Larry SMITH, Corliss Smith, and Allstate Insurance Company, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
FOERSTER-BOLSER CONSTRUCTION, INC., Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-Appellant, and
David Runyan, d/b/a The Floor Guy, Defendant/Cross-Defendant.
Docket No. 257885.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted December 13, 2005, at Lansing. Decided January 17, 2006, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication March 31, 2006.*422 Grotefeld & Denenberg, L.L.C. (by Jeffrey R. Learned, Alan B. McMaster, and Mark S. Grotefeld), Bingham Farms, Chicago, IL, for Larry Smith, Corliss Smith, and Allstate Insurance Company.
Running, Wise & Ford, P.L.C. (by Michael I. Conlon and Robert W. Grzech), Traverse City, for Foerster-Bolser Construction, Inc.
Before: SMOLENSKI, P.J., and SCHUETTE and BORRELLO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In this dispute arising out of a residential fire allegedly caused by poor workmanship, defendant Foerster-Bolser Construction, Inc. (Foerster-Bolser), appeals as of right the May 27, 2004, judgment in favor of plaintiffs. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
In 1997, while still residents of Maryland, plaintiffs Larry Smith and Corliss Smith hired Foerster-Bolser to construct a new residence on land the Smiths had purchased in Michigan for their eventual retirement. Foerster-Bolser gave the Smiths a certificate of occupation in October 1998. In June 1999, the Smiths *423 retired and moved into the new home. Although the home was substantially completed at that time, there were several tasks that Foerster-Bolser still needed to perform to finalize the job.
In February 2000, Foerster-Bolser hired defendant David Runyan to redo the Smiths' kitchen floor. Runyan spent the first full day on the job sanding off the kitchen floor's existing finish in preparation for application of the new stain and finish.[1] At the end of the day, Runyan packed up his equipment, but left on the kitchen floor a bag of sawdust potentially coated with urethane. When Runyan returned to complete the job the next morning, he noticed that the home was filled with smoke and called the fire department. Investigations of the fire indicated that it was caused either by an electrical fault in the crawlspace immediately below the area where Runyan left the bag of sawdust or through the spontaneous combustion of the bag of sawdust. Although the fire caused physical damage to the home, there was also extensive smoke damage to the home and its contents.
Plaintiffs eventually filed suit against defendants, claiming they were responsible for the losses incurred as a result of the fire. Plaintiffs sought compensation under various theories, including negligence, breach of contract, and breach of implied warranty.[2] The jury trial commenced in April 2004. After the close of plaintiffs' proofs, Runyan settled with plaintiffs and was dismissed from the case.[3] Thereafter, the trial court granted a directed verdict in favor of plaintiffs with respect to plaintiffs' claim that defendant violated the implied warranty of habitability that accompanies the construction of all new homes. After the trial court granted the directed verdict, plaintiffs withdrew the remainder of their claims, and the claim of implied warranty of habitability was submitted to the jury solely for a determination of damages. The jury awarded $457,000 in damages to Allstate, but determined that the Smiths were not entitled to any compensation.
On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred when it granted a directed verdict in favor of plaintiffs on their claim for breach of the implied warranty of habitability. Specifically, defendant contends that the implied warranty of habitability only applies to new homes sold as part of a real estate transaction by builder-vendors. We agree.
As a preliminary matter, we note that defendant raised this argument for the first time on appeal. Although this Court need not review issues raised for the first time on appeal, Herald Co., Inc. v. Kalamazoo, 229 Mich.App. 376, 390, 581 N.W.2d 295 (1998), this Court may overlook preservation requirements if the failure to consider the issue would result in manifest injustice, if consideration is necessary for a proper determination of the case, or if the issue involves a question of law and the facts necessary for its resolution have been presented, Steward v. Panek, 251 Mich.App. 546, 554, 652 N.W.2d 232 (2002). Because consideration of this issue is necessary for a proper determination of the case and the issue involves a significant question of law, the resolution of which may be determined on the facts presented, we elect to overlook the lack of preservation and consider the issue.
*424 This Court reviews de novo a trial court's decision regarding a party's motion for a directed verdict. Elezovic v. Ford Motor Co., 472 Mich. 408, 418, 697 N.W.2d 851 (2005). A directed verdict is appropriate only when no factual question exists on which reasonable jurors could differ. Diamond v. Witherspoon, 265 Mich.App. 673, 681, 696 N.W.2d 770 (2005). This Court will "view the evidence presented up to the time of the motion in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, granting that party every reasonable inference, and resolving any conflict in the evidence in that party's favor to decide whether a question of fact existed." Derbabian v. S. & C. Snowplowing, Inc., 249 Mich.App. 695, 702, 644 N.W.2d 779 (2002).
In Weeks v. Slavik Builders, Inc., 24 Mich.App. 621, 180 N.W.2d 503 (1970), aff'd 384 Mich. 257, 181 N.W.2d 271 (1970), this Court adopted the implied warranty of habitability for new homes. In Weeks, the plaintiffs entered into an agreement to purchase a new home, which was to be built by the defendant. Id. at 622, 180 N.W.2d 503. Shortly after the plaintiffs took possession of the new home, the roof leaked, causing damage to the ceilings of the house. Id. at 623, 180 N.W.2d 503. The defendant was unable to correct the problem and the plaintiffs eventually sued under the theories of breach of express warranty, breach of implied warranty of fitness for purpose, and misrepresentation. Id. at 622-624, 180 N.W.2d 503. On appeal, the defendant argued that the trial court erred by failing to direct a verdict in its favor on the basis that the implied warranty of fitness is not applicable to the sale of real property. Id. at 624, 180 N.W.2d 503. The Court noted that the precise issue concerned the continuing applicability of the doctrine of caveat emptor to the purchase of real property. Id.
In examining the continuing validity of the doctrine, the Court recognized that, although the doctrine of implied warranty of fitness had replaced that of caveat emptor in the field of personal property, the doctrine of caveat emptor had continued to be almost universally applied to the sale of real property. Id. However, the Court noted that several jurisdictions had moved away from the doctrine of caveat emptor and adopted some form of implied warranty in the sale of new homes. The Court explained that these jurisdictions "have recognized that in many cases, especially where there are large developments involved, the individual buyer is not on an equal footing and is not in a position to bargain at arm's length with the builder-vendor." Id. at 625, 180 N.W.2d 503. Furthermore, the Court continued, the "individual purchaser of a newly constructed home is no more able or competent to inspect for latent defects or to protect himself than is the buyer of a mass-produced automobile." Id. The Court went on to quote approvingly the rationale for adopting an implied warranty of habitability stated in Schipper v. Levitt & Sons, Inc., 44 N.J. 70, 207 A.2d 314 (1965).
"When a vendee buys a development house from an advertised model, as in a Levitt or in a comparable project, he clearly relies on the skill of the developer and on its implied representation that the house will be erected in reasonably workmanlike manner and will be reasonably fit for habitation. He has no architect or other professional adviser of his own, he has no real competency to inspect on his own, his actual examination is, in the nature of things, largely superficial, and his opportunity for obtaining meaningful protective changes in the conveyancing documents prepared by the builder vendor is negligible. If there is improper construction such as defective heating system or a defective *425 ceiling, stairway and the like, the well-being of the vendee and others is endangered and serious injury is foreseeable. The public interest dictates that if such injury does result from defective construction, its cost should be borne by the responsible developer who created the danger and who is in the better economic position to bear the loss rather than by the injured party who justifiably relied on the developer's skill and implied representation." [Weeks, supra at 626-627, 180 N.W.2d 503, quoting Schipper, supra at 91, 207 A.2d 314.]
The Court in Weeks then concluded by adopting the implied warranty of fitness, but stated that its decision was "necessarily limited to the facts of this case. . . ." Weeks, supra at 627-628, 180 N.W.2d 503.
As can be seen, the underlying rationale in Weeks for adopting an implied warranty of habitability was to protect new home purchases from the harshness of the caveat emptor rule still applicable to real estate transactions. The Court further recognized that most new home buyers would not be in a position to effectively bargain for concessions from the builder-vendor of the home and that the builder-vendor would likely be in a better position to identify and correct latent defects in the new home. While the Court did not specifically state that the implied warranty of habitability applied only to new homes sold as part of a real estate transaction involving the builder-vendor, the underlying rationale and policy cited by the Court, as well as the references to developers and builder-vendors, indicates an intention that the doctrine apply only to builder-vendors.[4] In addition, where, as here, the purchaser of a new home engages the services of a general contractor to construct a new home on land already owned, the purchaser is in a better position to safeguard his or her interests. In such cases, the purchaser is able to research and select his or her own general contractor and may procure the services of an architect to oversee the planning and construction. Furthermore, the purchaser can negotiate the terms of the building contract to include express warranties that will protect the purchaser against losses incurred as a result of poor workmanship or the use of substandard materials. Finally, in addition to any contractual remedies, the purchaser is also protected by ordinary negligence principles applicable to the work of contractors.[5] For these reasons, we hold that the implied warranty of habitability that accompanies the sale of new homes applies only to the sale of new homes by a builder-vendor as part of a real estate *426 transaction.[6] Hence, the trial court erred when it granted a directed verdict on plaintiffs' claim regarding the implied warranty of habitability. Consequently, we reverse the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of plaintiffs on that claim.
Having determined that the trial court's grant of a directed verdict should be reversed, we need not address defendant's remaining arguments on appeal. However, we agree with plaintiffs' contention that it would be inequitable to grant defendant the relief it requested with this unpreserved argument without also reinstating the claims plaintiffs withdrew in reliance on the trial court's directed verdict. Therefore, pursuant to our authority to grant further or different relief as the case may require, MCR 7.216(A)(7), we reinstate plaintiffs' withdrawn claims.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1] The Smiths were home when Runyan began to work, but elected to spend the night elsewhere while Runyan completed the work.
[2] Plaintiff Allstate Insurance Company sought compensation for the claims it paid to the Smiths, and the Smiths sought compensation for uninsured losses.
[3] Hereinafter, "defendant" will be used to refer to defendant Foerster-Bolser.
[4] This is consistent with the application of the implied warranty of habitability in other jurisdictions. See Albrecht v. Clifford, 436 Mass. 706, 710-711, 767 N.E.2d 42 (2002) (adopting the implied warranty of habitability for the sale of new homes by builder-vendors); Mobley v. Copeland, 828 S.W.2d 717, 728 (Mo. App., 1992) (noting that Missouri law recognizes an implied warranty of habitability in favor of the first purchaser of a new home from a builder-vendor); Mazurek v. Nielsen, 42 Colo. App. 386, 387-388, 599 P.2d 269 (1979) (holding that the implied warranty of habitability only runs against builder-sellers, but a seller need not be involved in the physical act of construction to be considered a builder-seller); Klos v. Gockel, 87 Wash.2d 567, 570, 554 P.2d 1349 (1976) (noting that the implied warranty of habitability applies only to vendor-builders who are regularly engaged in building); but see McClure v. Sennstrom, 267 Ill.App.3d 277, 280-281, 205 Ill. Dec. 20, 642 N.E.2d 885 (1994) (noting that a builder-vendor is anyone engaged in the commercial business of building houses).
[5] See, e.g., Feaster v. Hous., 137 Mich.App. 783, 789, 359 N.W.2d 219 (1984), Bluemlein v. Szepanski, 101 Mich.App. 184, 190, 300 N.W.2d 493 (1980), and Kapalczynski v. Globe Constr. Co., 19 Mich.App. 396, 172 N.W.2d 852 (1969). See also 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 385, p. 293.
[6] Because it is not necessary to the resolution of this case, we leave it to later courts to define the full extent of the term "builder-vendor."