[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 09-13544
NOVEMBER 23, 2010
Non-Argument Calendar
JOHN LEY
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 09-00003-CV-1-MMP
FRANK C. JOHNSON, JR.,
RUTH B. JOHNSON,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
J. K. BUDDY IRBY,
Honorable Clerk, Eighth
Judicial Circuit for Alachua
County, Individual,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
_________________________
(November 23, 2010)
Before EDMONDSON, PRYOR and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiffs Frank C. Johnson, Jr., and Ruth B. Johnson, proceeding pro se,
appeal the dismissal of their civil rights complaint for failure to state a claim. They
also appeal the denial of their motion for recusal of the district court and magistrate
judges under 28 U.S.C. §§ 144 and 455. No reversible error has been shown; we
affirm.
We first address Plaintiffs’ challenge to the denial of their recusal motion.1
We review a judge’s decision not to recuse himself for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Berger, 375 F.3d 1223, 1227 (11th Cir. 2004).
We conclude that the judges abused no discretion in refusing to recuse
themselves. Under 28 U.S.C. § 144, a judge must recuse himself when a party
“files a timely and sufficient affidavit that the judge before whom the matter is
pending has a personal bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of any
adverse party.” Here, Plaintiffs did not submit a properly notarized and sufficient
affidavit with their recusal motion in the district court to comply with section 144.
1
Plaintiffs also seek a petition for a writ of mandamus or prohibition against the district
court and magistrate judges. But mandamus relief against judges is an extraordinary remedy
“reserved for really extraordinary causes” such as “where an appeal is a clearly inadequate
remedy.” In re Evergreen Sec., Ltd., 570 F.3d 1257, 1277 n.21 (11th Cir. 2009). No such
extraordinary cause exists here; and Plaintiffs have an adequate remedy, which they have
exercised by filing this appeal.
2
See United States v. de la Fuente, 548 F.2d 528, 541 (5th Cir. 1977) (“informal
requests for recusal” that are unaccompanied by an affidavit fail to comply with
section 144).
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455(a), a judge “shall disqualify himself in any
proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” The test
under section 455(a) is “whether an objective, disinterested, lay observer fully
informed of the facts underlying the grounds on which recusal was sought would
entertain a significant doubt about the judge’s impartiality.” Parker v. Connors
Steel Co., 855 F.2d 1510, 1524 (11th Cir. 1988).
Plaintiffs’ allegations were insufficient to bring into question objectively the
judges’ impartiality. That Plaintiffs named the district court judge in a 1997
lawsuit does not show bias. See Olsen v. Wainwright, 565 F.2d 906, 907 (5th Cir.
1978) (concluding that a trial judge did not err by refusing to recuse himself where
he had been named a defendant in a federal suit filed by the petitioner). Plaintiffs’
other allegation -- that the court failed to issue a summons -- also evidences no bias
against Plaintiffs. No summons was issued because the district court denied
Plaintiffs’ motion to proceed in forma pauperis. Adverse rulings alone are
insufficient to demonstrate a court’s impartiality absent a showing of pervasive
bias. See Bolin v. Story, 225 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2000).
3
We now address the substance of Plaintiffs’ case. On appeal, Plaintiffs
repeat the merits of their civil rights complaint. Plaintiffs filed a complaint against
the Clerk of Court for Florida’s Eighth Circuit, alleging that Defendant listed
incorrectly the parties in the case style of several of Plaintiffs’ appeals. Plaintiffs
say this conduct violated Plaintiffs’ civil rights because Defendant knew the case
styles were incorrect, but failed to inform the court of the error. We review de
novo the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim,
accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff. Harris v. United Auto. Ins. Grp., Inc., 579 F.3d
1227, 1230 (11th Cir. 2009).2
Plaintiffs sought relief under several civil rights statutes, which call to
account (1) intentional race discrimination on certain enumerated activities, 42
U.S.C. § 1981; (2) deprivation of constitutional rights by a state actor, 42 U.S.C. §
1983; (3) conspiracy to deprive a person of equal protection of the laws, 42 U.S.C.
§ 1985(3); and (4) failure to prevent such a conspiracy despite having the ability to
do so, 42 U.S.C. § 1986.
Under sections 1981 and 1983, a government official sued in his individual
capacity can assert a qualified immunity defense; but the official cannot assert such
2
In addition, we construe liberally pro se pleadings. Miller v. Donald, 541 F.3d 1091,
1100 (11th Cir. 2008).
4
a defense under sections 1985 and 1986. See Burrell v. Bd. of Trs. of Ga. Military
Coll., 970 F.2d 785, 794 (11th Cir. 1992); see also Williams v. Wood, 612 F.2d
982, 984-85 (5th Cir. 1980) (extending qualified immunity to state court clerks for
damages arising from their failure to perform routine duties). In determining if an
official is entitled to qualified immunity, we look to see if Plaintiff’s allegations
establish a violation of a clearly established constitutional or statutory right.
Collier v. Dickinson, 477 F.3d 1306, 1308 (11th Cir. 2007).
Here, Plaintiffs’ allegation about Defendant not correcting the case style in
their earlier appeals does not demonstrate a violation of a clearly established
federal right. Plaintiffs alleged no sufficient discriminatory intent by Defendant to
sustain a section 1981 action. And Plaintiffs did not explain -- other than in
conclusory terms -- how Defendant’s acts deprived them of a constitutional right
for section 1983. Plaintiffs’ sections 1985 and 1986 claims fail because a
“formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” without facts which
would support an inference that Defendant conspired with someone or failed to
stop others from conspiring against Plaintiffs, is insufficient to survive a motion to
dismiss. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964 (2007).3
3
Given the complaint’s deficiencies, we do not see that a more carefully drafted
complaint would state a claim for relief and reject Plaintiffs’ contention that they should have
been given an opportunity to amend their complaint. See Bank v. Pitt, 928 F.2d 1108, 1112
(11th Cir. 1991), overruled in part by Wagner v. Daewoo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp., 314 F.3d
5
AFFIRMED.
541, 542 (11th Cir. 2002) (explaining that a district court should give the pro se plaintiff an
opportunity to amend his complaint if such amendment would not be futile).
6