10-0045-cr
United States v. Briggs
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUM M ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUM M ARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1. WHEN
CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER IN A DOCUM ENT FILED W ITH TH IS CO URT, A PARTY M UST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION
“SUM M ARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER M UST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
2 the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New
3 York, on the 3 rd day of February, two thousand eleven.
4
5 PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI,
6 GERARD E. LYNCH,
7 Circuit Judges,
8 DENISE COTE,
9 District Judge.*
10 ________________________________________________
11
12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
13 Appellee,
14
15 v. No. 10-0045-cr
16
17 LEROY WASHINGTON,
18 Defendant,
19
20 and
21
22 KENYA BRIGGS,
23 Defendant-Appellant.
24 ________________________________________________
25
26
*
Honorable Denise Cote of the United States District Court for the Southern District
of New York, sitting by designation.
1 FOR APPELLANT: David S. Greenfield, Law Office of David S. Greenfield, New
2 York, New York.
3
4 FOR APPELLEE: Daniel P. Chung and Daniel A. Braun, Assistant United States
5 Attorneys, for Preet Bharara, United States Attorney,
6 Southern District of New York.
7
8 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
9 (Denny Chin, Judge).
10 Pursuant to a plea agreement, Kenya Briggs pled guilty to a one-count Superseding
11 Information that charged her with aiding and abetting the cashing of counterfeit checks, in
12 violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 513(a). The district court sentenced her to three years’
13 probation and six months’ home confinement, and ordered her to pay $64,971.10 in
14 restitution. She appeals only from the restitution portion of her sentence. We assume the
15 parties’ familiarity with the other facts and procedural history of this case.
16 The restitution order represents the total value of all fourteen fake checks that Briggs
17 helped to get cashed. On appeal, Briggs argues that the district court should have
18 apportioned the restitution rather than making her jointly and severally liable for all of it. As
19 Briggs notes, some of her co-conspirators have been ordered to pay smaller amounts of
20 restitution or, in the case of the group’s alleged mastermind, who pled guilty to other crimes
21 and was not convicted in connection with this scheme, no restitution at all. Briggs argues
22 that because the order of restitution in her case “failed to take into account the relative
23 culpability of the parties” and “held her alone responsible for the full amount of restitution,”
24 the order was improper.
2
1 Because ordering restitution requires a district judge to balance a host of competing
2 and complex factors, our review of such orders is “extremely deferential.” United States v.
3 Giwah, 84 F.3d 109, 114 (2d Cir. 1996). Generally, “[w]e review a district court’s order of
4 restitution for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Lucien, 347 F.3d 45, 52 (2d Cir. 2003).
5 To find such abuse, “we must conclude that a challenged ruling rests on an error of law, a
6 clearly erroneous finding of fact, or otherwise cannot be located within the range of
7 permissible decisions.” United States v. Pearson, 570 F.3d 480, 486 (2d Cir. 2009) (per
8 curiam) (quotation marks omitted). Where, as here, a defendant fails to object to a restitution
9 order prior to appeal, we will review only for plain error. See F ED. R. C RIM. P. 52(b); see
10 also United States v. Carter, 489 F.3d 528, 537 (2d Cir. 2007) (if there is plain error, “we
11 may exercise our discretion to notice the error, provided that the error seriously affects the
12 fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings”), citing Johnson v. United
13 States, 520 U.S. 461, 466-67 (1997).
14 Here, there was no plain error, nor did the district court abuse its discretion by holding
15 Briggs jointly and severally liable for the full amount of restitution. The district court’s
16 restitution order is consistent with the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996 (MVRA),
17 which mandates that any restitution order “award restitution in the full amount of the victims’
18 losses.” United States v. Reifler, 446 F.3d 65, 134 (2d Cir. 2006); see also 18
19 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(A). The MVRA requires a sentencing court to set the total amount of
20 restitution to be paid, but grants it discretion to choose between apportioning restitution
21 among co-defendants and making them liable jointly and severally. However, the MVRA
3
1 does not mandate apportionment.
2 Thus, Briggs is undoubtedly liable for the full amount of restitution here. Her only
3 argument is that, because the district court had discretion under the MVRA to allocate
4 restitution, it should have made such an allocation, based on Briggs’s “relative culpability,”
5 and that the court’s failure to do so was unreasonable. That argument is unpersuasive. The
6 district court considered the possibility of allocation, but determined that Briggs was more
7 culpable than some other defendants and deserved to be held jointly and severally liable for
8 the full amount of restitution. The district court appears to have reached this conclusion
9 partly because, unlike some of her partners, Briggs “played a role,” albeit not a leading one,
10 “in the cashing of all of the checks.” To the extent that certain of her co-defendants were
11 required to pay less, they were not similarly situated, having participated in cashing only a
12 small number of checks, or having provided valuable cooperation to the authorities.
13 Finally, although defense counsel raised the issue of restitution at the sentencing
14 hearing, he never objected to the district court’s restitution decision. Indeed, at no point prior
15 to this appeal did Briggs raise such an objection. To the contrary, Briggs acknowledged in
16 her plea agreement that she would be liable for the full restitution amount. The agreement
17 states: “The defendant agrees to pay $64,971.10 in restitution that is still due and owing,”
18 with an appended footnote that reads: “The parties agree that the amount of $64,971.10 is the
19 amount currently owed.” The restitution order is well supported by the plea agreement that
20 Briggs signed, the findings and recommendations in the Presentence Investigation Report,
21 the MVRA, and Briggs’s admitted role in this criminal enterprise. Nothing in the record
4
1 indicates plain error or abuse of discretion by the district court.
2 We have considered Briggs’s other arguments and find them to be without merit. For
3 the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
4
5 FOR THE COURT:
6 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
7
8
5