State v. Bescher

247 S.W.3d 135 (2008)

STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
James H. BESCHER, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 28384.

Missouri Court of Appeals, Southern District.

March 13, 2008.

Kent Denzel, Assistant Public Defender, Columbia, MO, for appellant.

Jeremiah W. (Jay) Nixon, Atty. Gen., and Linda Lemke, Assistant Attorney General, Jefferson City, MO, for respondent.

GARY W. LYNCH, Chief Judge.

James H. Bescher ("Defendant") was charged with and convicted by a jury of committing the class A felony of murder in the first degree, in violation of section 565.020.^[1][2] The trial court sentenced Defendant to serve life in prison without the possibility of parole. Defendant appeals, contending the trial court abused its discretion in overruling his objection to the testimony of the State's expert witness regarding information that was not disclosed to him before trial as required by Rule 25.03.^[3] Defendant also contends that the trial court plainly erred in failing to sua sponte intervene at trial when the prosecutor asked Defendant if other witnesses were lying, and when the prosecutor allegedly misstated the law to the jury in his closing argument. We affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the conviction, State v. Stanley, 124 S.W.3d 70, 72 (Mo.App.2004), the following facts were adduced at trial.

In September 2001, Defendant and Joshua White ("White") burglarized the home of Kathy Davis ("Davis") in Taney County, stealing some electronics and a computer that White had helped Davis purchase. Davis, who knew both men through her daughter, called the police, and to initiate their investigation, she gave them White's name and address. White subsequently called Davis, admitted that he and Defendant had committed the burglary, and offered to pay her back if she would not press charges. White made periodic payments to her for a while, then eventually stopped after paying her about $400. In October of 2001, the Taney County Sheriff's Department issued warrants for the arrest of both White and Defendant, charging them with felony burglary. Defendant was angry at White for "snitching" on him about the burglary. He told Nicole Smith ("Nicole"),^[4] a single mother who sold methamphetamine for him, that he was going to kill White.

In late February of 2002, Defendant purchased a stolen gun. About five days later, Defendant ran into an acquaintance, Rocky Smith ("Rocky"), in Branson and asked Rocky to give him a ride to a friend's house near the Country Mart in Hollister. On the way, Rocky pulled into the Spirit Shop next to the Country Mart to put air in his tire. As he and Defendant were driving away from the air machine, Rocky saw White over in the Country Mart parking lot waving at him and yelling hello. Rocky pulled up next to White and stopped. The windows on Rocky's car were tinted so dark that it was difficult to see who was inside the car when standing more than two feet away. In a completely non-threatening manner, White walked to the passenger side of the car where Defendant was sitting and leaned down to start a conversation. As soon as White leaned down, Defendant pulled out a gun, opened the car door and stuck the gun over the top of the door frame. White moved his head to turn away, but Defendant shot White in the head from less than eighteen inches away. White dropped to the ground lifeless and was bleeding profusely. Defendant waited one to two minutes, then told Rocky to "drive," and they sped off with tires squealing.

Defendant told Rocky to drive him to the "Pit Stop," where Defendant and several of his friends lived in some apartments. Defendant told his friends what had happened, and one of them wiped the finger prints off of the gun, and another threw the gun into a creek. Defendant then went to Nicole's house and told her that he had shot White. Defendant told her that if she testified against him, he would kill her and her two young children. He said that he could take care of her even from jail because his girlfriend had a hit man he could call.

White arrived at the emergency room in critical condition and would have died immediately without medical intervention. The bullet had lodged in his spine, fracturing it and rendering him a quadriplegic. A breathing tube had to be placed in his trachea to keep him alive. White remained in the hospital for about five months until he contracted pneumonia as a result of the gunshot wound and died.

In the days immediately following the shooting, police found Rocky's car with blood splattered on the door. They also recovered the gun from the creek. Defendant had checked into a hotel under a fake name, and was trying to catch a plane to another state, but was unsuccessful. Police called Defendant on his cell phone asking him to come in and talk to them, and Defendant responded with "fuck you" and hung up on them. Defendant was finally tracked down and arrested eight days after the shooting. Ballistics testing on the bullet removed from White's spine confirmed that Defendant's gun fired the shot that killed White.

Defendant was charged, tried, and sentenced, as stated in the introduction. This appeal followed.

Discussion

In his first point on appeal, Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion in overruling his objection to the testimony of the State's expert witness regarding the trigger pull strength on the gun used by Defendant to shoot White, because the State did not disclose to Defendant before trial the expert's conclusions regarding pull strength, in violation of Rule 25.03. Defendant argues that although the State had the expert's conclusions regarding pull strength in its possession well before trial, the State did not disclose this information to Defendant as requested; and the disclosure of this information during trial prejudiced Defendant's theory of defense that the gun discharged accidentally, because the expert's conclusions were inconsistent with that defense.

The State's expert witness, Evan Garrison, testified about the examinations he performs on firearms in the course of his employment with the Missouri State Highway Patrol Crime Laboratory. He also testified about the specific examinations he performed on the gun in the instant case. When he was explaining the trigger pull strength test that he performed on the gun, defense counsel objected on the grounds that Garrison's report disclosed to Defendant before trial did not contain any information about a trigger pull strength test. The State responded that the information regarding the pull test was not in any reports in its possession either. The information was contained in Garrison's personal notes, which Garrison produced on the spot for the trial judge. The prosecutor further informed the court that he had advised defense counsel that morning about the existence of the pull strength test and had offered defense counsel the opportunity to talk to Garrison about it. The trial judge stated that he understood that examiners' reports are only summaries, and that they usually have separate "bench notes," or "field notes," that contain what they did up to arriving at a conclusion for their report. He overruled Defendant's objection, on the ground that Defendant could not show the State was in possession of a report that was not disclosed to him. The court offered defense counsel time to speak with Garrison before continuing with the trial, but defense counsel declined. Garrison went on to testify that the results of the trigger pull strength test he performed on the gun revealed a trigger pull of ten-and-a-half to eleven-and-a-half pounds, which was the average for that type of firearm.

Rule 25.03 requires the State, "upon written request of defendant's counsel," to disclose to defense counsel the following information within its possession or control as "designated in said request": "(5) Any reports or statements of experts, made in connection with the particular case, including results of physical or mental examinations and of scientific tests, experiments, or comparisons[.]"

Rule 25.03 further requires that the "original of such request shall be filed in the court having jurisdiction to try the case." Rule 25.03(B). We have examined the record on appeal as compiled and filed by Defendant and cannot find any evidence of a written request from Defendant to the State to produce any reports from experts. Although Defendant argues in his brief that he made such a request to the State, he has not provided a copy of that request in the record on appeal, nor has he pointed out anything in the record that supports that such a request was filed in the trial court, as required by the rule. It is Defendant's duty to furnish this court with a sufficient record on appeal containing the "proceedings and evidence necessary to the determination of all questions to be presented" to this court for decision. Rule 30.04; State v. Keeth, 203 S.W.3d 718, 722 (Mo.App.2006). "Failure to provide a sufficient record to permit determination of the issues requires that the point be denied." Keeth, 203 S.W.3d at 722. "Unless and until defendant makes a request for discoverable information or material, the State cannot be in violation of Rule 25.03 for failing to produce it." State v. White, 931 S.W.2d 825, 831 n. 5 (Mo.App. 1996).^[5] Because Defendant has presented no record of a written request to the State to produce experts' reports, this court cannot assign any error to the trial court's overruling of Defendant's objection to Garrison's testimony regarding the trigger pull strength of the gun. Point I is denied.

In his second point on appeal, Defendant contends the trial court plainly erred in failing to sua sponte intervene during trial when the prosecutor asked Defendant several times whether other witnesses were lying. Defendant argues that allowing the prosecutor to do so caused a manifest injustice, because it unfairly damaged any credibility the jury might have given him. Defendant concedes that this claim of error is not preserved for review, because Defendant did not object at trial to the prosecutor's questions, nor did he include the claim in his Motion for New Trial. Therefore, our review of this claim, if any, is for plain error. Rule 30.20; State v. Wurtzberger, 40 S.W.3d 893, 897-98 (Mo. banc 2001).

Rule 30.20 provides that claims of error affecting substantial rights, even if not preserved for review, may be considered by this court "when the court finds that manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice has resulted therefrom." The decision to grant plain error review lies within the reviewing court's discretion. State v. Tabor, 193 S.W.3d 873, 878 (Mo.App.2006). Plain error review involves a two-step analysis. State v. Golden, 221 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Mo.App.2007). First, we determine whether the claim of error facially establishes substantial grounds for believing that manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice has resulted. Id. "Plain errors are evident, obvious, and clear, and we determine whether such errors exist based on the facts and circumstances of each case." State v. Johnson, 182 S.W.3d 667, 670 (Mo. App.2005). Absent a finding of facial error, this court should decline its discretion to review the claim pursuant to Rule 30.20. Golden, 221 S.W.3d at 447. "If plain error is found, we proceed to the second step to consider whether the error actually resulted in manifest injustice or a miscarriage of justice." State v. Stallings, 158 S.W.3d 310, 315-16 (Mo.App.2005).

The law in Missouri is clear that witnesses may not be asked to give their opinion on the truth or veracity of another witness' testimony. Holliman v. Cabanne, 43 Mo. 568, 570 (1869); State v. Roper, 136 S.W.3d 891, 900-01 (Mo.App.2004). Therefore, we find facial error in the prosecutor asking Defendant on at least nine occasions whether other witnesses were lying or had any reason to lie. However, because of the substantial evidence supporting Defendant's conviction, we do not find any manifest injustice or that a miscarriage of justice occurred as a result of the prosecutor's improper questions. Roper, 136 S.W.3d at 903. "To hold that a miscarriage of justice or a manifest injustice occurred, we must determine that there is a reasonable probability that the jury's verdict would have been different, had the error not taken place." Id. Here, the overwhelming weight of the evidence admitted at trial undermines Defendant's theory that the shooting was accidental.

About a month before the shooting, Defendant told Nicole he was going to kill White for "snitching" on him. About five days before the shooting, Defendant purchased a stolen, and therefore untraceable, gun. Disinterested witnesses saw White approach Rocky's car and have a conversation, with no argument occurring. When Defendant shot White, White was turning away. Defendant admitted at trial that he was angry with White and wanted to have a confrontation with him. Defendant shot White in the head from a distance of less than eighteen inches, which instantly severed White's spine, dropping him to the ground, where he started bleeding profusely. Defendant paused for a minute, then fled with squealing tires to the home of friends, who helped him get rid of the evidence against him. Defendant threatened to kill Nicole and her children if she ever became a witness against him. He cursed at the police when they asked him to come in for questioning, checked into a hotel room under someone else's name, tried to flee the state, and was finally tracked down and arrested. Ballistics testing conclusively proved that Defendant's gun fired the shot that killed White.

In light of the overwhelming evidence supporting Defendant's guilt, we cannot say the jury's verdict would have been different had the prosecutor not asked the improper questions. Roper, 136 S.W.3d at 903. Therefore, the trial court did not plainly err in failing to sua sponte intervene at trial. See id. (citing State v. Drewel, 835 S.W.2d 494 (Mo.App.1992)) (trial judge is in the best position to judge the prejudicial effect of a question and should exercise sua sponte action only in exceptional circumstances). Point II is denied.

In his third point on appeal, Defendant contends the trial court plainly erred in not sua sponte intervening during the prosecutor's closing argument when he allegedly misstated the law to the jury by telling them they had to "first reject murder in the first degree before you even consider murder in the second degree" and "you must look at the elements of murder in the first degree and reject all of those before you even consider murder in the second degree." Defendant argues that the prosecutor's statements caused a manifest injustice, because juries in Missouri do not have to find a defendant "not guilty" of a greater offense before considering the lesser included offense, and the jury was clearly confused by the prosecutor's statements, as evidenced by their question to the trial judge during deliberations asking about the first-degree and second-degree murder instructions. Defendant concedes that this claim is not preserved for appellate review because he did not object to the prosecutor's statements during closing argument. The record also reflects that Defendant failed to preserve this issue in his Motion for New Trial. Therefore, our review of this claim, if any, is for plain error. Rule 30.20; Wurtzberger, 40 S.W.3d at 897-98.

"[A]ny assertion that the trial court erred for failure to intervene sua sponte ignores the possibility that an attorney may not have objected for strategic reasons." State v. Bennett, 201 S.W.3d 86, 88-89 (Mo.App.2006) (citing State v. Cole, 71 S.W.3d 163, 171 (Mo. banc 2002)). "A party cannot fail to request relief, gamble on the verdict, and then, if adverse, request relief for the first time on appeal." Id. (citing State v. McGee, 848 S.W.2d 512, 514 (Mo.App.1993)).

[S]tatements made during closing argument rarely constitute plain error. Without an objection by counsel, a trial court's options are narrowed to uninvited interference with summation, which may itself constitute error. For the Defendant to carry his burden of showing plain error he must prove that the prosecutor's statement had a decisive effect on the jury's verdict. The prosecutor's statement is decisive when there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been different had the error not been committed.

State v. Wright, 216 S.W.3d 196, 201 (Mo. App.2007) (internal citations omitted).

The portion of the prosecutor's closing argument with which Defendant takes issue was as follows:

Now, I suggest to you in conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, . . . the order in which you consider these offenses is you have to first reject murder in the first degree before you even consider murder in the second degree.

And I suggest to you that you will never go below murder in the first degree, which was Instruction No. 7, because when — at the beginning of Instruction no. 9 it says if you do not find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, then you will consider whether he's guilty of murder in the second degree.

So you must look at the elements of murder in the first degree and reject all of those before you even consider murder in the second degree.

And, ladies and gentlemen, this case is a murder in the first degree.

During its deliberations, the jury sent a note to the trial judge asking, "The jury wants to know if we must have a unanimous vote on Instruction 7 prior to discussion on Instruction 9." The court responded, "You have received all the instructions the Court is permitted to give you. You should follow the instructions provided to you."

Defendant claims the prosecutor's statements constituted an improper "acquit first" argument, because he instructed the jury that they must find Defendant "not guilty" of first-degree murder before even considering second-degree murder.

Missouri's instructions on lesser-included offenses do not require that the defendant first be acquitted of the greater offense before the jury can consider the lesser offense. State v. Wise, 879 S.W.2d 494, 517 (Mo. banc 1994). Instead, MAI-CR3d 313.04 provides that juries are allowed to consider the lesser-included offense if they "do not find the defendant guilty" of the greater offense. Id. Therefore, an acquittal first argument is a misstatement of the law and can constitute reversible error.

Tisius v. State, 183 S.W.3d 207, 217 (Mo. banc 2006).

We do not read the prosecutor's statement that the jury has "to first reject murder in the first degree" as instructing them that they must find Defendant "not guilty" of first-degree murder. "Reject" can mean simply not being able to agree on first-degree murder and moving on, which would be in accordance with the law. The prosecutor did not explicitly state that the jury had to unanimously find Defendant "not guilty" of first-degree murder before moving on to second-degree murder.

The prosecutor's second statement in reference to "the beginning of instruction no. 9," that the jury "must look at the elements of murder in the first degree and reject all of those," is ambiguous and could be interpreted as a misstatement of the law. For the jury to not find a defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, it need reject only one of the elements of the offense; it does not have to rule out every element — "all of those" — in order to not find him guilty of the offense. MAI-CR 3rd 313.02 ("unless you find and believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt each and all of these propositions, you must find the defendant not guilty of murder in the first degree"). On the other hand, the prosecutor's statement that the jury must consider and "reject all" of the elements could simply mean that if the jury rejects first-degree murder, then they are in essence rejecting "all" of the elements because "all" of the elements must be found in order to find first-degree murder; so if they cannot "all" be found, then they must "all" be rejected, as a combination of parts which make up the whole of the offense.

We need not parse the exact meaning of the prosecutor's words, because even if they are given the meaning the Defendant suggests, we do not find any prejudice to Defendant as a result of the prosecutor's argument, much less manifest injustice. This is so because the jury was properly instructed with verdict-directing instructions modeled after MAI-CR 313.02 and MAI-CR3d 313.06, and the trial court responded to the jury's question by instructing them to follow those instructions. Tisius, 183 S.W.3d at 217. "The jury is presumed to have followed the trial court's instructions." Id.

In addition, even if the prosecutor's statements were considered as improper, the strength of the evidence of Defendant's deliberation precludes a finding of manifest injustice. Id. The only difference between first-degree murder and second-degree murder is that first-degree murder requires the additional element of deliberation. Sections 565.020 and 565.021.

Here, Defendant told Nicole he was going to kill White as revenge for "snitching" on him, and bought a stolen, untraceable gun about five days before the shooting. Witnesses saw no altercation between Defendant and White, and testified that White was turning away when Defendant shot him. Defendant remained at the scene for a minute after White was lying on the ground and bleeding profusely. He then fled the scene without calling for help, had his friends dispose of the gun, hid out at a hotel under someone else's name, and tried to leave the state. See State v. Strong, 142 S.W.3d 702, 717 (Mo. banc 2004) ("failure to seek medical help for a victim strengthens the inference that the defendant deliberated"); Nicklasson v. State, 105 S.W.3d 482, 485 n. 1 (Mo. banc 2003) (deliberation shown by defendant's attempt to flee the jurisdiction). Defendant admitted at trial that he was angry with White and wanted to have a confrontation with him. Because of the substantial evidence of deliberation, it is not likely the jury's verdict would have been different without the prosecutor's statements. Tisius, 183 S.W.3d at 217; Wright, 216 S.W.3d at 201. Therefore, the trial court did not plainly err in failing to sua sponte intervene during his closing argument. See Roper, 136 S.W.3d at 903 (citing Drewel, 835 S.W.2d 494) (trial judge should exercise sua sponte action only in exceptional circumstances). Point III is denied.

Decision

The trial court's judgment is affirmed.

BARNEY, P.J., and RAHMEYER, J., concur.

NOTES

[1] Defendant was also charged with committing armed criminal action, in violation of section 571.015. However, the State dismissed this charge after the completion of voir dire, but before the jury was sworn.

[2] All references to statutes are to RSMo 2000.

[3] All references to rules are to Missouri Court Rules (2006).

[4] Because more than one witness has the last name "Smith," we will refer to these witnesses by their first names to avoid any confusion. We mean no disrespect.

[5] Unlike the record in White, the record before this court does not contain any responses from the State to requests for discovery from Defendant, or any similar documents from which we could infer Defendant filed such requests. In addition, the prosecutor in this case did not violate his "broad duty `to disclose evidence in [his] possession that is favorable to the accused and material to guilt or punishment.'" State v. Parker, 198 S.W.3d 178, 179-80 (Mo.App.2006). Garrison's conclusion that the trigger pull strength of the gun was normal is not exculpatory evidence; it is incriminating evidence in that it disproves Defendant's theory that the gun discharged accidentally. See id.