[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 10-11456
DECEMBER 2, 2010
Non-Argument Calendar
JOHN LEY
________________________ CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 1:08-cv-23144-PAS
SYLVIA CRIST,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
CARNIVAL CORPORATION, a Panamanian Company,
a.k.a. Carnival Cruise Lines,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(December 2, 2010)
Before BARKETT, HULL and COX, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Sylvia Crist (“Crist”) sued Carnival Corporation for negligence, alleging that
it maintained an unsafe staircase that caused her trip-and-fall injuries while she was
a passenger on Carnival’s cruise ship. Crist appeals following the district court’s
grant of Carnival’s motion for summary judgment. The district court granted
Carnival’s motion because the suit was filed after the expiration of the one-year
contractual limitation period found in Crist’s cruise ticket. In so ruling, the district
court rejected Crist’s argument that the limitation period should be equitably tolled
based on the prior filing of an action in Florida state court. Crist contends that the
district court erred in concluding that equitable tolling does not apply to the facts of
this case. We affirm.
“The question of whether or not equitable tolling applies is a legal one and thus
is subject to de novo review, but we are bound by the trial court’s factual findings
unless they are clearly erroneous.” Miranda v. B & B Cash Grocery Store, Inc., 975
F.2d 1518, 1531 (11th Cir. 1992).1
1
The parties disagree as to the standard of review in this case. Crist argues that equitable
tolling claims are reviewed de novo. See Booth v. Carnival Corp., 522 F.3d 1148, 1149 (11th Cir.
2008) (“With the understanding that ‘[t]he question of whether equitable tolling applies is a legal
one subject to de novo review,’ we now affirm the district court’s ruling.”) (citation omitted);
Cabello v. Fernández-Larios, 402 F.3d 1148, 1153 (11th Cir. 2005) (“The question of whether
equitable tolling applies is a legal one subject to de novo review. We are, however, bound by the
trial court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous.”) (citation omitted); B & B Cash
Grocery Store, Inc., 975 F.2d at 1531 (cited above in text); Bailey v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 774
F.2d 1577, 1578 (11th Cir. 1985) (stating that standard of review for claims of equitable tolling is
“plenary”).
Carnival argues that equitable tolling claims are reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Arce
v. Garcia, 434 F.3d 1254, 1260 (11th Cir. 2006) (stating that abuse of discretion is the standard of
review for equitable tolling claims); Ellis v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 160 F.3d 703, 706 (11th
Cir. 1998) (noting “discretion” of district courts to apply equitable tolling).
Where prior panel decisions conflict, we are bound to follow the oldest one. See United
2
This negligence action is based upon a trip-and-fall accident that occurred
while Crist was a passenger on a Carnival cruise in the Western Caribbean. Crist’s
cruise ticket from Carnival contains several provisions that govern her right to sue the
company. The ticket requires that Crist give written notice of any claims within 135
days of her injury. In addition, the ticket establishes a one-year limitation period
within which any suit must be commenced. Finally, the ticket contains a forum
selection clause, which specifies that the United States District Court for the Southern
District of Florida shall serve as the appropriate venue, assuming that the court has
subject matter jurisdiction. In situations where the District Court for the Southern
District of Florida lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the ticket identifies the state
courts in Miami-Dade County, Florida, as the appropriate alternative forum.2
States v. Steele, 147 F.3d 1316, 1318 (11th Cir. 1998) (en banc) (“It is the firmly established rule of
this Circuit that each succeeding panel is bound by the holding of the first panel to address an issue
of law, unless and until that holding is overruled en banc, or by the Supreme Court.”) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, we are bound to follow our decision in Bailey
v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 774 F.2d 1577, 1578 (11th Cir. 1985), and apply a plenary or de novo
standard of review to the question of whether equitable tolling applies.
2
The forum selection clause states:
Except as provided in . . . [an arbitration clause that does not apply to
personal injury claims], it is agreed by and between the Guest and
Carnival that all disputes and matters whatsoever arising under, in
connection with or incident to this Contract or the Guest’s cruise,
including travel to and from the vessel, shall be litigated, if at all,
before the United States District Court for the Southern District of
Florida in Miami, or as to those lawsuits to which the Federal Courts
of the United States lack subject matter jurisdiction, before a court
located in Miami-Dade County, Florida, U.S.A. to the exclusion of
3
More than eight months after Crist’s injury, her attorney wrote to Carnival
requesting insurance information. Enclosed with the letter was a copy of Crist’s
ticket, which included the federal forum selection clause and one-year limitation
period. Carnival responded to Crist’s attorney two weeks later; its letter expressly
reserved all rights contained in the ticket contract, including the forum selection
clause. The letter also explicitly stated that “Carnival will not waive its contractual
defense if a lawsuit is filed in the wrong court.” (R.41 at 23.)
Despite having clear notice of the forum selection clause requiring any action
to be filed in federal court, Crist filed an action in the state courts of Miami-Dade
County on October 15, 2008, nine days before the running of the one-year contractual
limitation period. Carnival moved to dismiss the state suit for improper venue based
on the ticket’s federal forum selection clause. The motion remained pending when
briefs on this appeal were filed.
On November 12, 2008, while the state case was pending but after the one-year
contractual limitation period had run, Crist filed a second action against Carnival in
the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. In its answer,
Carnival asserted that the action was precluded based on the limitations and
the Courts of any other county, state or country.
(R.39-2 at 20.)
4
conditions contained in the ticket, including the one-year time limitation for the filing
of actions against Carnival. Also, in the joint scheduling report, Carnival indicated
the pending issue of “[w]hether the Plaintiff’s filing of suit is time barred and
violative of the forum selection provisions of the Plaintiff’s ticket/contract for
passage.” (R.7 at ¶ C(f).) The federal case proceeded to discovery, and, after eleven
months, Carnival filed a motion for summary judgment based on the one-year
contractual limitation in the ticket contract. The district court granted Carnival’s
motion, ruling that the contractual limitation period was not subject to equitable
tolling. Crist appeals.
While neither party has raised the issue of whether the district court had subject
matter jurisdiction over this case, we are obliged to address the issue sua sponte.
Fitzgerald v. Seaboard Sys. R.R., Inc., 760 F.2d 1249, 1251 (11th Cir. 1985).3
Apparently seeking to invoke the district court’s diversity jurisdiction, the Complaint
alleges that Carnival is a Panamanian corporation with its principal place of business
in Florida, and that Crist is a “resident” of Florida. These allegations do not establish
diversity jurisdiction. The allegation that Crist is a “resident” of Florida is
insufficient for diversity jurisdiction purposes because residency is not the equivalent
3
We note that both parties have failed to provide a jurisdictional statement in their briefs
stating the basis for the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(4)(A).
5
of citizenship. Cong. of Racial Equal. v. Clemmons, 323 F.2d 54, 58 (5th Cir. 1963)
(“Diversity of citizenship, not of residence, is required under 28 U.S.C.A § 1332.
Wherever jurisdiction is predicated upon the citizenship (or alienage) of the parties,
it should be noted that since residence is not the equivalent of citizenship, an
allegation that a party is a resident of a certain state or foreign country is not a
sufficient allegation of his citizenship.” (quotation and citation omitted)).
Even looking past the deficient citizenship allegation, the face of the Complaint
fails to show the parties are diverse. Carnival, as a foreign corporation with its
alleged principal place of business in Florida, is a citizen for diversity jurisdiction
purposes of the country where it is chartered and of the state where it has its principal
place of business.4 So, the Complaint does not establish diversity of citizenship
jurisdiction, even if we assume that Crist is a citizen of Florida.
Even if the parties are not diverse, however, the district court has jurisdiction
over admiralty actions such as this one. 28 U.S.C. § 1333. This negligence case is
clearly within the admiralty jurisdiction of the district courts, as it involves a trip-and-
fall injury that occurred while Crist was a passenger onboard Carnival’s ship. See
4
See Jerguson v. Blue Dot Inv., Inc., 659 F.2d 31, 35 (11th Cir. 1981) (“We therefore hold
that a foreign corporation is a citizen for diversity jurisdiction purposes of a state where it has its
principal place of business.”); JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.,
536 U.S. 88, 91-92, 122 S. Ct. 2054, 2057 (2002) (citing Steamship Co. v. Tugman, 106 U.S. 118,
1 S. Ct. 58 (1882)) (“A ‘corporation of a foreign State is, for purposes of jurisdiction in the courts
of the United States, to be deemed, constructively, a citizen or subject of such State.’”).
6
Anderson v. United States, 317 F.3d 1235, 1237 (11th Cir. 2003) (stating that a party
seeking to invoke federal admiralty jurisdiction over a tort claim must satisfy
conditions both of location and of connection with maritime activity). Because
admiralty jurisdiction is present, and not disputed by Crist, the district court had
subject matter jurisdiction in this case. In addition, because admiralty jurisdiction is
present, the forum selection clause required Crist to file any action against Carnival
in federal court. She did not do so, and thus the question in this appeal is whether the
contractual limitation period should be tolled based on Crist’s filing in state court.
Equitable tolling may be justified if a plaintiff timely files a technically
defective pleading, but in all other respects acts with the proper diligence that the
limitation period is intended to insure. Justice v. United States, 6 F.3d 1474, 1479
(11th Cir. 1993). However, “[t]he Supreme Court has made clear that tolling is an
extraordinary remedy which should be extended only sparingly.” Id. (citing Irwin v.
Veterans Admin., 498 U.S. 89, 96, 111 S. Ct. 453, 457-58 (1990)).
Crist relies on Booth v. Carnival Corp., 522 F.3d 1148 (11th Cir. 2008), to
support her contention that she is entitled to equitable tolling of the contractual
limitations period. In Booth, the decedent, a Carnival cruise ship passenger at the
time of the accident, died while embarking on a scuba excursion with the assistance
of Carnival and one of its agents. Id. at 1149. The decedent’s cruise ticket contained
7
the same federal forum selection clause and one-year contractual limitation period
that is at issue in this case. Id. Despite the federal forum selection clause, the
plaintiff, as representative of the decedent’s estate, filed a wrongful death action in
state court before the expiration of the one-year contractual limitation period.5 Id.
After the limitation period expired, the plaintiff filed an identical action in federal
court. Id. at 1149-50. We held that the federal district court did not err in equitably
tolling the one-year contractual limitation period based on the filing of the state-court
action. Id. at 1153.
In so holding, we first noted “our circuit’s well-settled principle that filing in
a court without competent jurisdiction does not toll the statute of limitation.” Id. at
1152. The state court in Booth had subject matter jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s
claim (although venue was improper), and Carnival did not argue otherwise on
appeal. Id. at 1149 n.1, 1151 n.4. We also recognized that, because Carnival was
aware within the one-year limitation period that the plaintiff was actively pursuing
his cause of action, “[t]he underlying policy of repose, reflected in the agreed-upon
limitation period, and designed to assure fairness to Carnival, [was] not violated by
equitable tolling in [the] case.” Id. at 1152. We finally recognized that prior to the
5
Carnival also informs us that the same lawyer who filed Crist’s state law complaint also
filed the state law complaint in Booth.
8
plaintiff’s filing in state court, Carnival did not clearly indicate that it would be
asserting its venue defense. Id. at 1151. We noted that “because venue objections
can be waived (and often are), a plaintiff may fail to file in federal court ‘not because
he was disinterested, but solely because he felt that his state action was sufficient.’”
Id. (citing Burnett v. New York Cent. R.R. Co., 380 U.S. 424, 429, 85 S. Ct. 1050,
1055 (1965)). Accordingly, we concluded that the plaintiff was “entitled to believe
that his state filing might be sufficient given the fact that defendants can, and often
do, waive their defense of improper venue.” Id. at 1153.
We begin our analysis by noting, as the district court did, some of the
similarities between this case and Booth. Like Booth, the parties agree that the state
court has subject matter jurisdiction over Crist’s claims, even though venue is
improper. And, as in Booth, Carnival was aware within the one-year limitation period
that Crist was actively pursuing her cause of action, so the policy of repose arguably
would not be violated by equitable tolling.
Despite these similarities, Booth is distinguishable from this case in an
important respect and does not support equitably tolling the contractual limitation
period in this case. In Booth, when the plaintiff sent Carnival a letter indicating an
intent to file suit in Miami, Carnival issued a letter acknowledging receipt of the
correspondence without reserving its contractual right to a federal forum. See Booth
9
v. Carnival Corp., 510 F. Supp. 2d 985, 987 (S.D. Fla. 2007).6 Further, in Booth, the
venue and contractual-limitation defenses were asserted well after the limitations
period expired. Based on these facts, we found that the plaintiff reasonably believed
that Carnival had waived its venue defense because Carnival did not raise it in any
correspondence with the plaintiff or in the initial state court pleading before the
limitations period expired. Booth, 522 F.3d at 1152-53.
Unlike in Booth, Carnival expressly informed Crist that all lawsuits must be
filed in federal court, and that its rights contained in the ticket contract, including the
forum selection clause, would not be waived. Carnival did this before the contractual
limitations period expired. Therefore, unlike the plaintiff in Booth, Crist was not
“entitled to believe that [her] state filing might be sufficient given the fact that
defendants can, and often do, waive their defense of improper venue.” Id. at 1153.7
Perhaps because Crist had clear knowledge of Carnival’s intent to assert its
venue defense, Crist does not use Carnival’s potential waiver to explain her failure
6
We implicitly recognized this fact in our opinion when we determined that the plaintiff
reasonably could have concluded that Carnival waived its venue defense. See Booth, 522 F.3d at
1152-53.
7
Carnival’s clarity in informing Crist that it would not waive its venue defense also
distinguishes this case from Burnett, 380 U.S. 424, 85 S. Ct. 1050 (1965), which we discussed in
Booth. In Burnett, the plaintiff filed in the wrong court because defendant railroads, including the
defendant in that case, had previously waived objections to venue. Id. 429-30, 85 S. Ct. at 1055.
10
to file in the proper court. Instead, Crist maintains that she knew of the federal forum
selection clause but mistakenly thought the federal court did not have federal subject
matter jurisdiction. And this mistake, Crist argues, entitles her to equitable tolling of
the contractual limitation period.
To the extent Crist suggests that Booth stands for the proposition that equitable
tolling is appropriate any time the plaintiff timely files a complaint in the wrong
court, we disagree. “[A] generally diligent plaintiff who files late because of his own
negligence typically may not invoke equity to avoid the statute of limitations.
‘Principles of equitable tolling . . . do not extend to what is at best a garden variety
claim of excusable neglect.” Justice, 6 F.3d at 1479-80 (citing Irwin, 498 U.S. at 96,
111 S. Ct. at 458). On the facts of this case, mistaken belief that the federal court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction was a “garden variety claim of excusable neglect.”
The district court did not err in concluding that this mistake does not entitle Crist to
equitable tolling.
We conclude by noting that the forum selection clause in this case would lose
much of its meaning if a plaintiff could, on these facts, circumvent it without
consequence. To equitably toll the contractual limitation period in this case would
defeat a primary benefit of the clause. As the Supreme Court noted in upholding the
validity of Carnival’s forum selection clause, “a clause establishing ex ante the forum
11
for dispute resolution has the salutary effect of dispelling any confusion about where
suits arising from the contract must be brought and defended, sparing litigants the
time and expense of pretrial motions to determine the correct forum and conserving
judicial resources that otherwise would be devoted to deciding those motions.”
Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585, 593-94, 111 S. Ct. 1522, 1527
(1991). The benefits of a certain forum and the conservation of judicial resources that
justify applying the clause would effectively be eliminated if a plaintiff could use
equitable tolling to excuse what is simply garden-variety negligence.
AFFIRMED.
12