DENACO
v.
BLANCHE.
PITCHER
v.
BLANCHE.
MAYO
v.
BLANCHE.
Supreme Judicial Court of Maine.
July 14, 1952.Fogg & Fogg, Goodspeed & Goodspeed, Augusta, for plaintiffs.
Robinson, Richardson & Leddy, Portland, McLean, Southard & Hunt, Augusta, for defendant.
Before MURCHIE, C. J., and THAXTER, FELLOWS, MERRILL, NULTY and WILLIAMSON, JJ.
MURCHIE, Chief Justice.
The actions here under review, on defendant's exceptions, were brought to recover damages sustained by the plaintiffs, as the declarations allege, as a result of the negligence of the defendant, when a motor-driven bush-cutting machine he was driving, from the place where he had been engaged in operating it, to a garage for repairs, went out of control. He was an employee of the State Highway Commission, referred to hereafter as the "Commission". The plaintiffs, employees of W. H. Hinman, Inc., an assenting employer under The Workmen's Compensation Act, R.S.1944, Chap. 26, referred to hereafter as the "Act", being injured thereby while doing road construction work under a contract between the Commission and their employer, received the compensation and medical benefits to which they were entitled thereunder from that employer, a self-insurer under the Act.
The employer brought the actions in the names of the plaintiffs, as authorized by Section 25 of the Act. The Justice in the Trial Court, acting without the intervention of a jury, and with the right of exceptions on questions of law reserved, awarded recoveries substantially in excess of the compensation and benefits applicable to each plaintiff. Under the Act each is entitled to such part of the award made to him as represents the excess over the employer's payments, expenses and costs of action or collection. Defendant's claim that the plaintiffs are nominal parties and that their employer is the real plaintiff, to use the designations applied in Fournier v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 128 Me. 393, 148 A. 147, 68 A.L.R. 481, has no bearing on the single issue presented by the Bills of Exceptions.
*708 That issue, raised in brief statements accompanying the pleas of the general issue filed in the cases, which we consider alleged sufficiently in the Bills of Exceptions, despite plaintiffs' challenge thereof, noted hereafter, is grounded on defendant's status as an employee of the Commission and the undertaking of the employer of the plaintiffs in its contract with said Commission to assume certain risks; to defend certain actions; and to indemnify the State and the Commission, their officers and agents, and save it, and them, harmless, from any and all claims in a field wherein, the defendant asserts, the present actions fall. If the employer's contract requires it to save the State and the Commission harmless against any claims where recoveries are based upon the negligence of any employee of the Commission, regardless of the nature of the work on which he was employed when it occurred, it would be true, as the brief statement alleges, that the recoveries of the plaintiffs would be collectible from their employer by the Commission, assuming it to be holden to pay them in the first instance, and the result would be, as the defendant alleges, "a circuity of actions and a multiplicity of suits."
A consideration that could not be overlooked, if we thought that the defendant had any reasonable basis for the claim he asserts, is the Act under which the plaintiffs' employer is proceeding. Its purpose and its operation have been declared on so many occasions heretofore that there can be no necessity for saying more at this time than that it assures the employees of assenting employers moderate recoveries from their employers by the waiver of their rights of action at common law against those employers and that such waiver does not involve any benefit to third persons responsible for injuries to them. The waiver is declared in Section 7 of the Act (where employees take no action to preserve the right in question), and full recognition of their right to supplement the compensation and benefits they receive by full recovery from negligent third persons is carried in Section 25. We have no occasion at this time to consider how the right of an employer to satisfy the claims of his employees under the Act would be affected by a contract in which he undertook definitely to relieve third persons negligently injuring his employees from common law liability therefor. The present contract, as we read it, does not purport to reach so far.
Reference to it makes it apparent that there is no suggestion of basis for the claim asserted by the defendant. The pertinent part thereof reads:
"The Contractor shall assume the defense of, and indemnify and save harmless the State and the Commission and their officers and agents from all claims, suits or action of any character, name and description on account of injuries to any person, persons, property, firm or corporation, received or sustained by or from the Contractor and his employees in doing the work, or in consequence of any improper materials, implements or labor, used therein; and for any act, omission or neglect of the Contractor and his employees therein."
The quoted language is the first of two paragraphs appearing under the caption "Responsibility for Damage Claims" in a printed book of 263 pages carrying the "Standard Specifications" of the Commission, which became part and parcel of every contract for highway work at or near the time that of the employer was executed. The defendant relies on the first part of it. Counsel for the plaintiffs argues, quite properly, that everything which appears under the caption should be considered in determining the intention evidenced by any particular part, and it is undoubted that what follows the quoted paragraph demonstrates clearly that the intention of the whole was to cover fully whatever might happen in the course of the work to which the contract related, and nothing beyond that point. It is not necessary, however, to go outside the very language on which the defendant relies. The injuries for which the employer undertook to be responsible were those: *709 "received or sustained by or from the Contractor and his employees in doing the work" (emphasis supplied).
Counsel for the defendant places his reliance on the word "by", asserting that the use thereof makes the employer's agreement all-inclusive so far as any injury to its employees is concerned, and is entirely clear and free from ambiguity. He reads the word "in" in the phrase "in doing the work" as if it was intended to mean "while" and "in".
Such a construction is obviously a very forced one and would have to be considered so if all that appears after the phrase "in doing the work" could be disregarded. The language following it, however, and the long paragraph which completes the agreement concerning responsibility, makes it undoubted that the intended coverage was limited to the contract work. The employer, as an assenting employer under the Act, was liable, to any employee, for compensation and benefits applicable to injuries suffered by him, arising out of and in the course of his employment, and, as a principal or master, to any person other than an employee who was injured through the negligence of one, within the course of his work. The purpose of the quoted language was to protect the State and the Commission from claims of these two classes, and no others. The possibility that some employee of the Commission, engaged to do work of some other kind in some other location, would injure one of the contractor's employees while driving a motor vehicle in the vicinity where they were working was not within the contemplation of the parties to the contract.
It is unnecessary in this case to consider what language of a contract, if any, will indicate the intention of an indemnitor to protect an indemnitee against liability for negligence wherever it may occur, or the public policy which would be involved if such a contract purported to be so all-inclusive. That public policy does not preclude contracts carrying an agreement of indemnity against negligence in a limited field is apparent by reference to E. L. Cleveland Co. v. Bangor & Aroostook Railroad Co., 133 Me. 62, 173 A. 813, and cases cited therein, and the long annotation following the report of Griffiths v. Broderick, 27 Wash.2d 901, 182 P.2d 18, 175 A.L.R. 1, in the last cited report thereof. That annotation considers two types of indemnity contracts, those where:
"one party agrees not to hold the other liable for damages which the former may suffer due to the negligent act of the latter, or one party agrees to indemnify a second for any liability incurred to a third party by reason of the negligence of the second."
The Cleveland and Griffiths cases, supra, are typical examples of agreements of the first class, the intention that they should protect the indemnitees against claims of a certain kind originating in negligence being made apparent by the references to fires "communicated directly or indirectly" from locomotives, in the one case, and to injuries "arising from any cause", on particular premises, in the other. The present contract falls in the second class. We are aware of no case (which indicates that the defense has not cited us to one) where any one has ever attempted to contract himself out of liability for negligence wherever and whenever it might occur. Had the defendant been operating the bush-cutting machine in connection with the work the plaintiffs' employer had contracted to do, the defendant's claim might be supportable. He was not. That machine was not in use "in doing the work" to which the contract related, or with which it was in any way connected. The contract imposes no burden on the employer outside that field.
The plaintiffs claim that the exceptions presented by the defendant do not raise any issue "in clear and specific phrasing" or identify "clearly" the ruling of law intended to be challenged within the principle declared in Dodge v. Bardsley, 132 Me. 230, 169 A. 306, and cases cited therein, must be rejected. The claim is based on the fact that the defendant did not ask a definite ruling in the Trial Court on the validity of his asserted equitable defense to lay the groundwork for an exception pointing directly to it. The *710 cases were submitted to the Justice for decision of "all issues of fact, law, and equity involved, relating to both the legal and equitable defenses pleaded". The Bills of Exceptions present no challenge of the factual findings necessarily included in the damage awards. They set out carefully the employment status of the parties, quote what the defendant asserts is the controlling language of the contract, and make it apparent that sole reliance is placed on the equitable defense asserted in the brief statements. Careful reading of the Bills makes it obvious, as counsel for the defendant states in his brief, that they are "directed solely toward the equitable defense". Counsel concedes that the factual decisions on negligence and damages are final. The ruling on the equitable defense was correct.
Exceptions overruled.