Matthew Lynn SEHLKE, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Jennifer Lanae VANDERMAAS, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 262346.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted September 15, 2005, at Lansing. Decided September 27, 2005, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication December 27, 2005.*604 William G. Jackson, P.C. (by Roberta R. Ballard), St. Johns, for the plaintiff.
Willingham & Coté, P.C. (by Curtis R. Hadley and Robert B. Bellgowan, Jr.), East Lansing, for the defendant.
Before: SAWYER, P.J., and TALBOT and BORRELLO, JJ.
SAWYER, P.J.
We are asked in this case to revisit our holding in Dehring v. Dehring[1] that an intrastate change of domicile does not constitute a sufficient change of circumstance to reopen a custody case. In light of statutory changes enacted after our decision in Dehring, we now hold that an intrastate change in legal residence in excess of 100 miles constitutes a change in circumstances sufficient to reopen a custody matter.
The parties, who were never married, lived together in DeWitt in Clinton County and had a child who was born in 2000. Thereafter, the parties separated and a custody action was brought. A custody order was entered in 2003 that granted shared legal custody, but granted physical custody to defendant with reasonable and liberal parenting time to plaintiff.
Plaintiff petitioned the court in March 2005 for a change in custody. The basis for plaintiff's request was that defendant had moved with their son to Lexington, Michigan, approximately 140 miles away, and that plaintiff's visitation would be reduced as a result. Plaintiff alleged that the move was without his consent as required by the custody order and in violation of the parties' agreement that when their son reached school age he would attend the DeWitt Public Schools.
After a hearing on plaintiff's petition, the trial court determined that the unauthorized move constituted a change in circumstance. Further, after reviewing the custody factors, the court determined that it was in child's best interests for physical custody to be changed to plaintiff. The parties retained joint legal custody. Defendant now appeals. We affirm in part, vacate the order for the change in custody, and remand.
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in determining that there was a change in circumstance before hearing any evidence. We disagree. When Dehring was decided, there was no statutory requirement that parents obtain permission of the court before moving the child's domicile intrastate.[2] Moreover, the Dehring Court specifically weighed the policy considerations of restricting the custodial parent's ability to move to a different community and the child's need to maintain ties to the current community.[3]Dehring acknowledged that such a move would hinder the noncustodial parent's visitation with the children. But, ultimately, the Court essentially concluded that the paramount policy consideration was the *605 custodial parent's ability to move to a different community.[4]
Subsequently, however, the Legislature determined that that was not the paramount policy consideration in Michigan and imposed restrictions on changing a child's legal residence to a location more than 100 miles away. Specifically, MCL 722.31, which was added to the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq., by 2000 PA 422, effective January 9, 2001, provides that, unless sole legal custody is granted to one of the parents, a child has a legal residence with both parents and that legal residence cannot be moved to a location more than 100 miles from the child's original legal residence, except with consent of the other parent or by permission of the court, or unless the move would cause the child's two legal residences to be closer to each other. The statute does not differentiate between interstate and intrastate moves.
Furthermore, where the court is called on to approve a change over the other parent's objection, the statute lists five factors to be considered, with the directive that the court's primary focus is on the child.[5] This directly conflicts with the directive in Dehring[6] that the focus is on the custodial parent's right to relocate over the child's interests in remaining in the community.
In sum, the Legislature acted to clearly define the public policy in this state regarding parental moves. It did so in a manner inconsistent with our holding in Dehring. Accordingly, we hold that our conclusion in Dehring has been overruled by statute in those cases for which MCL 722.31 applies. In those cases, a move by the custodial parent in violation of MCL 722.31 constitutes a change in circumstance that authorizes the trial court to reopen the custody matter.
This brings us to the other point argued by defendant, namely that the trial court acted prematurely in concluding that there was a change in circumstance before hearing any evidence. It is true that the burden is on the moving party to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that either proper cause or a change of circumstances exists before the trial court may determine if an established custodial environment exists and conduct a review of the best interest factors to determine if custody should change.[7] This would normally imply the need to take evidence. But in this case, it was undisputed that defendant had relocated the child's legal residence with her more than 100 miles away and that she did so in violation of the statute. Given that the Legislature has forbidden such moves without consent of the other parent or permission of the trial court, we are of the opinion that the Legislature has expressed a sufficiently strong public policy position that it was not erroneous for the trial court to conclude that the fact of the unauthorized move alone is sufficient to constitute a change in circumstance.
While we conclude that a move in violation of MCL 722.31 by itself constitutes a change of circumstances, we note that this does not necessarily mean that the trial court must grant a change in custody. The court will still have to make the determination of what is in the best interests of the child and whether a change in custody is warranted. For that matter, a change in custody does not remedy the *606 statutory violation as the statute precludes both the custodial and the noncustodial parents from moving more than 100 miles away. The statutory violation can only be cured by (1) the offending parent moving back within the 100-mile range, presumably by order of the court under threat of contempt if necessary, (2) by transferring sole legal custody to the other parent so that the statute no longer applies, or (3) by belatedly granting a request by the parent to approve the move. We are not concerned here with remedying the statutory violation, but merely with the question whether the violation represents a change in circumstance. And we conclude that it does.
Turning to the custody determination itself, however, we agree with defendant that the matter was decided prematurely without opportunity for a friend of the court review or a separate evidentiary hearing after the determination that there was a change in circumstance. In short, the trial court should have waited to take up the matter of the actual request for a change in custody. Accordingly, we vacate the order granting a change in custody and remand the matter to the trial court to set the matter for an evidentiary hearing on the change in custody issue, preceded by a referral to the friend of the court for investigation and report if appropriate.
We see no need at this time to assign this matter to a different judge[8] or to address the issue regarding consideration of defendant's relationship with a married man.
Affirmed in part, custody order vacated, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs, neither party having prevailed in full.
NOTES
[1] 220 Mich.App. 163, 559 N.W.2d 59 (1996).
[2] Id. at 166, 559 N.W.2d 59.
[3] Id. at 167, 559 N.W.2d 59.
[4] Id.
[5] MCL 722.31(4).
[6] Dehring, supra at 167, 559 N.W.2d 59.
[7] Vodvarka v. Grasmeyer, 259 Mich.App. 499, 509, 675 N.W.2d 847 (2003).
[8] We are aware of the need to avoid even the appearance of impropriety. But nothing in the record suggests that the judge cannot render a fair and impartial ruling after considering any Friend of the Court recommendation or hearing any further evidence that may be presented. Further, we trust that the trial judge would recuse herself if she felt she could not look past her original ruling if any further proceedings would reveal the need to do so.