10-0467-ag
Varughese v. Holder
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
R ULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT . C ITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER J ANUARY 1,
2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY F EDERAL R ULE OF A PPELLATE P ROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT ’ S L OCAL R ULE 32.1.1.
W HEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT , A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE F EDERAL A PPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE ( WITH THE NOTATION “ SUMMARY ORDER ”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL .
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals
2 for the Second Circuit, held at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan
3 United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of
4 New York, on the 12 th day of November, two thousand and ten.
5
6 PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
7 RICHARD C. WESLEY,
8 Circuit Judges,
9 BARBARA S. JONES,
10 District Judge. *
11
12
13
14 VARUGHESE ADACKAMANGAL VARUGHESE,
15 a/k/a Varughese Varughese,
16
17 Petitioner,
18
19 -v.- 10-0467-ag
20
21 ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
22 Attorney General,
23
24 Respondent. **
25
26
*
The Honorable Barbara S. Jones, of the United States District Court
for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
**
The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the official caption in
this matter to conform with that of this order.
1 FOR PETITIONER: THOMAS E. MOSELEY, Law Offices of Thomas
2 E. Moseley, Newark, NJ.
3
4 FOR RESPONDENT: CARMEL A. MORGAN, Trial Attorney, Office
5 of Immigration Litigation, Civil
6 Division, (Tony West, Assistant Attorney
7 General, Russell J. E. Verby, Senior
8 Litigation Counsel, on the brief), for
9 Eric H. Holder Jr., United States
10 Attorney General, Washington, D.C.
11
12
13 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED
14 AND DECREED that the petition for review is DENIED.
15 Petitioner Varughese Adackamangal Varughese seeks
16 review of a final order of removal issued by the Board of
17 Immigration Appeals (“BIA”, or “Board”), which affirmed the
18 decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) finding Varughese
19 removable as charged. In re Varughese, A 036 123 229
20 (B.I.A. Jan. 22, 2010). Specifically, the Board concluded
21 that Varughese’s conviction for money laundering, in
22 violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(3)(B), constitutes an
23 “aggravated felony,” rendering him removable pursuant to §
24 101(a)(43)(D) of the Immigration and Nationality Act
25 (“INA”). 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(D). Varughese challenges
26 that determination on appeal, along with the BIA’s
27 conclusion that he is ineligible for adjustment of status
28 pursuant to INA § 245, 8 U.S.C. § 1255. We assume the
2
1 parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
2 procedural history, and the issues presented for review.
3 Where, as here, the BIA has adopted the IJ’s reasoning
4 and offered additional commentary, our Court reviews the
5 decision of the IJ as supplemented by the Board.
6 Gertsenshteyn v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 544 F.3d 137, 142
7 (2d Cir. 2008). “While the BIA’s interpretation of
8 immigration statutes is generally entitled to Chevron
9 deference, interpretations in non-precedential unpublished
10 BIA decisions, as in the instant case, are not so entitled.”
11 Dobrova v. Holder, 607 F.3d 297, 300 (2d Cir. 2010). We
12 need not, and do not, resolve whether such unpublished
13 decisions are entitled to Skidmore deference, because our de
14 novo review reveals that the determination below was
15 correct.
16 At the outset, we reject Varughese’s contention that
17 INA § 101(a)(43)(D), which defines an “aggravated felony” as
18 a money laundering offense in which “the amount of the funds
19 exceeded $10,000," 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(D), includes only
20 violations of criminal statutes that use the specific word
21 “funds.” It is irrelevant that Varughese was convicted
22 under a subsection of the money laundering statute that does
3
1 not actually use the word “funds,” because the phrase “the
2 amount of the funds exceeded $10,000” in the INA simply
3 “refers to the particular circumstances in which an offender
4 committed a [] crime on a particular occasion.” Nijhawan v.
5 Holder, 129 S. Ct. 2294, 2298 (2009). Simply put, it refers
6 to the amount of money laundered. See Chowdhury v. INS,
7 249 F.3d 970, 974 (9th Cir. 2001). That determination is
8 properly made pursuant to a “circumstance-specific,” and not
9 a “categorical” approach. Nijhawan, 129 S. Ct. at 2300.
10 Because Varughese admitted to laundering well in excess of
11 $10,000 on multiple occasions during his plea colloquy, the
12 record of conviction sufficiently establishes that the
13 circumstances of his money laundering conviction involved
14 funds in excess of $10,000. Id. at 2303 (defendant’s
15 stipulation at sentencing proper basis to assess
16 circumstance-specific fact).
17 Varughese also contends that, even assuming the “amount
18 of the funds” inquiry is circumstance-specific, the amounts
19 that he admitted laundering during his plea colloquy are not
20 sufficiently “tethered” to his conviction in order to
21 establish his removability. See id. (observing that “the
22 loss must be tied to the specific counts covered by the
4
1 conviction”) (internal quotation marks omitted). In
2 substance, he urges that because no amount is cited in the
3 indictment to which he pled guilty, the statements he made
4 during his plea colloquy are not adequately related to his
5 conviction to establish that his conviction was an
6 “aggravated felony.” We are unpersuaded. Varughese was
7 charged in a one-count indictment alleging multiple
8 “financial transactions” over the course of several months
9 in 2001 and 2002. J.A. 155. Varughese confirmed during the
10 sentencing hearing that he was allocuting to multiple
11 instances of money laundering between “November 2001 and
12 January 2002.” J.A. 205. Accordingly, his admissions to
13 laundering funds in excess of $10,000 are sufficiently
14 related to the count for which he was convicted.
15 Finally, we reject Varughese’s contention that he is
16 eligible for adjustment of status pursuant to INA § 245.
17 Adjustment of status is a discretionary benefit affordable
18 to an alien who, among other things, is “eligible to receive
19 an immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for
20 permanent residence.” INA § 245, 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a).
21 Because Varughese’s money laundering conviction renders him
22 ineligible for admissibility to the United States, he is
5
1 similarly ineligible for adjustment of status. INA §
2 212(a)(2)(I)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(I)(i) (“Any alien who
3 . . . has engaged, is engaging, or seeks to enter the United
4 States to engage, in an offense described in section 1956 or
5 1957 of Title 18 (relating to laundering of monetary
6 instruments) is inadmissible” to the United States.).
7 Moreover, because Varughese’s money laundering conviction
8 constitutes an “aggravated felony,” the Attorney General was
9 without discretion to afford him a waiver of
10 inadmissibility. INA § 212(h), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h).
11 We have considered all of Varughese’s remaining
12 arguments and find them to be without merit. For the
13 foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED.
14 Having completed our review, any stay of removal previously
15 granted in this petition is VACATED, and any pending motion
16 for a stay of removal is DISMISSED as moot.
17
18 FOR THE COURT:
19 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
20
21
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