FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION APR 14 2010
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SPIRO KAMAR; JAMES ) No. 09-55674
MITCHELL; ARIANN PARTIDA; )
TERRAL JAMES SMITH; ) D.C. No. 2:07-CV-02252-AHM-AJW
JOEVANNY SOLORIO; ERIC )
VELASCO, individuals, on behalf ) MEMORANDUM*
of themselves and all others )
similarly situated, )
)
Plaintiffs – Appellees, )
)
v. )
)
RADIO SHACK CORPORATION, )
)
Defendant – Appellant. )
)
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
A. Howard Matz, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 6, 2010
Pasadena, California
Before: FERNANDEZ, SILVERMAN, and GRABER, Circuit Judges.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Spiro Kamar, James Mitchell, Ariann Partida, Terald Smith, Joevanny
Solorio and Eric Valasco (collectively “Kamar”) brought this action against
RadioShack Corporation as a class action. Kamar moved for certification of a
class1 and the district court issued an order granting that motion. RadioShack
appealed. We affirm.
The district court certified the following class:
All California employees of defendant paid on an hourly
basis as nonexempt employees for the period of March
2003 to the present who (a) were instructed to and
attended a Saturday store meeting or district office
meeting without receiving the full amount of mandated
premium pay, or (b) worked a split shift schedule without
receiving the full amount of mandated premium pay, or
(c) fit into both (a) and (b).
RadioShack attacks the certification order on a number of grounds.
(1) RadioShack first asserts that the class designation is defective because
it creates what is sometimes called a fail-safe class. We do not agree.
The fail-safe appellation is simply a way of labeling the obvious problems
that exist when the class itself is defined in a way that precludes membership
unless the liability of the defendant is established. When the class is so defined,
once it is determined that a person, who is a possible class member, cannot prevail
1
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) & (b).
2
against the defendant, that member drops out of the class. That is palpably unfair
to the defendant, and is also unmanageable — for example, to whom should the
class notice be sent? See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2).
The district court did not create that problem here. Rather, as we see it, the
designation made by the district court should be seen as a way of narrowing the
class to employees within the reporting time and split-shift classifications, without
actually distinguishing between those who may and those who may not ultimately
turn out to be entitled to premium pay. So construed, the class action remains
manageable because the definition is not a circular one that determines the scope of
the class only once it is decided that a class member was actually wronged.
Moreover, if a class member was not legally wronged, RadioShack will be
protected against liability to that person. Thus, the district court did not legally err
by defining the class as it did. If, as RadioShack suggests, that means that the class
may include all, or almost all, retail employees in California, that itself is not fatal.
(2) RadioShack then asserts that, in effect, the district court was required
to decide the common legal issues before it certified the class. Again, we disagree.
A district court neither must, nor should, decide the merits of a dispute — legal or
factual — before it grants class certification. See Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin,
417 U.S. 156, 177–78, 94 S. Ct. 2140, 2152–53, 40 L. Ed. 2d 732 (1974); United
3
Steel, Paper & Forestry, Rubber, Mfg. Energy, Allied Indus. & Serv. Workers Int’l
Union v. ConocoPhillips Co., 593 F.3d 802, 808–09 (9th Cir. 2010); Moore v.
Hughes Helicopters, Inc., 708 F.2d 475, 480 (9th Cir. 1983). That does not mean
that the district court should decline to give any consideration to the law and the
facts in reaching its certification decision; it cannot do that. See Gen. Tel. Co. of
Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 160, 102 S. Ct. 2364, 2372, 72 L. Ed. 2d 740 (1982).
However, the district court did not fall into error in that respect. That leads to
RadioShack’s final attack on the certification order.
(3) RadioShack asserts that the district court erred when it determined
that “questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any
questions affecting only individual members.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).2 When the
district court exercises its discretion regarding certification3 it must ask “whether
[the] proposed [class is] sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by
2
When certification of a class is sought, all of the elements of Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 23(a) must be complied with, as must at least one of the
provisions of Rule 23(b). See Zinser v. Accufix Research Inst., Inc., 253 F.3d
1180, 1186 (9th Cir. 2001). On this appeal, however, only the predominance
element is contested, except to the extent that the issues discussed in parts (1) and
(2) of this disposition can be seen as affecting the other elements of Rule 23 also.
3
See Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 867 (9th Cir. 2001).
4
representation,”4 and in so doing must focus “on the relationship between the
common and individual issues.”5 That approach helps assure that proceedings by
way of a class action will “‘achieve judicial economy.’” Zinser, 253 F.3d at 1189.
We have reviewed the record and the district court’s order, and it is apparent that
the district court did engage in the required rigorous analysis expected of it6 and
did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the predominance test was
met.7
AFFIRMED.
4
Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623, 117 S. Ct. 2231, 2249,
138 L. Ed. 2d 689 (1997); see also Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1022
(9th Cir. 1998).
5
Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1022.
6
In so doing, the district court did not fall into the error of placing undue
weight on RadioShack’s general policies. See Mevorah v. Wells Fargo Home
Mortgage (In re Wells Fargo Home Mortgage Overtime Pay Litig.), 571 F.3d 953,
957–59 (9th Cir. 2009).
7
To the extent that RadioShack expresses a concern that the question of class
designation is now set in stone, its concern is not well taken. The district court can
revisit the order at any time before final judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)(C);
Armstrong, 275 F.3d at 871 n.28. In fact, the parties agreed that the district court
should resolve many legal issues, which RadioShack now points to as a concern, so
that the court could further refine ascertainment of the potential class. The district
court agreed to do so, but has now stayed briefing and further consideration of the
issues pending this appeal. That was pursuant to a stipulation by the parties.
5