Kimberly A. ZANNI, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
MEDAPHIS PHYSICIAN SERVICES CORPORATION and Leslie Fleming, Defendants-Appellees.
Docket No. 206245.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted December 6, 1999, at Lansing. Decided April 11, 2000, at 9:05 a.m. Released for Publication June 22, 2000.*846 Dwight Teachworth, Bingham Farms, for the plaintiff.
Dykema Gossett PLLC (by Martin J. Galvin and James F. Hermon), Detroit, for the defendants.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Victoria Reardon, Assistant Attorney General, amicus curiae for the Department of Civil Rights.
Before RICHARD ALLEN GRIFFIN, P.J., and HOLBROOK, JR., MICHAEL J. KELLY, MARK J. CAVANAGH, FITZGERALD, MARKEY and WILDER, JJ.
MARK J. CAVANAGH, J.
Pursuant to MCR 7.215(H)(3), this conflict panel was convened to resolve a conflict between this Court's prior, vacated opinion in Zanni v. Medaphis Physician Services Corp., 237 Mich.App. 801, 612 N.W.2d 858 (1999), and this Court's earlier decision in Zoppi v. Chrysler Corp., 206 Mich.App. 172, 520 N.W.2d 378 (1994). In accordance with MCR 7.215(H)(1), the prior Zanni panel was required to follow the precedent of Zoppi, supra. Were it not for MCR 7.215(H)(1), the previous panel would have reversed the decision of the lower court.
This case involves a claim of age discrimination brought pursuant to the Civil Rights Act (CRA), M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq. The previous panel set forth the pertinent facts of the case as follows:
Plaintiff's complaint contained the following allegations. Defendant Medaphis Physician Services Corporation hired plaintiff in 1985, later promoted her to the position of account executive, and then terminated her employment in 1996 because she lost two accounts and had "violated her employee plan." A less qualified, older female replaced plaintiff on or about the same day her employment was terminated. Before her employment was terminated, plaintiff's supervisor told plaintiff that her "voice sounded too young on the phone and that the clients wanted an older account executive." Plaintiff also alleged that older account representatives who previously lost two or more accounts did not have their employment terminated for their actions and that she was treated differently from older employees because of her age rather than the quality of her work, in violation of the Civil Rights Act. Plaintiff was thirtyone years old when she filed the complaint in the present case. In short, plaintiff claims that defendants discriminated against her because she was too young. [Zanni, supra at 801-802, 612 N.W.2d 858.]
Defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), arguing that a claim for age discrimination because of the plaintiff's youth does not exist under the CRA, and the trial court granted the motion.
In Zoppi, supra, a panel of this Court held that a "plaintiff cannot establish an age discrimination case where his employer denied him special early retirement because he was too young." Zoppi, supra at 176, 520 N.W.2d 378. The Zoppi Court concluded that the plaintiff in that case was "not a member of the protected class *847 in a reverse age discrimination case under the Civil Rights Act in light of its intended purpose." See id. at 175, 520 N.W.2d 378. The prior Zanni panel believed that the CRA was intended to "prohibit employers from engaging in discriminatory practices against workers considered `too young' as well as workers considered `too old,'" and therefore would have reversed the decision of the trial court in the present case, had it not been bound by Zoppi. Zanni, supra at 804-805. Thus, the question presented in this case is whether § 202 of the CRA, M.C.L. § 37.2202; MSA 3.548(202), provides protection to workers who are discriminated against because of their youth.
Subsection 202(1)(a) of the CRA, M.C.L. § 37.2202(1)(a); MSA 3.548(202)(1)(a), provides that an employer shall not discriminate "against an individual with respect to employment, compensation, or a term, condition, or privilege of employment, because of ... age." Subsection 103(1)(a) of the CRA, M.C.L. § 37.2103(1)(a); MSA 3.548(103)(1)(a), defines "age" as "chronological age except as otherwise provided by law."
The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent and purpose of the Legislature. The first criterion in determining intent is the specific language of the statute. If statutory language is clear, judicial construction is normally neither necessary nor permitted, and the statute must be enforced as it is written. Michigan Municipal Liability & Property Pool v. Muskegon Co. Bd. of Co. Rd. Comm'rs, 235 Mich.App. 183, 189-190, 597 N.W.2d 187 (1999).
Like the previous Zanni panel, we conclude that the plain language of the statute provides no basis to limit the protections of § 202 to older workers. On the contrary, the statute refers in subsection 103(1)(a) to "chronological age," without limiting its reach to any particular age group. Accordingly, as the earlier panel explained,
age in the context of this case means a person's chronological age. If an employer disfavors an employee because the employer perceives the employee as being too young, the employer has plainly disfavored that employee on the basis of the employee's chronological age just as much as if the employer disfavored the employee for being perceived as too old. Thus, a proper understanding of the clear language of the applicable statutory definition of age would require a conclusion that the general prohibition of M.C.L. § 37.2202(1)(a); MSA 3.548(202)(1)(a) against age discrimination encompasses discrimination against an individual because an employer perceives that person as being too young. [Zanni, supra at 804, 612 N.W.2d 858.]
We further agree with the previous panel that the Zoppi Court erred in relying on case law construing the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. 621 et seq. Unlike the CRA, the ADEA limits the prohibitions against age discrimination "to individuals who are at least 40 years of age." 29 U.S.C. 631(a). We decline to read a similar restriction into the CRA when the Legislature apparently chose not to do so. See Piper v. Pettibone Corp., 450 Mich. 565, 572, 542 N.W.2d 269 (1995) (stating that it is not within the province of this Court to read into a statute a mandate that the Legislature has not seen fit to incorporate); cf. Husted v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 459 Mich. 500, 509, 591 N.W.2d 642 (1999) ("[T]he Legislature's failure to adopt language contained in the uniform act creates a presumption that the corresponding language was considered and rejected."). Accordingly, we hold that § 202 of the CRA protects workers who are discriminated against on the basis of their youth.
We note that this result is consistent with the purpose of the CRA, which seeks to eliminate the effects of offensive or demeaning stereotypes, prejudices, and biases. See Plieth v. St. Raymond Church, 210 Mich.App. 568, 573-574, 534 *848 N.W.2d 164 (1995). While it is perhaps less common for younger employees to be judged on the basis of inaccurate stereotypes about their abilities, the potential nevertheless exists. Just as an older worker may be inaccurately perceived as less energetic and resistant to new ideas, a younger worker may be unfairly viewed as immature and unreliable, without regard for individual merits.[1]
Defendants urge that, if this Court finds that the CRA permits age discrimination claims in which an employee alleges discrimination on the basis of her youth, the ruling should be applied only prospectively. In discussing whether a Supreme Court opinion reversing a decision of this Court should be given retroactive application, the Supreme Court has stated:
Only if this Court's decision can be said to be "unexpected" or "indefensible" in light of the law in place at the time of the acts in question would there be a question about whether to afford the decision complete retroactivity. It can hardly be considered "unexpected" or "indefensible" that this Court would reverse a Court of Appeals decision that was contrary to the clear and unambiguous language of the statute, the legislative intent behind the statute, and two prior opinions of this Court. [Michigan Educational Employees Mut. Ins. Co. v. Morris, 460 Mich. 180, 195, 596 N.W.2d 142 (1999) (citation omitted).]
We believe that it likewise cannot be considered "unexpected" or "indefensible" that a conflict panel in this Court would overrule an earlier decision that was contrary to the clear and unambiguous language of a statute. Accordingly, we hold that our decision today is to be given full retroactive effect.
Reversed.
NOTES
[1] Of course, employers are still free to discriminate among workers on the basis of factors, such as experience and education, that are often correlated with age. See Plieth, supra at 573, 534 N.W.2d 164.