In Re Sentinel Management Group, Inc.

417 B.R. 542 (2009)

In re SENTINEL MANAGEMENT GROUP, INC., Debtor.

No. 07 B 14987.

United States Bankruptcy Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.

September 30, 2009.

Catherine Steege, Esq., Vincent E. Lazar, Esq., and Christine L. Childers, Esq., Chicago, IL, for Movant.

Paul M. Bauch, Esq., Kenneth A. Michaels Jr., Esq., Carolina Y. Sales, Esq., and Luke J. Hinkle, Esq., Chicago, IL, for Respondent.

Frederick J. Grede, Liquidation Trustee of the Sentinel Liquidation Trust.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

JOHN H. SQUIRES, Bankruptcy Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on the objection of Frederick J. Grede, the Liquidating Trustee (the "Trustee") for the Sentinel Liquidation Trust and estate representative for the estate of Sentinel Management Group, Inc. ("Sentinel"), to claim number 90 filed by GAMAG Black & White, Ltd. ("GAMAG"). For the reasons set forth herein, the Court sustains the objection and disallows the claim without prejudice to GAMAG's claim in the Lake Shore Proceedings as discussed herein.

I. JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE

The Court has jurisdiction to decide this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334 and Internal Operating Procedure 15(a) of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This matter is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(B).

II. FACTS AND BACKGROUND

Many of the facts are undisputed and are contained in the joint list of stipulated facts filed prior to the evidentiary hearing in this matter. (Docket No. 1429.) On August 17, 2007, Sentinel filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 4.) On August 28, 2007, the United States Trustee appointed Frederick J. Grede as the Chapter 11 trustee for Sentinel's estate under 11 U.S.C. § 1104. The Trustee's appointment was approved by the Court on August 29, 2007. (Docket No. 105.) GAMAG is a holding company of hedge funds that was organized under the laws of the Bahamas. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 12.) It filed the disputed claim at bar contending that it is owed $646,350 by Sentinel.

GAMAG had dealings with one or more entities involved in the Lake Shore Common Enterprise. The Lake Shore Common Enterprise includes the following entities: Lake Shore Asset Management Limited ("LSAM"), Lake Shore Group of Companies Inc. Ltd., Lake Shore Asset Management Inc. ("LSIII"), Lake Shore Alternative Financial Asset Limited ("LSAFA"), Lake Shore Alternative Financial Asset Account I Limited, Lake Shore Alternative Financial Asset Account II Limited ("LSFL"), Lake Shore Alternative Financial Asset Fund III Limited and Geneva Corp. Funds World Limited (formerly known as Lake Shore Alternative Financial Asset Fund IV Limited), Lake Shore Asset Management Limited, Lake Shore Group of Companies and its subsidiaries and affiliates. (Id. ¶ 1; Trustee Ex. R at Ex. 5, p. 1 n. 2.)

The Lake Shore Common Enterprise was engaged in fraudulent criminal activity, which caused the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the "CFTC") to bring an action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Case No. 07 C 3598 (the "Lake Shore Proceedings"). (Stip. of Facts ¶ 2; Trustee Ex. Q at p. 6, ¶ n.) The CFTC alleged in its one-count complaint filed on June 26, 2007, that LSAM had improperly refused to make its books and records available for inspection or to provide information about its commodity pool participants and trading activity as required by the Commodity Exchange Act. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 2; Trustee Ex. K at p. 1.) On August 8, 2007, the CFTC filed a first amended complaint alleging that LSAM was part of a common enterprise controlled by Philip Baker. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 2; Trustee Ex. K at p. 2.) On June 27, 2007, the District Court entered a restraining order against LSAM that, among other things, froze LSAM's assets. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 3; Trustee Ex. K at p. 1.)

On October 4, 2007, the District Court appointed Robb Evans & Associates LLC (the "Receiver") as temporary equity receiver for the Lake Shore Common Enterprise. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 6; Trustee Ex. H at p. 1.) The District Court entered an amended order appointing that Receiver for the Lake Shore Common Enterprise on April 24, 2008. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 7; Trustee Ex. I.)

The Court confirmed an amended plan of liquidation filed by the Trustee and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors on December 15, 2008, which became effective on December 17, 2008. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 8.) As of the effective date, the Trustee has been acting as the Trustee under the agreement establishing the liquidating trust and as the representative for Sentinel's estate. (Id. ¶ 9.)

Sentinel was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission as an investment adviser and with the CFTC as a futures commission merchant ("FCM"). (Id. ¶ 10.) Sentinel primarily managed investments of short-term cash for various clients, including other FCMs, hedge funds, financial institutions, pension funds, and individuals. (Id.) None of the Lake Shore Common Enterprise entities were FCMs. (Id.)

Sentinel and LSAFA, one of the entities among the Lake Shore Common Enterprise, entered into an Investment Advisory Agreement, dated July 24, 2001 (the "Investment Advisory Agreement"), pursuant to which LSAFA appointed Sentinel, and Sentinel accepted the appointment, as "discretionary investment advisor with respect to those assets ... accepted for investment by Sentinel...." (Id. ¶ 11; Trustee Ex. F ¶ 1.) LSAFA signed the Investment Advisory Agreement on its own behalf and not as an agent of any customer. (Trustee Ex. F at p. 3; Trial Tr. p. 48 lines 13-21.) Thereby, Sentinel was in privity of contract with LSAFA, not GAMAG.

GAMAG, LSIII, and LSAFA entered into a Portfolio Management Agreement (the "Portfolio Management Agreement") pursuant to which GAMAG authorized LSFL to open an account to be maintained with Sentinel and to provide all administrative and other services with respect to that account, and retained LSIII to trade exchange traded financial derivatives contracts and to make and implement all investment decisions for that account. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 13; GAMAG Ex. No. 4.) Sentinel did not enter into this contract as a party. (GAMAG Ex. No. 4; Trial Tr. p. 24 lines 3-8.) In particular, the Portfolio Management Agreement states in pertinent part as follows:

By signing this contract, you hereby retain Lake Shore Asset Management Inc. ("LSIII") with respect to the funds that you provide from time to time for investment in exchange traded financial derivatives contracts (the "Contracts") in accordance with an account (the "Account") to be maintained with Sentinel Management Inc. ("Sentinel") as described below. The Account will be opened for you by Lake Shore Alternative Asset Account II Ltd. ("LSFL"), which will also provide all administrative and other services in relation to the Account except the trading decisions which are made by LSIII.

. . .

You hereby authorize LSIII to make and implement all investment decisions for your Account that LSIII, in its sole discretion, deems proper and advisable, subject to the provisions of Part 2 of this contract below.

. . .

When this contract is fully accepted, LSFL will establish an Account for you. Custody of your assets will be with Sentinel.... All reporting with respect to your Account will be made to you by LSFL, and you acknowledge that if you have any questions concerning your Account, you will direct them to LSFL and its administrative arm ("Lake Shore Administration").

(Stip. of Facts ¶ 14; GAMAG Ex. No. 4 at p. 1.)

With respect to the withdrawal of funds, the Portfolio Management Agreement provides in pertinent part as follows:

You are entitled to require Sentinel to release all or any part of your invested funds at their then current value, less the applicable amount to be retained by LSFL for Profit Incentive Fees earned, each Friday, if you make your request by 4:30 p.m. (New York time E.S.T.) on the previous Thursday....

The request for a withdrawal can be sent at any time by contacting your financial advisor, who completes the Request & Notice for Additions/Withdrawals of Funds form (the "Additions/Withdrawals Form") on your behalf and forwards this form to Lake Shore Administration. You must sign the Additions/Withdrawals Form along with your financial advisor. Your request for funds is considered accepted when received at the administration office of Lake Shore Administration by mail, fax or email....

On each day that withdrawals are permitted, your account is valued as at or about 4:30 p.m. (New York time), the Profit Incentive Fees (if any) owing to LSFL are deducted and the remaining Account balance is determined. The proceeds owing to you are settled in five business days from the day the withdrawal is effected, when those funds will be wired directly to the bank account you specify in this contract....

(Stip. of Facts ¶ 15; GAMAG Ex. No. 4 at p. 4.)

With respect to fees and expenses, the Portfolio Management Agreement provides in relevant part as follows:

No management fee is charged to your Account. LSFL administrates and charges all fees on behalf of this program. The incentive fees charged by LSFL will be used to pay LSIII. LSFL charges your account 25% of the "Net New Appreciation" of your funds, if any, on a monthly basis. Net New Appreciation is defined as the excess, if any, of your net funds (outside of additions to your Account) valued as of the end of any calendar month. However, the incentive fee is payable only on net new appreciation....

The FCM through which Contracts are traded will charge brokerage fees on all transactions for your Account, and these fees will be payable by you out of the assets in your Account. You will not receive any interest on the funds held in your Account.

(Stip. of Facts ¶ 16; GAMAG Ex. No. 4 at p. 4.)

The Portfolio Management Agreement provides that GAMAG was "generally ... required to include in computing [its] income any income earned in [the] Account." (Stip. of Facts ¶ 17; GAMAG Ex. No. 4 at p. 5.)

Pursuant to the monthly activity account statement issued by LSIII to GAMAG on October 23, 2006, GAMAG's funds purportedly were invested in "Alternative Financial Asset Account—III." (Stip. of Facts ¶ 18; GAMAG Ex. No. 9.)

Lake Shore did not receive customer funds; they were delivered to Sentinel through The Bank of New York ("BONY"). United States Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Lake Shore Asset Mgmt. Ltd., No. 07 C 3598, 2007 WL 2659990 (N.D.Ill. Aug. 28, 2007). (Stip. of Facts ¶ 19.) Field 70 of the SWIFT^[1] wiring instructions contains the reference "LakeShore, Alternative Financial Asset Account, Ltd. Favor Customer: GAMAG Black+White Ltd." (Id. ¶ 20; GAMAG Ex. No. 6.) The wire transfer from GAMAG was credited to the SEG III cash account held at BONY, along with monies from other customers of Sentinel. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 21; Trustee Exs. A & B.)

On October 16, 2006, Sentinel issued a daily account statement for the LSAFA Operating Account, which reflected the $600,000 wire transfer received from GAMAG. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 22; Trustee Ex. D; GAMAG Ex. No. 5.) The monthly account statements from September 2006 through August 2007 issued by Sentinel to LSAFA for the LSAFA Operating Account reflect that LSAFA transferred money from the LSAFA Operating Account to other accounts, leaving a zero balance in the LSAFA Operating Account on a regular basis. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 23; Trustee Ex. E.) In the Lake Shore Proceedings, the District Court found that the Lake Shore Common Enterprise misappropriated customer funds. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 24; Trustee Ex. K ¶ 18.)

On February 19, 2008, GAMAG filed a proof of claim in Sentinel's bankruptcy case in the amount of $646,350. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 25; Trustee Ex. L.) The claim was assigned number 90 by the Bankruptcy Court Clerk. (Id.) On March 7, 2008, the Receiver filed numerous proofs of claim in Sentinel's bankruptcy case (collectively, the "Lake Shore Claims"), including a claim related to the LSAFA Operating Account in the amount of $1,101,437.35, which was assigned claim number 106 by the Bankruptcy Court Clerk (the "Lake Shore Claim"). (Stip. of Facts ¶ 26; Trustee Ex. J.)

In the Lake Shore Proceedings, the District Court ordered that "[t]he funds on deposit at Sentinel ... are also [Lake Shore] customer funds. As soon as possible given Sentinel's bankruptcy case, any remaining Lake Shore funds held by Sentinel shall be transferred to the Receiver for the benefit of Lake Shore clients to be distributed to them through the receivership estate pursuant to further orders of this court[.]" (Stip. of Facts ¶ 27; Trustee Ex. K at p. 26.) (emphasis supplied) The Receiver has notified GAMAG that it has a claim entitled to distribution in the Lake Shore Proceedings for the $600,000 investment it made pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement with LSAFA. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 28; Trustee Exs. M & O.)

Instead of segregating customer funds, Sentinel's insiders "embarked on a massive leveraging and commingling scheme, for their own benefit, which treated all assets controlled by Sentinel as part of a single undifferentiated pool." (Stip. of Facts ¶ 29; Grede v. Citadel Equity Fund, Ltd. et. al (08 A 00986), Compl. ¶ 2.)

BONY acted as "custodian of securities on behalf of Sentinel and its customers, clearing agent for Sentinel's securities transactions, and lender to Sentinel." (Stip. of Facts ¶ 30; Grede v. The Bank of New York et. al (08 A 00127), Compl. ¶ 1.) Specifically, the Trustee has made the following allegation:

BONY established a fundamentally flawed account structure for Sentinel's accounts in violation of its obligations under federal law and its duties to Sentinel. The account structure: (a) commingled customer assets, which should have been strictly segregated, with Sentinel's own assets and the assets of other customers; (b) facilitated the misuse of customer assets as security for BONY's loan to Sentinel; and (c) allowed BONY, on a daily basis, to apply the proceeds of virtually every securities transaction involving customer asserts to pay down a portion of Sentinel's debt to BONY.

(Stip. of Facts ¶ 30; Grede v. The Bank of New York et. al (08 A 00127), Compl. ¶ 3.) (footnote omitted).

Each of the four Lake Shore Funds (the "Funds") had its own investment objectives and strategies. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 31.) A brief summary of each of the Funds is contained in the Receiver's December 5, 2007 report of activities. (Id.; Trustee Ex. R at Ex. 5.) For instance, the "Fund 3 Shareholders" invested in a fund that sought to "maximize returns whilst preserving capital by investing, through its investment in the Lakeshore Alternative Financial Asset Account II Limited ..., in a portfolio consisting mainly of exchange-traded financial derivatives." (Stip. of Facts ¶ 32; GAMAG Ex. No. 8 at p. 5.) After reviewing and analyzing a great number of documents, the Receiver determined that "these four Funds were hopelessly commingled." (Stip. of Facts ¶ 33; Trustee Ex. R at Ex. 5, pp. 1-2.)

III. APPLICABLE STANDARDS

11 U.S.C. § 502 governs the allowance of claims or interests in a bankruptcy case. Claims filed in a bankruptcy case are prima facie presumed valid under § 502(a) and are prima facie proof of their validity under Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 3001(f). Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. Schaumburg Hotel Owner Ltd. P'ship (In re Schaumburg Hotel Owner Ltd. P'ship), 97 B.R. 943, 950 (Bankr. N.D.Ill.1989). Specifically, Bankruptcy Rule 3001(f) provides that "[a] proof of claim executed and filed in accordance with these rules shall constitute prima facie evidence of the validity and amount of the claim." FED R. CIV. P. 3001(f); see also In re Salem, 465 F.3d 767, 779 (7th Cir. 2006).

Generally, a claim is deemed allowed unless a party in interest objects. 11 U.S.C. § 502(a). Section 502(b) sets forth the standards of allowability. To the extent a claim falls within any of the nine paragraphs of § 502(b), the claim is not allowable. One of those paragraphs that requires disallowance of a claim provides that "such claim is unenforceable against the debtor and property of the debtor, under any agreement or applicable law for a reason other than because such claim is contingent or unmatured[.]" 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(1). In this matter, the objecting Trustee contends that there was no contract between Sentinel and GAMAG, and GAMAG's claim is included in the Receiver's Lake Shore Claims. According to the Trustee, to allow both GAMAG's claim and the Lake Shore Claims would provide a double recovery to GAMAG.

Claim objectors carry the initial burden to produce some evidence to overcome the rebuttable presumption of validity. In re O'Malley, 252 B.R. 451, 455-56 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1999). The evidence set forth by the objecting party must be of a probative force equal to that of the allegations asserted in the claim. Surf Walk Condo. Ass'n v. Wildman, 84 B.R. 511, 515 (N.D.Ill.1988). "Once the objector has produced some basis for calling into question allowability of a claim, the burden then shifts back to the claimant to produce evidence to meet the objection and establish that the claim in fact is allowable." O'Malley, 252 B.R. at 456. However, the ultimate burden of persuasion always remains with the claimant to prove entitlement to the claim. In re Nejedlo, 324 B.R. 697, 699 (Bankr.E.D.Wis.2005); In re Octagon Roofing, 156 B.R. 214, 218 (Bankr. N.D.Ill.1993); Schaumburg Hotel, 97 B.R. at 950. As the objecting party, the Trustee carries the initial burden to overcome the rebuttable presumption that GAMAG has a valid claim against Sentinel's estate.

The Court held an evidentiary hearing whereby Carsten Straush, the president of the group of GAMAG companies, and the Trustee testified. The parties submitted post-trial briefs, and thereafter the Court took the matter under advisement.

IV. DISCUSSION

The Court has reviewed GAMAG's claim and determines that it constitutes prima facie evidence of the validity and amount of the claim. See In re McCoy, 355 B.R. 69, 72 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2006). Based upon the applicable standards stated supra, the Trustee, as objector, has the burden of presenting evidence to rebut the claim's prima facie validity. See id. The Trustee has objected to GAMAG's claim on the grounds that GAMAG did not have a contractual relationship with Sentinel, and the Receiver, pursuant to the District Court's orders in the Lake Shore Proceedings, is the proper party to collect from Sentinel because GAMAG was among the customers of LSAFA, and was not a customer of Sentinel.

"Creditors' entitlements in bankruptcy arise in the first instance from the underlying substantive law creating the debtor's obligation, subject to any qualifying or contrary provisions of the Bankruptcy Code." Raleigh v. Ill. Dept. of Revenue, 530 U.S. 15, 20, 120 S.Ct. 1951, 147 L.Ed.2d 13 (2000). "The validity of claims in bankruptcy, including the quantum of proof needed to establish a claim, is determined under non-bankruptcy law." WISH Acquisition, LLC v. Salvino (In re Salvino), 373 B.R. 578, 584 (Bankr.N.D.Ill. 2007), aff'd, No. 07 C 4756, 2008 WL 182241 (N.D.Ill. Jan. 18, 2008). The basis of GAMAG's claim against Sentinel is the Investment Advisory Agreement between Sentinel and LSAFA. GAMAG contends that it has the right to recover the funds that it undisputedly deposited into Sentinel's account at BONY because it was the intended third-party beneficiary of the Investment Advisory Agreement. The Investment Advisory Agreement between Sentinel and LSAFA is governed by Illinois law. (Trustee Ex. F ¶ 9.)

Under Illinois law, a cause of action based on a contract can be brought only by a party to that contract, by someone in privity with that party, or by an intended third-party beneficiary of the contract. Kaplan v. Shure Bros., 266 F.3d 598, 602 (7th Cir.2001); Stamp v. Inamed Corp., 777 F.Supp. 623, 625 (N.D.Ill.1991). It is undisputed that GAMAG was not a party to the Investment Advisory Agreement nor was it in privity of contract with Sentinel. GAMAG contracted with LSIII and LSAFA pursuant to the Portfolio Management Agreement. Sentinel was not a party to that contract. Hence, the only avenue of recovery GAMAG would have under the Investment Advisory Agreement would be as a third-party beneficiary of that contract.

Under Illinois law, "if a contract is entered into for the direct benefit of a third person, the third person may sue for a breach of the contract in his or her own name...." Olson v. Etheridge, 177 Ill.2d 396, 226 Ill.Dec. 780, 686 N.E.2d 563, 566 (1997); Ervin v. Nokia, Inc., 349 Ill. App.3d 508, 285 Ill.Dec. 714, 812 N.E.2d 534, 540 (2004) (quoting Olson); Horning v. Lab. Corp. of Am., No. 09 C 3421, 2009 WL 2905553, at *3 (N.D.Ill. Sept. 3, 2009) (citing Olson). There is a strong presumption against conferring contractual rights on third parties. Quinn v. McGraw-Hill Cos., Inc., 168 F.3d 331, 334 (7th Cir.1999); Estate of Willis v. Kiferbaum Constr. Corp., 357 Ill.App.3d 1002, 294 Ill.Dec. 224, 830 N.E.2d 636, 642 (2005). In order to overcome this presumption, "the implication that the contract applies to third parties must be so strong as to be practically an express declaration." Ball Corp. v. Bohlin Bldg. Corp., 187 Ill.App.3d 175, 134 Ill.Dec. 823, 543 N.E.2d 106, 107 (1989). A third party does not have contractual rights unless a provision of the contract was intentionally included for the direct benefit of that party. Linnemann v. Post (In re Mission Bay Ski & Bike, Inc.), 398 B.R. 250, 255 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2008) (citing Willis).

Courts look to the intent of the contracting parties at the time the contract was entered into in order to determine whether a third party was an intended beneficiary of the contract. Gyncor, Inc. v. Healthshield Capital Corp. (In re Gyncor, Inc.), 251 B.R. 344, 353 (Bankr. N.D.Ill.2000). Express language in the contract that identifies the third-party beneficiary is the best evidence of an intent to benefit that party. Quinn, 168 F.3d at 334; Wallace v. Chi. Hous. Auth., 298 F.Supp.2d 710, 724 (N.D.Ill.2003). "A third party is a direct ... beneficiary when the contracting parties have manifested in their contract an intention to confer a benefit upon the third party." Ball, 134 Ill.Dec. 823, 543 N.E.2d at 107. "Liability to a third party must appear affirmatively in the contract language and the circumstances of the parties at the time of execution; it cannot be expanded simply because the circumstances justify or demand further liability." Willis, 294 Ill.Dec. 224, 830 N.E.2d at 643.

GAMAG failed to rebut the presumption that the Investment Advisory Agreement between Sentinel and LSAFA was not intended to benefit GAMAG. That Agreement neither explicitly nor implicitly refers to GAMAG, nor does it grant GAMAG any rights to enforce the Agreement against Sentinel. On its face, the Investment Advisory Agreement only refers to Sentinel and LSAFA; it makes no mention of GAMAG. The express language of the Investment Advisory Agreement does not manifest an intent to benefit GAMAG as principal with LSAFA acting as its agent. Moreover, there was no evidence adduced at the hearing to show that either Sentinel or LSAFA intended GAMAG as a beneficiary of the Investment Advisory Agreement. The Agreement did not grant GAMAG direct access to the money deposited in the Sentinel custodial account. LSAFA deemed it necessary to provide Sentinel with an instruction letter, separate from the Investment Advisory Agreement, to dictate the process, which involved direction from LSAFA to Sentinel, for the withdrawal of funds by GAMAG. (Trustee Ex. G.) Based on the evidence, the Court finds that the Investment Advisory Agreement was intended to govern only the relationship between Sentinel and LSAFA. Thus, the Court finds that GAMAG was not intended as a third-party beneficiary of the Investment Advisory Agreement between Sentinel and LSAFA.

GAMAG does not have a direct contract claim against Sentinel. There was no privity of contract between GAMAG and Sentinel. GAMAG entered into the Portfolio Management Agreement with LSIII and LSAFA. Sentinel was not a party to this contract. In short, GAMAG had a contract with LSIII and LSAFA, and LSAFA had a contract with Sentinel. While both of these documents provided that money would be invested in an account maintained at BONY, GAMAG's rights to recover the money it invested flow through LSAFA. GAMAG does not have a direct claim against Sentinel under these documents. This matter is similar to the result in In re Boone County Utils., LLC, 506 F.3d 541 (7th Cir.2007), wherein contract claims that were based on a contract to which the debtor was not a party were properly disallowed. Id. at 544. See also In re Hall, 403 B.R. 224 (Bankr.D.Conn. 2009) (disallowing claim of bank's successor where there was no actual relationship and no meeting of the minds between the debtor and the bank, and there was no basis for determining that the debtor became obligated to the bank through actions of agent).

The Court finds that based on these contracts, GAMAG has a claim against LSIII and LSAFA, and the Receiver has a claim against Sentinel that includes GAMAG's claim. The Trustee testified that "Lake Shore"^[2] was a customer of Sentinel (Trial Tr. p. 47 lines 20-21; p. 57 lines 16-17), and GAMAG was not a customer of Sentinel, but was a customer of Lake Shore (Trial Tr. p. 52 lines 12-13; p. 57 lines 7-9; p. 64 lines 14-15). There was no evidence adduced at the hearing to show that GAMAG was supposed to have a direct customer relationship with Sentinel or that Sentinel accepted a direct customer relationship with GAMAG. The Trustee further testified that Sentinel did not have any records to reflect a liability on its books to GAMAG. (Trial Tr. p. 52 lines 13-14.)

Indeed, the evidence demonstrated that GAMAG contracted with two entities in the Lake Shore Common Enterprise for a separate managed account to be maintained with Sentinel.^[3] On October 16, 2006, Sentinel issued a daily account statement for the LSAFA Operating Account, which reflected the $600,000 wire transfer received from GAMAG. (Trustee Ex. D; GAMAG Ex. No. 5). The $600,000 sum was reported on a customer statement, but not on a statement to GAMAG. The record does not reflect how GAMAG's $600,000 proceeds were used after October 16, 2006. There was no evidence adduced at the hearing to show that the $600,000 remained at Sentinel or can be traced to any Sentinel account. In fact, the Trustee testified that once the $600,000 was transferred into the LSAFA Operating Account, it was commingled with other customers' funds. (Trial Tr. p. 43 lines 16-25; p. 46 lines 10-19.)

In the Lake Shore Proceedings, the District Court found that the Lake Shore Common Enterprise misappropriated customer funds (Stip. of Facts ¶ 24; Trustee Ex. K ¶ 18), and that those funds that were supposed to be invested in separate managed accounts, like GAMAG's funds, were invested in the Lake Shore funds. On October 4, 2007, the District Court appointed the Receiver as a temporary equity receiver, with full powers, for the Lake Shore Common Enterprise, including over its funds and accounts, directly or indirectly owned, beneficially or otherwise, which includes investors' funds. (Trustee Ex. H at pp. 1-2.) The District Court appointed the Receiver to make the claim against Sentinel on behalf of Lake Shore's customers, including GAMAG. The District Court ordered that "[t]he funds on deposit at Sentinel ... are ... [Lake Shore] customer funds. As soon as possible given Sentinel's bankruptcy case, any remaining Lake Shore funds held by Sentinel shall be transferred to the Receiver for the benefit of Lake Shore clients to be distributed to them through the receivership estate...." (Trustee Ex. K at p. 26.) On March 7, 2008, the Receiver filed the Lake Shore Claims, which includes the Lake Shore Claim that related to the LSAFA Operating Account in the amount of $1,101,437.35. (Trustee Ex. J.) The Receiver notified GAMAG that it has a claim entitled to distribution in the Lake Shore Proceedings for the $600,000 investment it made pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement with LSAFA. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 28; Trustee Exs. M & O.) The Court finds that customers of Lake Shore, including GAMAG, should recover their claims through the Receiver.

GAMAG argues that it is entitled to recover directly from Sentinel under the doctrine of assumpsit. The action of assumpsit has been described as "an elemental principle of law, applied in both law and equity courts, that where one person has received money or its equivalent, which belongs to another, under such circumstances that in equity and good conscience he ought not to retain it, recovery will be allowed." Sundance Homes, Inc. v. County of DuPage, 195 Ill.2d 257, 253 Ill.Dec. 806, 746 N.E.2d 254, 272 (2001) (Freeman, J. concurring) (internal quotation omitted); see also Bd. of Highway Comm'rs, Bloomington Twp. v. City of Bloomington, 253 Ill. 164, 97 N.E. 280, 285 (1911). Under Illinois law, an action for money had and received is maintainable where the defendant has received money that in equity and good conscience belongs to the plaintiff. Kaiser v. Fleming, 315 Ill.App.3d 921, 248 Ill.Dec. 824, 735 N.E.2d 144, 147 (2000).

The Court finds that GAMAG does not have a right to recover from Sentinel based on an action in assumpsit for money had and received. The evidence adduced at trial does not demonstrate any circumstances that in equity and good conscience dictate that recovery should be allowed to GAMAG. GAMAG sent money to a Sentinel account held at BONY. Sentinel received that money, but it was for the benefit of LSAFA pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement between LSAFA and Sentinel. It is undisputed that Sentinel commingled GAMAG's $600,000 with the funds of Sentinel's customers and its own funds. (Trial Tr. p. 39 lines 11-14.) There was no evidence that the $600,000 remains at Sentinel or can be traced to any Sentinel account. Hence, the Trustee is not attempting to retain that money and enrich Sentinel's estate. Indeed, the Trustee testified that he intends to pay the Lake Shore Claims filed by the Receiver, and has already paid approximately $35 million to the Receiver. (Trial Tr. p. 54 lines 4-8.)

This matter is analogous to an interpleader situation. Interpleader is an equitable procedure utilized when a stakeholder is in danger of exposure to double liability or the vexation of litigating conflicting claims. Aaron v. Mahl, 550 F.3d 659, 663 (7th Cir.2008); Indianapolis Colts v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 741 F.2d 954, 957 (7th Cir.1984). The Trustee, on behalf of Sentinel, is the stakeholder of the limited fund from the bankruptcy estate under the confirmed liquidating plan. Understandably, he is concerned about defending multiple claims to this fund and paying the claim twice— once to the Receiver on behalf of Lake Shore's customers and then to GAMAG directly as sought in the claim at bar.

As for equity and good conscience, those concepts dictate that the Court disallow GAMAG's claim without prejudice to its claim in the Lake Shore Proceedings so as not to afford GAMAG an advantage over other customers of Lake Shore. Equity favors disallowance of GAMAG's claim so that GAMAG does not receive more than other Lake Shore customers similarly situated. The Trustee testified that there were numerous other customers of Lake Shore who made deposits into the Lake Shore account. (Trial Tr. p. 57 lines 10-12.) The Court agrees with the Trustee that GAMAG should be treated like every other customer of Lake Shore. (Id. at p. 57 lines 13-15). Moreover, the District Court found that Lake Shore misappropriated customer funds. (Stip. of Facts ¶ 24; Trustee Ex. K ¶ 18.) The District Court ordered that the Lake Shore customer funds held by Sentinel are to be transferred to the Receiver for the benefit of Lake Shore's customers. (Trustee Ex. K at p. 26.) The Receiver is then required in the Lake Shore Proceedings to distribute those funds to Lake Shore's customers. (Id.) Because GAMAG is a customer of Lake Shore, and the Lake Shore customer funds held by Sentinel are to be transferred to the Receiver for the benefit of Lake Shore's customers (including GAMAG), equity dictates that GAMAG has a claim against Lake Shore, which it will recover through the Lake Shore Claims filed by the Receiver here, not against Sentinel directly.

GAMAG further argues that because it has standing to assert a claim against Sentinel, its claims should ipso facto be allowed. "Every plaintiff in federal court must establish that it has standing to assert its claims, i.e., that it is entitled to have the court decide the merits of the dispute." Gecker v. Marathon Fin. Ins. Co. (In re Auto. Prof Is, Inc.), 389 B.R. 630, 632 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2008). In federal court, standing has two aspects: constitutional and prudential. Goldberg & Assocs., Ltd. v. Holstein (In re Holstein), 299 B.R. 211, 223 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2003), aff'd, No. 03 C 8023, 2004 WL 2075442 (N.D.Ill. Aug. 31, 2004).

"The constitutional aspect comes from the `case or controversy' requirement in Article III. To meet that requirement, a plaintiff seeking relief must have suffered an `injury in fact.'" Id. The conditions that endow parties with standing to participate in bankruptcy proceedings are more limited than those that suffice to establish standing under Article III of the U.S. Constitution, and parties must be "directly and adversely affected pecuniarily" by an order of the bankruptcy court in order to have standing. In re Andreuccetti, 975 F.2d 413, 416 (7th Cir.1992) (internal quotation omitted).

"The `prudential' aspect, on the other hand, involves standing limits that are `essentially matters of judicial self-governance' meant to ensure that the courts only resolve disputes suitable for judicial resolution." Holstein, 299 B.R. at 223 (quoting Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 500, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975)). One such limit mandates that a litigant suing under a statute "`fall within the zone of interests protected or regulated by the statute or constitutional guarantee in question.'" Id. (quoting FMC Corp. v. Boesky, 852 F.2d 981, 988 (7th Cir.1988) (internal quotation omitted)). This is often referred to as statutory standing. Id. Statutory standing requires that "the particular federal statute the plaintiff seeks to invoke must afford the plaintiff a right to relief." FMC Corp., 852 F.2d at 988.

The Court finds that GAMAG has unquestioned standing to assert its claim for over $600,000 against Sentinel's estate. In fact, the Trustee has not objected to GAMAG's standing to pursue its claim against Sentinel's estate. That GAMAG has standing, however, does not entitle its claim to be allowed. Standing pertains to whether a litigant "is entitled to have the court decide the merits of the dispute or of particular issues." Warth, 422 U.S. at 498, 95 S.Ct. 2197. GAMAG fails in its attempt to utilize standing as a basis for the allowance of its claim. GAMAG misinterprets the doctrine of standing, which only allows it to pursue its claim against Sentinel, as a basis for the allowance of its claim. Standing affords a party the right to be heard by a court, but does not serve as a cornerstone or guarantee for recovery.

Additionally, GAMAG argues that LSAFA entered into the Investment Advisory Agreement with Sentinel as GAMAG's agent, and therefore, GAMAG, as principal, has standing to recover directly from Sentinel. There was no evidence adduced at the hearing to show that LSAFA entered into the Investment Advisory Agreement with Sentinel as GAMAG's agent, or that Sentinel somehow knew LSAFA was merely acting as GAMAG's agent. LSAFA signed the Agreement as a client of Sentinel and not as an agent of GAMAG. (Trustee Ex. F at p. 3.) The Court will rely on the documents as drawn and executed. Thus, the Court rejects GAMAG's argument that LSAFA was GAMAG's agent pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement.

GAMAG also argues that the Receiver does not having standing to file a claim in Sentinel's case on behalf of GAMAG. The Lake Shore Claim filed by the Receiver is not at issue here. Rather, the matter before the Court is the Trustee's objection to GAMAG's claim. The District Court appointed the Receiver, with full powers of an equity receiver, for the Lake Shore Common Enterprise. (Trustee Ex. H at p. 1.) The Receiver's appointment includes the appointment over "all funds, properties, premises, accounts, and other assets directly or indirectly owned, beneficially or otherwise, by [LSAFA], individually or collectively, including, but not limited to, investors' funds...." (Id. at p. 2.) The District Court has ordered that "[t]he funds on deposit at Sentinel ... are ... [Lake Shore] customer funds. As soon as possible given Sentinel's bankruptcy case, any remaining Lake Shore funds held by Sentinel shall be transferred to the Receiver for the benefit of the Lake Shore clients to be distributed to them through the receivership estate...." (Trustee Ex. K at p. 26.) Based on the District Court's orders, this Court finds that the Receiver does have standing to assert claims in Sentinel's case on behalf of the Lake Shore customers, including GAMAG. The Court will not ignore the District Court's orders. Rather, it will give those orders the full weight to which they are entitled.

GAMAG cites to B.E.L.T., Inc. v. Lacrad Int'l Corp., No. 01 C 4296, 2002 WL 1905389 (N.D.Ill. Aug. 19, 2002), to challenge the Receiver's standing to pursue the Lake Shore Claims. GAMAG contends that the B.E.L.T. case supports its argument that the Receiver can pursue only claims for the various Lake Shore entities and their shareholders. The District Court expressly appointed and empowered the Receiver for the Lake Shore Common Enterprise. (Trustee Ex. H at p. 1.) The powers and duties of the Receiver include the recovery of all property of the Lake Shore entities, including but not limited to investors' funds (which includes GAMAG). (Id. at pp. 2-4.) The District Court ordered that any remaining funds at Sentinel "shall be transferred to the Receiver for the benefit of the Lake Shore clients to be distributed to them through the receivership estate...." (Trustee Ex. K at p. 26.) Hence, the Receiver has brought the Lake Shore Claims before this bankruptcy court pursuant to the District Court's orders. Any challenges to the authority of the Receiver to act in connection with the Lake Shore Claims can be resolved only by the District Court. That challenge is not proper before this Court.

In sum, the Court finds that the Trustee, as objector to GAMAG's claim, has met his burden of presenting evidence to rebut the prima facie validity of GAMAG's claim. GAMAG does not have a separate right to recover from Sentinel based on an action in assumpsit for money received by Sentinel. The District Court ordered that funds on deposit at Sentinel are Lake Shore customer funds and should be transferred to the Receiver for the benefit of Lake Shore customers to be distributed to them through the receivership estate administered there. Therefore, GAMAG's claim against Sentinel is, in part, duplicative of and included in the Lake Shore Claim the Receiver filed in this case. They are both based, in part, on the same $600,000 wired into the Sentinel account at BONY. In particular, claim number 106, which relates to the LSAFA Operating Account, includes the claim asserted here by GAMAG. Thus, the Lake Shore Claim filed by the Receiver subsumes GAMAG's claim at bar. As a result, GAMAG has an allowable claim against the Lake Shore receivership estate, not against Sentinel's bankruptcy estate. Accordingly, the Trustee's objection to GAMAG's claim is sustained and the claim is disallowed in full without prejudice to GAMAG's claim in the Lake Shore Proceedings.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court sustains the Trustee's objection to GAMAG's claim and disallows the claim without prejudice to its claim in the Lake Shore Proceedings.

This Opinion constitutes the Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052. A separate order shall be entered pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9021.

NOTES

[1] SWIFT is the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, a data carrier that "transports messages between two financial institutions." SWIFT Company Information, http://www.swift.com/about_swift/company_information/index.page?lang=en.

[2] The Lake Shore Common Enterprise operated through a myriad of companies and operated different funds, most using the "Lake Shore" name. Because the exact "Lake Shore" entities are not always relevant to the issue at bar, reference to these entities is often made to "Lake Shore."

[3] At trial, Carsten Straush, the president of the group of GAMAG companies, testified that GAMAG intended to contract with Lake Shore for a separate managed account and did not intend for its monies to be invested in the funds operated by Lake Shore. (Trial Tr. p. 9 lines 10-11 & lines 20-21; p. 29 lines 16-18). Sentinel was never notified by Lake Shore, however, that Sentinel was supposed to separately maintain GAMAG's funds. (Trial Tr. p. 46 line 25-p. 47 line 17; p. 49 line 13-p. 50 line 4.) GAMAG never advised Sentinel, prior to June or July 2007, that Sentinel was supposed to separately maintain GAMAG's funds. (Trial Tr. p. 25 lines 17-21.)