09-3865-cr
U nited States v. B onczek
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMM ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUM M ARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. W HEN
CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER IN A DOCUM ENT FILED W ITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION
“SUM M ARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER M UST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New
York, on the 19 th day of August, two thousand ten.
PRESENT: REENA RAGGI,
RICHARD C. WESLEY,
PETER W. HALL,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 09-3865-cr
JAMES BONCZEK,
Defendant-Appellant.
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APPEARING FOR APPELLANT: SUSAN R. NECHELES (Joshua R. Geller,
on the brief), Hafetz & Necheles, New
York, New York.
APPEARING FOR APPELLEE: TELEMACHUS P. KASULIS, Assistant
United States Attorney (Katherine Polk
Failla, Assistant United States Attorney,
on the brief), for Preet Bharara, United
States Attorney for the Southern District of
New York, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Paul A. Crotty, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court entered on September 11, 2009, is
AFFIRMED.
James Bonczek, who was found guilty after a bench trial of both possessing and
receiving child pornography, see 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B), 2252A(a)(2), appeals his
conviction on the ground that it was based on evidence that should have been suppressed.
The government concedes that, after police took preliminary steps toward applying for a
search warrant but before the warrant was signed by a judge, the police unlawfully entered
Bonczek’s apartment. On appeal, Bonczek submits that the warrant supporting the search
of his apartment was (1) not supported by probable cause, and (2) infected by the earlier
warrantless police entry into the apartment. “On an appeal from a ruling on a motion to
suppress, we review a district court’s findings of historical fact for clear error, but analyze
de novo the ultimate determination of such legal issues as probable cause . . . .” United
States v. Valentine, 539 F.3d 88, 93 (2d Cir. 2008) (ellipsis in original; internal quotation
marks omitted). In doing so, we assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record
of prior proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.
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1. Probable Cause
Bonczek contends that the state judge who signed the search warrant for his apartment
could not have made an independent probable cause determination without viewing the
images alleged to depict a “lewd exhibition of [children’s] genitals,” N.Y. Penal Law
§ 263.00(3), or assessing a sufficiently particularized description of them, neither of which
the judge did.1 Courts are divided on a similar question based on the terms of an analogous
federal statute. Compare United States v. Brunette, 256 F.3d 14, 18-19 (1st Cir. 2001)
(holding that judge ordinarily cannot determine whether image “depicts a lascivious
exhibition of genitals . . . without either a look at the allegedly pornographic images, or at
least an assessment based on a detailed, factual description of them”), with United States v.
Simpson, 152 F.3d 1241, 1247 (10th Cir. 1998) (concluding that affidavit describing
unlawful materials believed to be in defendant’s possession as “child pornography” did not
render warrant invalid for lack of probable cause because “the words ‘child pornography’
need no expert training or experience to clarify their meaning” and “the judge understood
what type of evidence was required” (emphasis in original; internal quotation marks
1
Under federal law, child pornography constitutes “any visual depiction” the
production of which “involves the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct.” 18
U.S.C. § 2256(8)(A). “Sexually explicit conduct,” in turn, is defined to include the
“lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.” Id. § 2256(2)(A)(v). In
New York, the related crime of possessing a sexual performance by a child is defined as
possessing “any performance which includes sexual conduct by a child less than sixteen
years of age.” N.Y. Penal Law § 263.16. The term “sexual conduct” includes “lewd
exhibition of the genitals.” Id. § 263.00(3).
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omitted)); cf. United States v. Kimbrough, 69 F.3d 723, 727-28 (5th Cir. 1995) (concluding
that warrant was sufficiently particularized where it sought materials “used to visually depict
a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct” because “[i]dentification of visual depictions
of minors engaging in sexually explicit conduct . . . is a factual determination that leaves little
latitude to the officers”); United States v. Koelling, 992 F.2d 817, 821-22 (8th Cir. 1993)
(concluding that warrant was sufficiently particularized where it described material sought
in language that tracked terms of § 2256, including use of phrase “lascivious exhibition of
the genitals or pubic area”). In United States v. Jasorka, we found it unnecessary to decide
whether a judge issuing a warrant “was obligated to make her own assessment of the
lascivious nature of . . . photographs” because the officers were entitled to rely in good-faith
on the warrant that issued. 153 F.3d 58, 58 (2d Cir. 1998); see United States v. Leon, 468
U.S. 897, 919-23 (1984). We reach the same conclusion here.
Bonczek challenges the application of the good-faith exception in this case, arguing
that (1) the executing officers “knowingly or recklessly misled” the issuing judge, and (2)
the judge “wholly abandoned his judicial role by acting as a ‘rubber stamp’ for the legal
conclusions contained in the [warrant] affidavit.” Appellant’s Br. at 37. We are not
persuaded.
The first point is based on police failure to advise the issuing judge that they had
already entered Bonczek’s apartment without a warrant. The omission may be criticized
generally, but it did not mislead the issuing judge as to the content of the materials at issue.
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Thus, even if we were to conclude that probable cause requires a more particularized
showing of lewdness than was made here, the police’s failure to reveal information not
relevant to that issue does not preclude application of the good-faith exception. See United
States v. Falso, 544 F.3d 110, 128 (2d Cir. 2008) (noting exception inapplicable where
applicant fails to disclose “facts that would undermine probable cause”); see also Franks v.
Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 165 (1978); United States v. Reilly, 76 F.3d 1271, 1280 (2d Cir.
1996).
Nor does the record demonstrate the issuing judge’s total abandonment of his review
responsibilities. The judge was advised that police had been told by Gregory Vega, a
security guard at Bonczek’s apartment complex, that while he and a maintenance worker
were inside Bonczek’s apartment investigating a water leak they “observed lewd images of
children displayed on . . . Bonczek’s computer. These children appeared to be between the
ages of . . . 2-7 years old, with genitalia exposed, posed in a sexually explicit manner.”
Warrant Aff. at 4.2 A judge may certainly rely on eyewitness accounts of crime in making
2
To the extent Bonczek contends that the warrant application contained false
information because it asserted that Vega observed images of multiple children when, in fact,
he observed images of only a single child, the argument is without merit. The district court
credited the testimony of a police detective that Vega reported observing images of more
than one child. Moreover, upon review of the photos taken by Vega at the time Vega
observed the images, the district court agreed that the photos depicted more than one child.
In light of the special deference we afford factual findings premised on a district court’s
credibility assessments, see United States v. Mendez, 315 F.3d 132, 135 (2d Cir. 2002), we
identify no clear error in the district court’s determination that the statement in the warrant
application referring to lewd images of “children” was accurate.
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a probable cause determination. See, e.g., United States v. Hernandez, 85 F.3d 1023, 1028
(2d Cir. 1996) (“A detailed eye-witness report of a crime is self-corroborating; it supplies its
own indicia of reliability.” (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted)). Thus,
Bonczek’s abandonment argument is simply a variation of his claim that more particularized
information was necessary to support a probable cause finding of lewdness. Even if we were
to agree, that would be insufficient to demonstrate that the judge either abandoned the
“neutrality and detachment demanded of a judicial officer when presented with a warrant
application for a search and seizure” or “allowed himself to become a member, if not the
leader, of the search party” and therefore functioned as “an adjunct law enforcement officer.”
Lo-Ji Sales, Inc. v. New York, 442 U.S. 319, 326-27 (1979). Bonczek does not suggest that
the judge failed to read the application before he signed it. See United States v. Decker, 956
F.2d 773, 777 (8th Cir. 1992). At a minimum, the warrant affidavit “provided evidence
sufficient to create disagreement among thoughtful and competent judges as to the existence
of probable cause.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. at 926. In these circumstances, we
identify no abidication of the issuing judge’s duty precluding application of the good-faith
exception.
2. Independent Source Doctrine
Bonczek submits that even if we reject his probable cause challenge, the district court
erred in refusing to suppress evidence based on the government’s initial unlawful entry into
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his apartment. Like the district court, we conclude that the independent source doctrine
defeats this argument.3
The independent source doctrine permits the admission of otherwise excludable
evidence where law enforcement officers obtain a valid search warrant based on “sources
[that are] wholly unconnected with the [unlawful] entry and [were] known to the agents well
before the[ir] initial entry.” Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 814 (1984). To
demonstrate its entitlement to this exception, the government must show that “(1) the warrant
. . . [is] supported by probable cause derived from sources independent of the illegal entry;
and (2) the decision to seek the warrant [was] not . . . prompted by information gleaned from
the illegal conduct.” United States v. Johnson, 994 F.2d 980, 987 (2d Cir. 1993).
The first requirement is easily satisfied in this case. As the district court observed,
“the most important element of the warrant [application] was the assertion that Mr. Vega
observed ‘lewd images’ of children, ‘with genitalia exposed, posed in a sexually explicit
manner,’ displayed on . . . Bonczek’s computer and that [Vega] reported this information to
the police.” United States v. Bonczek, No. 08 Cr. 361, 2008 WL 4615853, at *6 (S.D.N.Y.
Oct. 16, 2008) (quoting warrant affidavit). This information clearly derived from sources
independent of the warrantless police entry. In urging a different conclusion, Bonczek
contends that the police entry and viewing of his computer screen likely influenced the
decision to characterize the images Vega observed as “lewd.” In fact, Vega took
3
We do not reach the government’s alternative argument relying on the inevitable
discovery doctrine.
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photographs of the images he observed and provided those photographs to the police before
any officers ever entered Bonczek’s residence.
As to the second Johnson requirement, Bonczek submits that testimony at the
suppression hearing indicates that the purpose of the warrantless entry into his apartment was
to verify the information provided by Vega. This does not defeat application of the
independent source doctrine. The district court found that the police “would have obtained
a warrant even without the information confirmed by the illegal entry.” Id. at *8. We
identify no error, much less clear error, in this factual finding, which satisfies the second
element of the independent source test, and which is supported by evidence establishing that,
when presented with Vega’s information, the police immediately (1) referred the case to the
supervisor of the unit in charge of investigating child pornography; (2) called the Manhattan
District Attorney’s night complaint room to inquire about obtaining a warrant; and (3) placed
a detective with warrant expertise on duty status. See Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S.
564, 574 (1985) (noting that on clear-error review court will not disturb factual findings that
are “plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety”); United States v. Salim, 549 F.3d
67, 74 (2d Cir. 2008) (“Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the
factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” (internal quotation marks
omitted)).
Accordingly, the district court reasonably relied on the independent source doctrine
in concluding that the initial warrantless entry did not demand suppression.
3. Conclusion
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We have considered Bonczek’s remaining arguments on appeal and conclude that they
lack merit. For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s September 11, 2009 judgment is
AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court
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