NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 10-1528
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JUSTIN DENNIS,
Appellant.
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D. C. No. 1-09-cr-00270-001)
District Judge: Hon. Sylvia H. Rambo
Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
on November 5, 2010
Before: SCIRICA, RENDELL and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: January 20, 2011)
OPINION
ROTH, Circuit Judge:
Justin Dennis appeals the District Court‟s February 16, 2010, judgment of
sentence. Dennis contends that his sentence is substantively unreasonable, because the
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District Court abused its discretion in evaluating his criminal history under the United
States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G. or the Guidelines). For the following reasons, we
will affirm the judgment of sentence.
I. Background
In the course of investigating crack cocaine distribution in Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania, federal and state law enforcement agents became interested in Dennis.
During the summer of 2009, agents used confidential informants to purchase crack
cocaine from Dennis on four different occasions: one ounce on June 10; seven grams on
July 10; seven grams on July 29; and fourteen grams on August 11. Dennis was arrested
on August 24, 2009. Dennis subsequently waived his Miranda rights and admitted that
he had been obtaining and distributing roughly an ounce of crack cocaine per week since
January 2009.
Dennis later consented to a written plea agreement, filed October 9, 2009. Before
the District Court, on October 19, 2009, Dennis pleaded guilty to a superseding
information, which charged him with distributing and possessing, with intent to
manufacture and distribute, cocaine base (21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)). Although Dennis
acknowledged his earlier admission that he had been selling crack cocaine since January
2009, Dennis asserted before the District Court that this admission was inaccurate and
that he had only been selling since May 2009.
After Dennis pleaded guilty, the Probation Office prepared the PSR and calculated
Dennis‟s potential sentencing range under the 2009 Guidelines as 188 to 235 months.
Based on Dennis‟s previous admission that between January 2009 and his arrest on
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August 24, 2009 he was buying and distributing approximately one ounce of crack
cocaine per week, the PSR estimated that Dennis had handled 794 grams of crack
cocaine.
Dennis filed three primary objections to the PSR: (1) that the PSR improperly
estimated the drug weight Dennis had distributed, as the PSR had relied on Dennis‟s
allegedly inaccurate admission that he had been selling roughly an ounce of crack
cocaine per week from January 2009 to the time of his arrest; (2) that the District Court
should grant a variance based on the sentencing disparity between crack cocaine and
powder cocaine; and (3), that the District Court should grant a variance because the
resulting criminal history category overstated the seriousness of Dennis‟s past criminal
conduct.
At the sentencing hearing, the District Court reduced the amount of crack cocaine
to the estimated amount of drugs distributed from May to August. The court subtracted
three points for Dennis‟s acceptance of responsibility in entering a guilty plea. As for
Dennis‟s criminal history, the court assessed Dennis‟s past convictions and alleged
criminal conduct on the record and denied his request to reduce his criminal history
category as it stood in the PSR. Based on its conclusions, the court assigned an advisory
guidelines range to Dennis of 151 to 188 months with three years of supervised release.
The court ultimately decided to depart downward from the Guidelines, and
imposed a sentence of 140 months, to be followed by three years of supervised release.
The court explained that it had departed from the Guidelines by one offense level on
account of the disparate treatment for crack cocaine and powder cocaine under the
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Guidelines, and “to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among [d]efendants which
this Court has consistently applied a one-level variance.”
Dennis appealed.
II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 3742(a).
We review a challenge to the reasonableness of a sentence under an abuse-of-
discretion standard, with certain adjustment for strictly factual or legal conclusions.
United States v. Tomko, 562 F.3d 558, 567-68 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc).
III. Discussion
“After the Supreme Court‟s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220,
(2005), we review sentences for „reasonableness.‟” United States v. Lychock, 578 F.3d
214, 217 (3d Cir. 2009). We conduct our review in two stages, considering first the
procedural reasonableness, and second, the substantive reasonableness of a sentence.
Tomko, 562 F.3d at 567; see also United States v. Wise, 515 F.3d 207, 217 (3d Cir. 2008)
(quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)).
Dennis does not contest the procedural reasonableness of his sentence. Rather he
contends that his sentence was substantively unreasonable for two reasons: (1) that his
sentencing range under the Guidelines overstates the seriousness of his criminal history
and (2) that a subsequent amendment to the Guidelines – the deletion of U.S.S.G. §
4A1.1(e), a section which added points to the defendant‟s criminal history depending on
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the recency of certain past criminal conduct – would have lowered his criminal history
category had it been applied to his sentencing determination.1
Dennis‟s argument that his sentence is substantively unreasonable because his
Guidelines range, as a qualitative matter, should have amounted to a lesser criminal
history category is unavailing. The District Court adequately considered the totality of the
circumstances, including the applicable Guidelines range and the § 3553(a) factors, in
imposing the sentence. The District Court noted that Dennis had amassed six drug-
related crimes over a short period of time and had engaged in a broader pattern of
criminal conduct, which taken together evidenced a “total disregard for the law.”
Further, the District Court, upon Dennis‟s prompting, recommended that he receive drug
treatment to deter him from future criminal conduct, and granted a downward departure
of one offense level based on the disparity between crack cocaine and powder cocaine
and to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities. We conclude that the District Court
imposed a substantively reasonable sentence.
Although Dennis asserts in his brief and 28(j) letter that subsequent amendments
to the Guidelines – in particular the elimination of U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(e) (recency points)
and changes made in response to the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, PL 111-220, 1234 Stat.
2372 (Aug. 3, 2010) – might have altered his Guidelines range, we review the “propriety
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To the extent that Appellant asserts an argument that the District Court should
have granted a downward departure under § 4A1.3(b) of the Guidelines, we do not have
jurisdiction to review such discretionary decisions, “unless the record reflects that the
district court was not aware of or did not understand its discretion to make such a
departure.” United States v. Grier, 585 F.3d 138, 141 (3d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation
omitted); see also United States v. Jones, 566 F.3d 353, 368 (3d Cir. 2009). It is evident
that the District Court was aware of its discretion to depart from the Guidelines.
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of a sentence” based on the Guidelines in effect at the time of sentencing. Wise, 515 F.3d
at 220. We, therefore, conclude that the sentence the District Court imposed was well
within its discretion.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, we will affirm the District Court‟s judgment of
sentence.
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