FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS January 5, 2010
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 09-6078
v. (W.D. of Okla.)
J.C. CHATMAN, (D.C. No. 5:91-CR-00051-R-3)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, TYMKOVICH, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges. **
J.C. Chatman, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of his
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) motion for sentence modification. This court has
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We AFFIRM the decision of the
district court.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
I. Background
In 1991, a jury found Chatman guilty of various crimes relating to crack
cocaine and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. For sentencing purposes, the
district court found that Chatman was responsible for 15 kilograms of crack
cocaine. Chatman’s sentence was calculated in accordance with the 1990 edition
of the Sentencing Guidelines and reflected a total offense level of 48 and a
criminal history category of III.
In 1995, in response to Amendment 505 to the Sentencing Guidelines,
which altered the offense levels and quantity thresholds for drug-related offenses,
the district court inquired whether Chatman was due any reduction in sentence.
The district court determined that Amendment 505 reduced the total offense level
to 44, but also that the applicable guideline range remained unchanged.
Amendment 505 thus did not result in modification of Chatman’s sentence.
Twelve years later, the Sentencing Commission again altered its provisions
relating to crack cocaine. Amendment 706 to the Sentencing Guidelines, enacted
in 2007 and subsequently made retroactive, reduced by two levels the base
offense level associated with crack-cocaine offenses. See United States v.
Rhodes, 549 F.3d 833, 835 (10th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2052 (2009).
In 2009, based on Amendment 706 and pursuant to § 3582(c)(2), Chatman filed a
motion for sentence reduction.
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The district court denied Chatman’s motion. When originally sentenced,
Chatman was held responsible for more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. As a
result, Amendment 706 does not reduce his base offense level and the guideline
range applicable to him does not change. See USSG § 2D1.1(c)(1) & app. n.
10(D)(ii)(I). Based on this analysis, and citing Rhodes for the proposition that
United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), has no bearing on § 3582(c)(2)
proceedings, the district court refused to reduce Chatman’s sentence.
II. Discussion
We review the district court’s determination of its authority to modify a
sentence under § 3582(c)(2) de novo, see Rhodes, 549 F.3d at 837, as well as the
district court’s interpretation of a statute or the Sentencing Guidelines, see United
States v. Sharkey, 543 F.3d 1236, 1238 (10th Cir. 2008).
Preliminarily, to the extent Chatman challenges the amount of crack
cocaine the district court found him responsible for at sentencing, his effort is
misdirected. It is well-established that a defendant cannot use a § 3582(c)(2)
motion to collaterally attack his sentence. See United States v. Smartt, 129 F.3d
539, 542S43 (10th Cir. 1997). Section 3582(c)(2) only may be employed “to
modify a sentence based on events occurring after the original sentence was
imposed.” United States v. Chavez-Salais, 337 F.3d 1170, 1172 (10th Cir. 2003).
We will therefore not review the drug quantity for which Chatman was held
responsible.
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A. Sentencing Guideline Framework
We have addressed the effect of modifications to the sentencing guidelines
in a growing number of cases. By way of background, § 3582(c)(2) provides:
The court may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been
imposed except that—
***
in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of
imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been
lowered by the Sentencing Commission . . . .
The Sentencing Commission instructs us that any modification of sentence
must be consistent with the terms of USSG. § 1B1.10. Section 1B1.10(a)(2)(B)
prohibits a district court from resentencing unless the applicable guideline range
is reduced: “A reduction in the defendant’s term of imprisonment is not consistent
with this policy statement and therefore is not authorized under 18 U.S.C.
3582(c)(2) if . . . [a]n amendment . . . does not have the effect of lowering the
defendant’s applicable guideline range.” Absent a downward change in the
sentencing range, the district court need not conduct a full discretionary
resentencing pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553.
In this context, we have consistently held that Booker does not apply to
§ 3582(c)(2) proceedings and that, consequently, district courts may not
resentence absent a reduction in the applicable guideline range. See Rhodes, 549
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F.3d at 840S41. In so holding, we stated that the constitutional concerns of
Booker do not apply in sentence modification proceedings:
[T]he Sixth Amendment concerns that gave rise to the Booker
decision will not be replicated in sentence modification proceedings.
Given the narrow scope of sentence modification proceedings, there
is no concern that a district court in such a proceeding will make
factual findings that in turn will raise a defendant’s sentence beyond
the level justified by ‘the facts established by a plea of guilty or a
jury verdict. . . .’ Indeed, a district court in a sentence modification
proceeding is authorized only to ‘reduce the [originally imposed]
term of imprisonment,’ not to increase it. As a result, we conclude
that Booker simply has no bearing on sentencing modification
proceedings conducted under § 3582(c)(2).
Rhodes, 549 F.3d at 840; accord United States v. Melvin, 556 F.3d 1190 (11th
Cir. 2009) (“Concluding that Booker and Kimbrough[ v. United States, 552 U.S.
85 (2007),] do not apply to § 3582(c)(2) proceedings, we hold that a district court
is bound by the limitations on its discretion imposed by § 3582(c)(2) and the
applicable policy statements by the Sentencing Commission.”), cert. denied, 129
S. Ct. 2382 (2009).
We have also ruled that the policy statement applicable to § 3582(c)(2)
does not impermissibly vest the Sentencing Commission with the power to limit
federal courts’ jurisdiction. See United States v. Dryden, 563 F.3d 1168, 1170
(10th Cir. 2009). Specifically, this court has stated, “[A] nondelegation argument
has at least one fatal deficiency: § 1B1.10(a)(2)[(B)] does no more than reiterate a
statutory limitation on resentencing. [Such an] argument challenges a limitation
created not by the Sentencing Commission under delegated authority, but by
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Congress itself.” Dryden, 563 F.3d at 1170 (emphasis in original). Accordingly,
because § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B) instructs that sentencing courts shall not resentence
where an amendment does not lower the applicable guideline range, and because
that policy statement is binding on district courts pursuant to § 3582(c)(2), district
courts lack the authority to impose modified sentences unless the applicable
guideline range is reduced. See Rhodes, 549 F.3d at 841; see also United States
v. Murphy, 578 F.3d 719, 720S21 (8th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he limitations in the
applicable policy statement . . . on a district court’s authority to reduce a sentence
in a proceeding under § 3582(c) are ‘constitutional and enforceable.’”), cert.
denied, 2009 U.S. LEXIS 8457 (Nov. 30, 2009).
B. Because Amendment 706 Does Not Lower the Applicable Guideline
Range, Chatman Cannot Be Resentenced Under § 3582(c)(2)
The district court did not err in denying Chatman’s motion for sentence
reduction. First, § 3582(c)(2) and § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B) clearly prohibit resentencing
unless an amendment reduces the applicable guideline range. Second, this court
has repeatedly held that neither Booker, Kimbrough, nor the Sixth Amendment
afford district courts additional discretion with respect to resentencing under
§ 3582(c)(2). Consequently, district courts cannot rely on those sources for
authority to modify sentences in ways that contravene § 3582(c)(2) and
§ 1B1.10(a)(2)(B). Finally, as we have expressly ruled, § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B) does
not impermissibly interfere with the jurisdiction of the federal courts, because it
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“does no more than reiterate a statutory limitation on resentencing.” Dryden, 563
F.3d at 1170 (emphasis removed). Thus, district courts cannot ignore the policy
statement applicable to § 3582(c)(2) on non-delegation grounds and impose
reduced terms of imprisonment where an amendment does not reduce the
applicable guideline range.
Chatman suggests that our Rhodes decision, concerning the relationship
between § 3582(c)(2), § 1B1.10, and district courts’ resentencing authority, was
incorrectly decided. Chatman maintains that the discretion Booker accorded
district courts in imposing original sentences applies to resentencings as well.
Chatman further contends that this court’s decisions have not adequately taken
into account the Sentencing Reform Act’s legislative history or the differences
between guidelines and policy statements. Whatever their merit, Chatman’s
arguments do not allow us to ignore circuit precedent, and Rhodes firmly applies
here.
We have previously noted that, while Booker excised statutory provisions
mandating that judges impose within-guidelines sentences in original sentencings,
it did not touch § 3582(c)(2) proceedings. See United States v. Pedraza, 550 F.3d
1218, 1220 (10th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2406 (2009). “A
resentencing proceeding is an entirely different animal that does not implicate the
Sixth Amendment concerns that drove the Booker remedy.” Id. Overturning our
prior precedent requires either an intervening en banc decision of this court or a
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superseding contrary decision by the Supreme Court. See In re Smith, 10 F.3d
723, 724 (10th Cir. 1993).
Chatman’s reliance on legislative history is similarly misplaced.
“[L]egislative history is often murky, ambiguous, and contradictory, and [the
court] should resort to it only when a statute’s plain language is unclear.” Ford v.
Ford Motor Credit Corp., 574 F.3d 1279, 1293 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Section 3582(c)(2)’s language is not
ambiguous with regard to the limiting effect of policy statements. The statute
expressly states that a sentencing reduction is allowed, “if such a reduction is
consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing
Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Furthermore, the legislative history of the
Sentencing Reform Act that Chatman cites does not discuss § 3582(c)(2), let
alone the specific language at issue. In short, the language of the statute is
unambiguous and reference to legislative history is unwarranted; Chatman’s
legislative-history argument does not support the conclusion that district courts
may resentence absent an amendment that lowers the applicable guideline range.
Finally, contrary to Chatman’s suggestion, finding § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B)
merely advisory is unwarranted. Our caselaw instructs us to focus on the
underlying statute, § 3582(c)(2). See United States v. Lee, 957 F.2d 770, 774
(10th Cir. 1992) (“A provision set out in a policy statement may be binding
because [it is] required by the underlying statutes.”). The clear language of
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§ 3582(c)(2)—a sentencing reduction is allowed, “if such a reduction is consistent
with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission”—
promotes the conclusion that § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B) is mandatory and, therefore, that
district courts cannot resentence where an amendment does not reduce the
applicable guideline range.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the ruling of the district court.
Entered for the Court,
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge
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