United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 10-1519
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Southern District of Iowa.
John Anthony Hutter, *
* [UNPUBLISHED]
Appellant. *
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Submitted: October 22, 2010
Filed: October 28, 2010
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Before MURPHY, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
John Hutter pled guilty to bank robbery. The district court1 sentenced Hutter
to 120 months' imprisonment. Hutter appeals, challenging the district court's
application of a two-level enhancement under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual
(U.S.S.G.) § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B) for physical restraint of a victim during a bank robbery,
and the reasonableness of his sentence. We affirm.
1
The Honorable John A. Jarvey, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.
I. BACKGROUND
On June 2, 2009, Hutter approached a bank custodian, Janet Pewe, who was
sweeping near the back door of the bank. Hutter asked Pewe if the bank was closed
and she said the lobby was closed but the drive-thru remained open. Hutter then
turned as if to leave but came back, showed Pewe a silver revolver (a toy gun,
unbeknownst to Pewe), and ordered her to open the door. Hutter pushed Pewe with
the gun into the bank, through a kitchen, down a hallway, into the lobby, and to the
teller windows. Hutter maintained pressure against Pewe's back and directed her to
"keep going." Pewe testified that she felt she had no choice but to comply with
Hutter's demands. Once they reached the teller window, Hutter grabbed a tray of
money and left the bank the same way he came in. The police arrested Hutter on June
5, 2009. Hutter later admitted his role in the robbery and entered a guilty plea.
At sentencing, the court applied a two-level enhancement for physical restraint,
a three-level enhancement for brandishing the fake weapon, and arrived at an advisory
sentencing guidelines range of 100 to 125 months. The court sentenced Hutter to 120
months' imprisonment.
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, we review a sentence for an abuse of discretion, giving due
deference to the district court's decision. "First, we will ensure that the district court
did not commit a significant procedural error, such as miscalculating the Guidelines
range . . . . If the district court's decision is procedurally sound, then we will consider
the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed, applying an abuse-of-
discretion standard." United States v. Zastrow, 534 F.3d 854, 855 (8th Cir. 2008)
(quotations omitted). In determining whether a sentencing court has committed
procedural error, we review the court's application of the Guidelines de novo and its
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findings of fact for clear error. United States v. Clarke, 564 F.3d 949, 955 (8th Cir.),
cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 651 (2009).
Under the Guidelines, if any person is physically restrained to facilitate
commission of a robbery or to facilitate escape, the base offense level is increased two
levels. U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B). The application note to § 1B1.1(K) defines
"physically restrained" as "the forcible restraint of the victim such as by being tied,
bound, or locked up." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 cmt. n.1(K). Hutter claims the district court
erred in applying this enhancement and that his resulting sentence was unreasonable
as a result of its application. Hutter argues that if the facts here suffice (prodding
someone from behind with a gun and directing them where to go), then virtually every
robbery would involve "restraint," because by its nature, robbery requires a certain
degree of control over the victims' freedom of movement.
The district court did not err in its application of the enhancement on these
facts. "Under § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B), a defendant physically restrains persons if the
defendant creates circumstances allowing the persons no alternative but compliance."
United States v. Kirtley, 986 F.2d 285, 286 (8th Cir. 1993) (upholding the
enhancement application in a case where the robber did not bind the tellers himself but
directed them to bind themselves after producing a gun and threatening them; that the
tellers were able to free themselves easily after he left the bank was of no
consequence).
In United States v. Stevens, we upheld the application of the enhancement when
two people robbed a bank at gunpoint. 580 F.3d 718, 719 (8th Cir. 2009), cert.
denied, 130 S. Ct. 1111 (2010). During the robbery, one robber held a gun as she
stood guard over employees placed in a break room, while the other secured the
money. Ultimately, the two robbers marched the employees to the bank's vault and
closed the vault door, leaving it unlocked. The employees remained there until a
rescuer came some time later. Id. Because the offender did more than merely
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brandish a gun to a single teller as he demanded money from the teller's drawer, we
held that the facts supported the enhancement.
[Stevens] moved the employees to two distinct locations at gun point and
closed them in a vault under circumstances clearly implying they should
remain there or risk physical harm. Indeed, moving the employees to the
break room and then to the vault surely hindered the employees' ability
to alert authorities and prevent the defendants' escape to a greater degree
than merely brandishing a weapon and allowing the victims to stay
where they were.
Id. at 721.
Our interpretation of the physical restraint requirement of § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B)
encompasses situations where a defendant creates circumstances allowing a victim no
alternative but compliance with his demand to restrain her movement. It is not
necessarily limited to restraint by tying or binding. Stevens, 580 F.3d at 721. This
case is more akin to Stevens than a case where a robber brandishes a gun in the
proverbial "this is a hold-up" scenario. Pewe had no choice but to comply with
Hutter's demand to walk from the back door of the bank through the building to the
tellers' area. Accordingly, the enhancement was appropriately applied.
As to the ultimate reasonableness of Hutter's sentence, the district court
accurately calculated the advisory guidelines sentence and sentenced Hutter near the
top of the range, which sentence we may presume is reasonable. United States v. Holy
Bull, 613 F.3d 871, 874-75 (8th Cir. 2010). In view of this presumption, and
reviewing the district court's thorough 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) colloquy, we conclude the
district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing a 120-month sentence and the
resulting sentence was not substantively unreasonable.
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III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, we affirm.
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