FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
February 18, 2010
TENTH CIRCUIT
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 09-1378
v. (D.C. Nos. 1:08-CV-01803-WDM and
1:06-CR-00469-WDM-1)
HOWARD DAVIS, (D. Colo.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER
DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Before KELLY, McKAY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Howard Davis, a federal inmate appearing pro se,
seeks to appeal from the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to
vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. Because Mr. Davis has not made “a
substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” 28 U.S.C. §
2253(c)(2), we deny his request for a certificate of appealability (COA) and in
forma pauperis (IFP) status, and we dismiss the appeal. See Slack v. McDaniel,
529 U.S. 473, 483-84 (2000).
Background
A jury convicted Mr. Davis of two counts of assaulting or impeding a
federal officer resulting in bodily injury, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) and
(b). R. 19. He was sentenced to a term of 42 months, to be served consecutively
to an undischarged sentence in another case. R. 20. We affirmed his conviction
on direct appeal. United States v. Davis, 284 F. App’x 564 (10th Cir. 2008). Mr.
Davis then sought § 2255 relief, arguing that (1) the jury was not properly
instructed on one of the elements of the offense; (2) the indictment was
duplicitous; (3) special interrogatories should have been submitted to the jury
because he had been charged with multiple offenses; and (4) his counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by failing to raise these claims. R. 28-41; Aplt. Br. 1-2.
The district court rejected each of these claims in a concise order explaining its
rationale. R. 101-105.
Discussion
To obtain a COA, Mr. Davis must make “a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Miller-El v. Cockrell,
537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003). He must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would
find the district court’s resolution of a constitutional claim contained in his
motion debatable or wrong. Slack, 529 U.S. at 484. To prevail on an ineffective
assistance claim, Mr. Davis must show deficient performance by counsel and
prejudice from counsel’s error or omission. See Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
The district court’s resolution of the jury instruction claim is not reasonably
debatable. The indictment alleged that Mr. Davis had inflicted bodily injury;
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therefore, to be subject to the enhanced sentencing penalty of 18 U.S.C. § 111(b),
the jury had to find that this element was established beyond a reasonable doubt.
The trial transcript reflects that the district court so instructed the jury. R. 62.
The jury also received a written copy of the instructions setting forth the elements
of the offense, including the need to find that Mr. Davis had inflicted bodily
injury on the officers. R. 79. At the close of the trial, the court reminded the jury
that the instructions regarding the bodily injury element had not changed, R. 79,
and the court instructed the jury as to the definition of bodily injury, R. 87.
The resolution of Mr. Davis’s challenge to the indictment is likewise not
reasonably debatable. An indictment is duplicitous if it charges two or more
separate offenses in the same count. See United States v. Haber, 251 F.3d 881,
888 (10th Cir. 2001). Mr. Davis argues that the indictment did not differentiate
between simple and non-simple assault, and so “it is impossible to know which
section 111 offense the jury found Petitioner guilty of.” R. 38. The indictment
charged Mr. Davis with violating 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) and (b). R. 5-6. Section
111 defines three separate offenses, each element of which must be charged in the
indictment and proven to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States
v. Hathaway, 318 F.3d 1001, 1007 (10th Cir. 2003). Thus, contrary to Mr.
Davis’s contention, he was charged with two counts of only one of the offenses
defined in § 111—assault resulting in bodily injury. The indictment set forth the
correct elements of this charge, and the verdict form clearly stated that jury found
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Mr. Davis guilty of the two counts charged in the indictment. R. 5-6; R. Doc. 75
(06-cr-00469) (verdict form).
As for Mr. Davis’s argument that the district court should have used a
special interrogatory to determine whether the jury had found him guilty of
simple assault or non-simple assault, the district court’s conclusion that no such
need existed is not reasonably debatable. There was no ambiguity as to what the
jury found; it found Mr. Davis guilty of the elements of assault with bodily
injury. The indictment did not charge simple assault, and so the jury had to find
beyond a reasonable doubt all of the elements of § 111(a)(1) and (b), including
bodily injury.
Because none of Mr. Davis’s issues were meritorious, neither trial counsel
nor appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to raise these issues. United
States v. Orange, 447 F.3d 792, 797 (10th Cir. 2006) (citing Jones v. Gibson, 206
F.3d 946, 959 (2000)). Accordingly, the district court’s rejection of the
ineffective assistance claim is not reasonably debatable.
Accordingly, we DENY a COA and IFP status, and we DISMISS the
appeal.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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