding of United States v. Lee, 957 F.2d 770 (10th Cir. 1992), and
relied on the Lee court’s reasoning in reaching its conclusion. See Tsosie, 376
F.3d at 1218.
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§ 3582(c)(2). The clear language of § 3582(c)(2)—a sentencing reduction is
allowed, “if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements
issued by the Sentencing Commission”—promotes the conclusion that
§ 1B1.10(b)(2)(A) is mandatory and, therefore, that district courts cannot
resentence below the amended guideline range.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the ruling of the district court.
Entered for the Court,
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge
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