United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
____________________
No. 98-2291
ZENAIDA GARCÍA-AYALA,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
LEDERLE PARENTERALS, INC., ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
____________________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
[Hon. Juan M. Perez-Gimenez, U.S. District Judge]
____________________
Before
Lynch, Circuit Judge,
Campbell, Senior Circuit Judge,
and O'Toole, District Judge.*
____________________
Carlos M. Vergne Vargas, with whom Limeres, Vergne & Duran was on
brief, for appellant.
Graciela J. Belaval, with whom Martinez, Odell & Calabria was on
brief, for appellees.
Barbara L. Sloan, with whom C. Gregory Stewart, General Counsel,
Philip B. Sklover, Associate General Counsel, Vincent J. Blackwood,
Assistant General Counsel, and Jodi B. Danis, Attorney, were on brief,
for amicus curiae Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
* Of the District of Massachusetts, sitting by designation.
____________________
May 18, 2000
____________________
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LYNCH, Circuit Judge. Zenaida García-Ayala appeals an order
granting summary judgment for her former employer, Lederle Parenterals,
Inc., in a suit that alleges wrongful termination and demands
injunctive relief and compensatory and punitive damages under the
Americans with Disabilities Act. See García-Ayala v. Lederle
Parentals, Inc., 20 F. Supp. 2d 312, 313 (D.P.R. 1998). The district
court held that García was not a "qualified individual" under the Act
because the accommodation she requested from her employer was not
"reasonable." See id. at 315. We reverse and direct entry of judgment
for the plaintiff.
I.
The parties stipulated to the following facts. García worked
for Lederle Parenterals, Inc. as a secretary from October 1983 to June
13, 1996, when her employment was terminated. Most recently, she was
the only clerical employee in the company's Validation Department.
Lederle's disability benefits program provides that an
employee may receive up to fourteen continuous weeks of salary
continuation and then short-term disability benefits (STD) at sixty
percent of full salary. Under the plan, an employee could be absent
from work for a twenty-six week period, work another two weeks, and
then be out for an additional twenty-six weeks for the same disability.
During her employment at Lederle, García used the salary continuation
and short-term disability benefits on fourteen separate occasions, in
addition to her sick leave. Lederle had a policy of reserving a job
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for one year when employees had been out on STD. It applied that
policy and terminated García's employment after her one-year
reservation period ended.
Since 1986, García has been stricken with breast cancer and
has undergone several rounds of surgery and chemotherapy. From March
15, 1987 to September 16, 1987, she was absent from work for 184 days
as a result of a modified radical mastectomy. During this period, she
received salary continuation benefits for fourteen weeks, and then
short-term disability for the remainder. From September 1987 until
1993 she was back at work. Six years later, in August 1993, a biopsy
revealed adenocarcinoma of the breast, infiltrating duct type,
persistent, and, as a result, García was absent for 115 days. She then
returned to work.
In December 1994, García was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma
of the breast, metastatic. On March 17, 1995, she underwent surgery to
remove a nodule in her neck. Before that surgery, García used up her
sick leave and was absent from work for a total of eighty-eight and a
half hours. Following surgery, she received short-term disability
benefits for thirty-four consecutive days. In May, she took an
additional forty-six hours of leave. From June 9 through 25, 1995, she
received salary continuation benefits in relation to the medical
condition.
-4-
Sometime after her surgery, García saw a television report
on a bone marrow transplant procedure that offered a treatment for her
cancer. She was interviewed by doctors in June 1995 and García
informed Lederle in July that she needed to undergo this procedure,
which was only available at a Chicago hospital. From August 7 through
20, 1995, she was absent due to chemotherapy (for which she took
nineteen hours sick leave and short-term disability). From September
13 through 27, 1995, she was again absent due to treatment (eight hours
sick leave/fifteen days of short-term disability). In October 1995,
García took eleven and one-half hours of sick leave.
García was hospitalized for the bone marrow treatment on
November 14, 1995. She received STD payments until March 19, 1996. As
of that date, she started receiving long-term disability (LTD).
Lederle did not consider her to be an employee once she was on LTD. On
April 9, 1996, doctors certified to Lederle that García would be able
to return to work on July 30, 1996.
On June 10, 1996, Lederle's Human Resources Director, Aida
Margarita Rodríguez, called García at home and asked her to come to
work to meet with her. García complied and Rodríguez notified her that
the company deemed her disability to have begun in March 1995, that her
one-year period for job reservation had elapsed in March 1996, and that
her employment was terminated. García asked that her job be reserved
until July 30th, when her doctors expected her to return to work, but
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to no avail. On June 13th, Lederle sent García a letter confirming her
conversation with Rodríguez and denying her request for additional
leave.
As it turned out, although García had requested an
accommodation until July 30th, it was on August 22, 1996 that García's
doctors released her for work, though they did not notify Lederle of
this and García did not re-apply for employment.
García's essential job functions did not go unfilled. At
least three different temporary employees provided by agencies
performed García's tasks at Lederle during her medical leave and after
her dismissal. Indeed, from June 13, 1996, to January 31, 1997, a
period of over seven months from García's dismissal, the company chose
to use temporary employees. The company says her position was never
filled by a permanent employee. There was no evidence that the
temporary employees cost Lederle any more than García would have or
that their performance was in any way unsatisfactory.
II.
On May 16, 1997, García brought suit against Lederle, its
parent companies, American Home Products Corp. and American Cynamid
Co., and others for alleged violations of the ADA and Puerto Rico Act
No. 44 of July 2, 1985, P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 1, §§ 501 et seq., as a
result of the termination of her employment following surgery for
breast cancer. She seeks back pay, reinstatement (or "front pay"),
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injunctive relief from future discrimination, compensatory and punitive
damages, and attorney's fees. On March 30, 1998, the parties submitted
a stipulation of material facts together with a Motion Submitting
Stipulation of Uncontested Material Facts and Legal Controversies. On
September 28, 1998, the court granted Lederle's cross-motion for
summary judgment, denied García's motion for summary judgment, declined
to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction over García's claim under Act
44, and dismissed the case. See García-Ayala, 20 F. Supp. 2d at 313.1
García appeals.
III.
There is some disagreement as to what happened at the trial
court and, resultantly, as to the standard of review to be applied by
this court on an appeal from summary judgment entered after cross-
motions. Citing Reich v. John Alden Life Insurance Co., 126 F.3d 1, 6
(1st Cir. 1997), and United Paperworkers International Union, Local 14
v. International Paper Co., 64 F.3d 28, 31 (1st Cir. 1995), both
Lederle and García have argued that clear-error review should apply to
the factual inferences made by the district court since the decision
below was based on stipulated facts and made on cross-motions for
1 The correct name of the lead defendant in this case is
"Lederle Parenterals, Inc." and not "Lederle Parentals, Inc.," as the
district court opinion is captioned.
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summary judgment.2 But see Wightman v. Springfield Terminal Ry. Co., 100
F.3d 228, 230 (1st Cir. 1996) ("Cross motions for summary judgment
neither alter the basic Rule 56 standard, nor warrant the grant of
summary judgment per se.").
The EEOC, appearing as amicus curiae urges de novo review,
the customary standard for appellate review of summary judgment. The
district court opinion in this jury-claimed case does not discuss
whether there was a waiver of jury trial rights or a stipulation under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39(a)(1),3 or whether it was resolving
the matter on a jury-waived and a "case stated" basis or on
conventional summary judgment; the order entered was for summary
judgment (although the opinion once used the phrase "The Court finds").
Out of the confusion, we think it wise to reiterate a few basics.
For the purposes of standard of appellate review in these
circumstances, there is usually a distinction between non-jury and jury
cases. This circuit, in United Paperworkers, held that:
2 The parties made a joint "Motion Submitting Stipulation of
Uncontested Material Facts and Legal Controversies," and claimed
"[t]here being no genuine controversy as to the material facts in this
matter, the parties stipulate the same, and submit the material facts
to the Court for adjudication on the merits of the legal controversies
in this matter."
3 At oral argument on appeal, counsel for García disavowed any
intent not to have a jury trial. But that may have been a statement as
to trial on damages, once the district court ruled on liability, and
thus consistent with the position in counsel's brief on the standard of
review.
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[i]n a nonjury case, when the basic dispute between the
parties concerns only the factual inferences that one might
draw from the more basic facts to which the parties have
agreed, and where neither party has sought to introduce
additional factual evidence or asked to present witnesses,
the parties are, in effect, submitting their dispute to the
court as a case stated.
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). We have
reached the same result in other non-jury cases. See Reich, 126 F.3d
at 6; EEOC v. Steamship Clerks Union 1066, 48 F.3d 594, 603 (1st Cir.
1995); Continental Grain Co. v. Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping Auth.,
972 F.2d 426, 429-30 & n.7 (1st Cir. 1992); Boston Five Cents Savings
Bank v. Secretary of the Dep't of Housing & Urban Dev., 768 F.2d 5, 11-
12 (1st Cir. 1985); Federación de Empleados del Tribunal Gen. de
Justicia v. Torres, 747 F.2d 35, 36 (1st Cir. 1984); cf. Posadas de
Puerto Rico, Inc. v. Radin, 856 F.2d 399, 400-01 (1st Cir. 1988) (same
where only one side moved for summary judgment). In such cases, "[t]he
standard for appellate review . . . shifts from de novo review to
clear-error review; that is, the district court's factual inferences
should be set aside only if they are clearly erroneous." United
Paperworkers, 64 F.3d at 31.
This rule evolved from -- and makes sense in -- bench trial
cases. See 10A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, & Mary Kay Kane,
Federal Practice and Procedure § 2720, at 338-39 (1998) (referring to
this practice in non-jury cases). Instead of expending time and money
on a trial, the parties may decide that the pre-trial record
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establishes all the necessary grounds upon which a judge may enter a
final ruling on one or all of the issues in dispute. See, e.g., Allen
v. United Mine Workers 1979 Benefit Plan & Trust, 726 F.2d 352, 353
(7th Cir. 1984). They are, in essence, skipping trial and proceeding
directly to judgment, submitting the case to the judge as stated.4
When determining whether this was the path taken by the
parties in non-jury cases, this circuit and others inquire into the
intentions of the parties and the district court judge, as evidenced by
the record on appeal.5 See United Paperworkers, 64 F.3d at 31-32 & n.2;
see also, e.g., Sherwood v. Washington Post, 871 F.2d 1144, 1147 n.4
(D.C. Cir. 1989); Wolfe v. United States, 798 F.2d 1241, 1243 n.2 (9th
Cir.), amended on other grounds, 806 F.2d 1410, 1411 (9th Cir. 1986);
Donovan v. Dialamerica Marketing, Inc., 757 F.2d 1376, 1381-82 (3d Cir.
1985); EEOC v. Maricopa County Community College Dist., 736 F.2d 510,
512-13 (9th Cir. 1984); Satellite Television & Associated Resources,
4 In these non-jury cases, problems arise for appellate courts
when the record is unclear that this is what the parties and the trial
judge meant to do. Consequently, when a claim is made on appeal that
the case below was decided as a "case stated," appellate courts
invariably look quite carefully at the proceedings in the trial court
to make sure that the parties had "willingly foregone their right to a
full trial." Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. v. Jostens, Inc., 155 F.3d 140,
143 (2d Cir. 1998).
5 Some circuits require "explicit waiver" of trial. Acuff-Rose
Music, Inc. v. Jostens, Inc., 155 F.3d 140, 142-43 (2d Cir. 1998); see
also Miller v. LeSea Broad., Inc., 87 F.3d 224, 230 (7th Cir. 1996);
May v. Evansville-Vanderburgh Sch. Corp., 787 F.2d 1105, 1115-16 (7th
Cir. 1986).
-10-
Inc. v. Continental Cablevision of Va., Inc., 714 F.2d 351, 354 (4th
Cir. 1983); Wilson v. Block, 708 F.2d 735, 745 n.7 (D.C. Cir. 1983);
Crow v. Gullet, 706 F.2d 856, 858 & n.3 (8th Cir. 1983); Lac Courte
Oreilles Band v. Voigt, 700 F.2d 341, 349 (7th Cir. 1983); Toney v.
Bergland, 645 F.2d 1063, 1066 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (per curiam); Nielsen v.
Western Elec. Co., 603 F.2d 741, 743 (8th Cir. 1979); Vetter v. Frosch,
599 F.2d 630, 632-33 (5th Cir. 1979); U.S. Manganese Corp. v. Merrill
Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 576 F.2d 153, 156 (8th Cir. 1978);
United States v. Fred A. Arnold, Inc., 573 F.2d 605, 606-07 (9th Cir.
1978) (per curiam); United States v. Articles of Device Consisting of
Three Devices . . . "Diapulse", 527 F.2d 1008, 1011 (6th Cir. 1976);
Starsky v. Williams, 512 F.2d 109, 112 (9th Cir. 1975); Tripp v. May,
189 F.2d 198, 199-200 (7th Cir. 1951). See generally Edward J. Brunet,
Martin H. Redish, & Michael A. Reiter, Summary Judgment: Federal Law
and Practice § 8.01, at 232-34 (1994); William W. Schwarzer, Alan
Hirsch, & David J. Barrans, The Analysis and Decision of Summary
Judgment Motions 40-41 (1991).
Jury trial cases are treated differently. This court, like
nearly all other courts, has refused to make the "case stated" inquiry
when one of the parties has requested trial by jury. See United
Paperworkers, 64 F.3d at 31 (specifying that the case stated inquiry is
limited to non-jury cases); see also Winter v. Minnesota Mutual Life
Ins. Co., 199 F.3d 399, 405-08 (7th Cir. 1999) (same); Colan v. Mesa
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Petroleum Co., 951 F.2d 1512, 1517-18 (9th Cir. 1991) (same); Satellite
Television, 714 F.2d at 354 (same); Tripp, 189 F.2d at 200 (same); cf.
Transworld Airlines, Inc. v. American Coupon Exch., Inc., 913 F.2d 676,
684-85 (9th Cir. 1990) (similar where only one side moved for summary
judgment); Nunez v. Superior Oil Co., 572 F.2d 1119, 1124 (5th Cir.
1978) (same).6 Thus, unsurprisingly, we have reviewed judgments based
on cross-motions for summary judgment in jury trial cases de novo.
See, e.g., Den norske Bank AS v. First Nat'l Bank, 75 F.3d 49, 53 (1st
Cir. 1996).
The distinction between bench and jury trials is appropriate
since the right to a jury trial is constitutionally protected and
casual waivers are not to be presumed. See U.S. Const. amend. VII;
Fed. R. Civ. P. 38(d); Winter, 199 F.3d at 407 n.11; Indiana Lumbermens
Mutual Ins. Co. v. Timberland Pallet & Lumber Co., 195 F.3d 368, 374
(8th Cir. 1999); Jennings v. McCormick, 154 F.3d 542, 545 (5th Cir.
1998); LaMarca v. Turner, 995 F.2d 1526, 1544 (11th Cir. 1993); Tray-
6 We note that cross-motions for summary judgment, in and of
themselves, do not constitute waiver of jury trial. See Winter, 199
F.3d at 407-08; Miller, 87 F.3d at 230; Market St. Assocs. Ltd.
Partnership v. Frey, 941 F.2d 588, 590 (7th Cir. 1991); John v.
Louisiana, 757 F.2d 698, 705 (5th Cir. 1985).
We have found only two cases that have applied the clearly
erroneous standard of review to jury trial cases decided on cross-
motions for summary judgment. See Southwest Forest Indus., Inc. v.
Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 422 F.2d 1013, 1017-18 (9th Cir. 1970);
Gillespie v. Norris, 231 F.2d 881, 883-84 (9th Cir. 1956). But cf.
Page v. Work, 290 F.2d 323, 334 (9th Cir. 1961) (per curiam) (upon
rehearing, reversing, in a jury trial case, earlier finding that the
case had been submitted on the record).
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Wrap, Inc. v. Six L's Packing Co., 984 F.2d 65, 67-68 (2d Cir. 1993);
Mondor v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for the Cent. Dist. of Cal., 910 F.2d 585, 587
(9th Cir. 1990).
But application of these principles to this case is not
straightforward, and we decide the issue of standard of review here
under two different doctrines: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39(a)(1)
and waiver. We determine that García agreed, pursuant to Rule
39(a)(1), that the issues of liability presented for the purposes of
the summary judgment cross-motions could be determined by the court, in
light of the stipulation filed that "the parties . . . submit the
material facts in this matter to the Court for adjudication on the
merits on the legal controversies in this matter." Further, plaintiff
has urged upon us a clear error standard of review. Although at oral
argument plaintiff's counsel said she did not intend to waive her jury
trial right, she did not brief this issue on appeal and so she is
bound. See Piazza v. Aponte Roque, 909 F.2d 35, 37 (1st Cir. 1990);
Fed. R. App. P. 28(a). In light of the wording of the stipulation,
together with the fact that García, on appeal, has said that review is
for clear error (and not de novo), we treat this, for present purposes,
as an appeal from a determination after a Rule 39(a)(1) consent.
Consequently, we proceed as if the parties submitted the case to the
district court judge as stated, and review of the determination of the
district court is for clear error.
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IV.
García claims that Lederle violated the ADA when the company
fired her after she requested additional leave supplemental to her sick
and disability leave. Section 102(a) of the ADA states: "No covered
entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual with a
disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to .
. . discharge of employees . . . ." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). Lederle's
primary defense at summary judgment was that García was not a qualified
individual because the accommodation she sought was not reasonable.7
Lederle offered no evidence or argument that the requested
accommodation was an undue hardship. In fact, Lederle's appellate
argument is inconsistent with its factual stipulation that García's
position was terminated because her one-year period of leave had
expired. That was the reason the company gave in its letter of
termination to García.8 The company's apparent position that the ADA
can never impose an obligation on a company to grant an accommodation
beyond the leave allowed under the company's own leave policy is flatly
7 Lederle's argument ignores our case law that "[a]lthough the
qualification analysis could be understood to subsume the concept of
reasonable accommodation, we think it analytically sounder to treat the
two topics separately." EEOC v. Amego, Inc., 110 F.3d 135, 141 (1st
Cir. 1997).
8 Citing Duckworth v. Pratt & Whitney, Inc., 152 F.3d 1 (1st
Cir. 1998), Lederle claims that no relief may be granted to García
because she did not seek reinstatement. As is evident from a reading
of that opinion, Duckworth does not stand for that proposition.
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wrong under our precedent. See, e.g., Ralph v. Lucent Techs., Inc.,
135 F.3d 166, 171-72 (1st Cir. 1998). The district court order ignored
the position stated in the record by the company and went instead to
the issue of the reasonableness of the accommodation.
To establish an ADA claim, a plaintiff must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence: first, "that she was disabled within the
meaning of the Act; second, . . . that with or without reasonable
accommodation she was a qualified individual able to perform the
essential functions of the job; and third, . . . that the employer
discharged her because of her disability." Criado v. IBM Corp., 145
F.3d 437, 441 (1st Cir. 1998); accord Feliciano v. Rhode Island, 160
F.3d 780, 784 (1st Cir. 1998); Soto-Ocasio v. Federal Express Corp.,
150 F.3d 14, 18 (1st Cir. 1998).9 The parties focus on the second of
these three elements. Both the EEOC and García argue that the district
court erroneously shifted the burden as to this factor.
In order to be a "qualified individual" under the Act, the
burden is on the employee10 to show: first, that she "possess[es] 'the
9 Lederle's argument that there was no intent to discriminate
based on disability misses the important point that the ADA does more
than prohibit disparate treatment. It also imposes an affirmative
obligation to provide reasonable accommodation to disabled employees.
See Soileau v. Guilford of Me., Inc., 105 F.3d 12, 14-15 (1st Cir.
1997).
10 In Feliciano, we said that "[t]he plaintiff, as the party who
must prove that he or she can perform the essential functions of the
position with or without reasonable accommodation, bears the burden of
showing the existence of a reasonable accommodation." Feliciano, 160
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requisite skill, experience, education and other job-related
requirements' for the position, and second, [that she is] able to
perform the essential functions of the position with or without
reasonable accommodation." Criado, 145 F.3d at 443 (quoting 29 C.F.R.
§ 1630.2(m)); see also 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8); Cleveland v. Policy Mgmt.
Sys. Corp., 119 S. Ct. 1597, 1603 (1999). There is no question here as
to the first of these two prerequisites. The court correctly stated
that "it is [the] plaintiff's burden to prove that, at the time she
sought to resume her job, she had the ability to perform the essential
functions of secretary to the Validation Department." García-Ayala, 20
F. Supp. 2d at 314. But the statute also places the burden on the
defendant to show that an accommodation would be an undue hardship.
See 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A) (stating that the term "discriminate"
includes "not making reasonable accommodations to the known physical or
mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a
disability who is an . . . employee, unless such covered entity can
demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on
the operation of the business of such covered identity").
The court also went on to say, "[o]f course, an essential
function of any job is the ability to appear for work." Id. (citations
omitted). The court then held that García's request for additional
F.3d at 786 (citing Barnett v. U.S. Air, Inc., 157 F.3d 744, 748-49
(9th Cir. 1998)).
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leave (until July 30, 1996) "was not reasonable under the
circumstances" because "defendants had no guarantee that the additional
leave requested was for a definite period of time and '[n]othing in the
text of the reasonable accommodation provision requires an employer to
wait an indefinite period for an accommodation to achieve its intended
effect.'" Id. at 315 (quoting Myers v. Hose, 50 F.3d 278, 283 (4th
Cir. 1995)). The court also found that, although "some situations
might mandate unpaid leave of absence as an appropriate accommodation,"
a five-month job reservation, "in excess of established policy[,]
place[s] the employer in an untenable business position." García-
Ayala, 20 F. Supp. 2d at 315. The district court, in our view,
committed two types of errors.
A. Individualized Assessment
It appears from the court's statements that it was applying
per se rules, and not giving the type of individual assessment of the
facts that the Act and the case law requires. The Supreme Court has
deemed "essential" individualized attention to disability claims. See
School Bd. v. Arline, 480 U.S. 273, 287 (1987). As we said in Criado,
"[w]hether [a] leave request is reasonable turns on the facts of the
case." Criado, 145 F.3d at 443; see also Kennedy v. Dresser Rand Co.,
193 F.3d 120, 122 (2d Cir. 1999). It is simply not the case, under
our precedent that an employee's request for an extended medical leave
will necessarily mean, as the district court suggested, that the
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employee is unable to perform the essential functions of her job.
First, the court did not focus on the employer's statement
that the reason that it terminated García was because her medical leave
period, under company policy, had expired. The court essentially found
that a requested accommodation of an extension of a leave on top of a
medical leave of fifteen months was per se unreasonable. But
reasonable accommodations may include "job restructuring, part-time or
modified work schedules, . . . and other similar accommodations for
individuals with disabilities." 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B). This court
and others have held that a medical leave of absence -- García's
proposed accommodation -- is a reasonable accommodation under the Act
in some circumstances. See Criado, 145 F.3d at 443-44; Nunes v. Wal-
Mart Stores, Inc., 164 F.3d 1243, 1247 (9th Cir. 1999); Cehrs, 155 F.3d
at 782 (citing Criado); Haschmann v. Time Warner Entertainment Co., 151
F.3d 591, 601 (7th Cir. 1998); Rascon v. U S West Communications, Inc.,
143 F.3d 1324, 1333-34 (10th Cir. 1998).
Our concern that the court applied per se rules -- rather
than an individualized assessment of the facts -- is heightened by
other statements. Here, the leave that García requested on June 10 was
for less than two months. The district court viewed the request as
being for five months, since Rodriguez had advised García, albeit in
June, that a one-year period for job reservation had lapsed in March.
Even if the request were for an additional five months of unpaid leave,
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we see no reason to adopt a rule on these facts that the additional
medical leave sought would be per se an unreasonable accommodation.
Well after her termination, as well as during her medical leave,
Lederle filled García's secretarial position with individuals hired
from temporary agencies. Lederle had no business need apparent from
this record to replace García with an in-house hire, and hence would
not have suffered had it waited for several more months until García's
return. In Ralph v. Lucent Technologies, Inc., 135 F.3d 166, 171-72
(1st Cir. 1998), the court held that a four-week additional
accommodation, beyond a fifty-two week leave period for mental
breakdown, was reasonable for purpose of a preliminary injunction. The
district court's statement that the employer was left in an "untenable
business position" also reinforces the sense of the use of per se rules
and the lack of focus on the facts of this case, given that the
employer put on no evidence of undue hardship.11
Similarly, the court viewed García's requested accommodation
-- additional leave time with a specific date for return -- as a
request that her job be held open indefinitely. Lederle had argued
that since García's doctor could not give absolute assurances that she
would be fit to return to work on July 30th, the request was per se for
an indefinite leave and so was unreasonable. García specified,
however, when she would return, and her doctor released her for return
11 Perhaps, alternatively, the statement was only hyperbole.
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several weeks thereafter. There is no evidence that either July 30th or
the August 22nd date of medical release, would have imposed any
specific hardship on Lederle. Some employees, by the nature of their
disability, are unable to provide an absolutely assured time for their
return to employment, but that does not necessarily make a request for
leave to a particular date indefinite. Each case must be scrutinized
on its own facts. An unvarying requirement for definiteness again
departs from the need for individual factual evaluation.12 See
Haschmann, 151 F.3d at 599-600; Criado, 145 F.3d at 443-44; Rascon, 143
F.3d at 1333-34; Kimbro v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 889 F.2d 869, 878-79
(9th Cir. 1989) (interpreting analogous state statute). Of course,
that a leave is not indefinite does not make it reasonable. Even short
leaves may inflict undue hardship in a given employment situation, and
there may be requested leaves so lengthy or open-ended as to be an
12 The approach urged by Lederle on the district court also
ignores "[t]he duty to provide reasonable accommodation is a continuing
one . . . and not exhausted by one effort." Ralph v. Lucent
Technologies, Inc., 135 F.3d 166, 171-72 (1st Cir. 1998). It is an
interactive process that "requires a great deal of communication
between the employee and employer." Criado, 145 F.3d at 444 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Hendricks-Robinson v.
Excel Corp., 154 F.3d 685, 693 (7th Cir. 1998) (describing the
interactive process); Jacques v. Clean-Up Group, Inc., 96 F.3d 506, 515
(1st Cir. 1996) ("There may well be situations in which the employer's
failure to engage in an informal interactive process would constitute
a failure to provide reasonable accommodation that amounts to a
violation of the ADA."). Here, Lederle failed to engage in the
informal, interactive process. It simply rejected the request for the
accommodation without further discussion and it did so without pointing
to any facts making the accommodation harmful to its business needs.
-20-
unreasonable accommodation in any situation.
B. Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship
The parties requested that the court determine the issue of
liability on the basis of the facts before it. While the burden of
showing reasonable accommodation is on the plaintiff,13 this is a case
in which the employer did not contest the reasonableness of the
accommodation except to embrace a per se rule that any leave beyond its
one-year reservation period was too long. The employer, Lederle, has
the burden of proof on the issue of undue hardship, and it did not put
on any evidence of undue hardship from García's proposed accommodation.
See Ward v. Massachusetts Health Research Institute, Inc., No. 99-1651,
2000 WL 361660 (1st Cir. Apr. 12, 2000) (reversing summary judgment in
an ADA case where the employer had produced no evidence of undue
hardship).
13 We are aware of, but see no reason to join, the debate in the
circuits on the relationship between the two concepts of undue hardship
and reasonable accommodation. Compare Borkowski v. Valley Cent. Sch.
Dist., 63 F.3d 131, 138-39 (2d Cir. 1995); Walton v. Mental Health
Assoc., 168 F.3d 661, 670 (3d Cir. 1999); and Stone v. City of Mount
Vernon, 118 F.3d 92, 98-99 (2d Cir. 1997); with Benson v. Northwest
Airlines, Inc., 62 F.3d 1108, 1112 (8th Cir. 1995); and White v. York
Int'l Corp., 45 F.3d 357, 361 (10th Cir. 1995); and with Barth v. Gelb,
2 F.3d 1180, 1186 (D.C. Cir. 1993); Willis v. Conopco, Inc., 108 F.3d
282, 285-86 (11th Cir. 1997); Barnett v. U.S. Air, Inc., 157 F.3d 744,
748-49 (9th Cir. 1998), amended by 196 F.3d 979, 989 (9th Cir. 1999),
and withdrawn pending en banc review, 201 F.3d 1256 (9th Cir. 2000);
Riel v. Electronic Data Sys. Corp., 99 F.3d 678, 682-83 (5th Cir.
1996); Monette v. Electronic Data Sys. Corp., 90 F.3d 1173, 1183, 1186
n.12 (6th Cir. 1996); and Vande Zande v. Wisconsin Dept. of Admin., 44
F.3d 538, 542-43 (7th Cir. 1995).
-21-
While on different facts, a request for an extended leave
could indeed be too long to be a reasonable accommodation and no
reasonable factfinder could conclude otherwise, that is not this case
for a number of reasons. It does not appear that García expected to be
paid for the additional weeks away from work beyond those allowed under
the employer's disability benefits program and while her job functions
were being performed by temporary help. There is no evidence that the
temporary employees were paid more than García or were less effective
at her job than she. Indeed, Lederle's continued use of temporary
employees and Lederle's failure to replace García indicates the
contrary. There was, therefore, no financial burden on the employer
from paying an employee who was not performing. It is true that an
employer usually needs to have the functions of a job filled, and the
fact that essential functions have gone unfilled for a lengthy period
could well warrant judgment for an employer. But here, the essential
functions of the job were filled, to all indications satisfactorily, by
temporary employees. The use of temporary employees is not, of course,
always a satisfactory or even a possible solution. But here, there is
no evidence that Lederle was under business pressure to fill the slot
with another permanent employee (indeed, it never did). In other
situations, temporary replacements may be unavailable or unsuited to
the position; here, the available evidence is all to the contrary. In
addition, as said, there is no evidence that the cost of the temporary
-22-
help was greater than the cost of a permanent employee; one might
suppose it was less. Thus, the requested accommodation of a few
additional months of unsalaried leave, with the job functions being
satisfactorily performed in the meantime, is reasonable.
The employer presented the court with no evidence of any
hardship, much less undue hardship. On this record, we see no basis
for the court to do other than enter judgment for García. Under the
EEOC guidelines, 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(p), factors to be considered as to
undue hardship include the cost of the accommodation, the effect on
expenses and resources, the impact of the accommodation on the
operation of the facility (including on other employees' ability to do
their jobs) and the impact on the facility's ability to conduct
business. On this record there is no discernible negative impact on
any of these factors; indeed, the record shows hardly any discernable
impact at all on the employer from the requested accommodation. As it
was the employer's burden to produce evidence of hardship, we hold that
it must bear the responsibility for the absence of such evidence here.
We stress that the Act does not require employers to retain
disabled employees who cannot perform the essential functions of their
jobs without reasonable accommodation. Applying this rule to the
prolonged disability leave situation is tricky, however. An absent
employee obviously cannot himself or herself perform; still, the
employer may in some instances, such as here, be able to get temporary
-23-
help or find some other alternative that will enable it to proceed
satisfactorily with its business uninterrupted while a disabled
employee is recovering. In situations like that, retaining the ailing
employee's slot while granting unsalaried leave may be a reasonable
accommodation required by the ADA. If, however, allowing the sick
employee to retain his or her job places the employer in a hardship
situation where it cannot secure in some reasonable alternative way the
services for which it hired the ailing employee, and yet is blocked
from effecting a rehire, the ADA does not require the retention of the
disabled person. Hence, where it is unrealistic to expect to obtain
someone to perform those essential functions temporarily until the sick
employee returns, the employer may be entitled to discharge the ill
employee and hire someone else. An exception to this might be if the
requested disability leave was so brief that no undue business harm
could reasonably be expected to occur from not filling the vacancy. We
add that our analysis, while applicable to these facts, may not be
applicable in other cases. Undue hardships are not limited to financial
impacts; the term includes accommodations that are unduly extensive,
substantially disruptive, or that would fundamentally alter the nature
or operation of the business. See 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App.
Other factors to be considered as to whether requests for
leaves of absence unreasonable include, for example: where the employee
gave no indication as to when she might be able to return to work, and,
-24-
instead, she simply demanded that her job be held open indefinitely,
see, e.g., Taylor v. Pepsi-Cola Co., 196 F.3d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir.
1999); Watkins v. J & S Oil Co., 164 F.3d 55, 62 (1st Cir. 1998)
(citing Myers); Corder v. Lucent Techs. Inc., 162 F.3d 924, 928 (7th
Cir. 1998); Duckett v. Dunlop Tire Corp., 120 F.3d 1222, 1226 (11th
Cir. 1997) (per curiam); Rogers v. International Marine Terminals,
Inc., 87 F.3d 755, 759-60 (5th Cir. 1996); where the employee's
absences from work were "erratic" and "unexplained," see, e.g.,
Waggoner v. Olin Corp., 169 F.3d 481, 484-85 (7th Cir. 1999); where,
upon the employee's return to work, she would be unqualified, see,
e.g., Tyndall v. National Educ. Ctrs., Inc., 31 F.3d 209, 213-14 (4th
Cir. 1994); and where the employee was hired to complete a specific
task, see, e.g., Stubbs v. Marc Ctr., 950 F. Supp. 889, 893-95 (C.D.
Ill. 1997). Cf. generally Micari v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 43 F.
Supp. 2d 275, 281-82 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) (collecting cases); Powers v.
Polygram Holding, Inc., 40 F. Supp. 2d 195, 199-201 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)
(same). In addition, this court has inquired into whether the company
had made earlier policy decisions that it was more profitable to permit
an employee additional leave than to hire and train a new employee.
See Criado, 145 F.3d at 444.
These are difficult, fact intensive, case-by-case analyses,
ill-served by per se rules or stereotypes. We emphasize that the
stipulated record here contains no evidence whatever of any form of
-25-
hardship to Lederle as a result of the requested accommodation. Were
this not so, we would feel obligated to return the case to a factfinder
for further evaluation. But given the employer's failure to meet, even
minimally, its burden of proof on the issue of hardship, we award
judgment to García as a matter of law.
V.
We reverse the entry of judgment in favor of Lederle, direct
entry of judgment on liability under the ADA for García, and remand the
case for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
So ordered. Costs to appellant.
-26-
- Dissent Follows -
-27-
O'TOOLE, District Judge, dissenting. After criticizing the
district court for deciding this case as a matter of law, the majority
then does exactly the same thing. Holding that, on the facts presented
to the district court, the plaintiff's request for leave from her job1
was a reasonable accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities
Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq., the court directs the entry of
a judgment as to liability in favor of the party with the burden of
proof. Besides invading the province of fact-finding without warrant,
the court's ruling expands the reach of the ADA beyond what its
language should properly be understood to authorize. I respectfully
dissent.
I.
The plaintiff's illness caused her to have several
substantial periods of absence from work over the course of her
employment with the defendant. She was able to be absent and yet
remain employed by taking advantage of a combination of employee
benefits, including sick leave and short-term disability leave.
It appears from the record that the last time she actually
worked was in November, 1995. Beginning in late November, in order to
undergo a bone marrow transplant, she began a period of short-term
disability leave which apparently expired in March, 1996. Still
1 The court describes the plaintiff's request as one for a
period of leave. I have some doubt as to whether that is the best way
to describe her request that her job reservation rights be extended
longer than the normal period. I am content, however, to accept the
court's characterization for the purposes of this discussion.
-28-
recuperating, she then began to receive long-term disability benefits
under her employer's plan. In June, the employer notified her that the
one-year period for reservation of her job -- that is, her right to
return to her job from disability status -- had also expired in March.2
She asked for a further extension of the reservation of her right to
return to work for a few weeks, but her request was denied and her
employment was formally terminated.
The court now holds that her request for an extension must
be considered a "reasonable accommodation" of her disability which the
employer was bound to afford her under the ADA unless the employer
could demonstrate that doing so would cause it undue hardship. Since
the employer proffered no evidence of undue hardship, the court
concludes that the plaintiff is entitled to judgment in her favor as to
liability.
II.
The plaintiff may be entitled to a remedy under the ADA if
she is a "qualified individual with a disability." She is a "qualified
individual with a disability" if she has the requisite skill and
experience for the position, which is undisputed here, and if she is
able to "perform the essential functions of the employment position"
2 It does not appear that the plaintiff challenged that
calculation either at the time or in her suit. The employer asserts
without contradiction that its one-year job reservation period was
equal to the period guaranteed under Puerto Rican law.
-29-
"with or without reasonable accommodation." See 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8);
see also Criado v. IBM Corp., 145 F.3d 437, 443 (1st Cir. 1998).
There is no dispute that when García's employment was
terminated, she was not able to perform her job without an
accommodation. She was not then performing it, and had not performed
it for some months. Nonetheless, the court concludes that the
plaintiff would have been "qualified" to perform her job with the
accommodation she requested: that she be excused from performing the
job until she had recovered sufficiently to be able to return to work
once again.
When a period of leave from a job may appropriately be
considered an accommodation that enables an employee to perform that
job presents a troublesome problem, partly because of the oxymoronic
anomaly it harbors, but also because of the daunting challenge of line-
drawing it presents. The prevailing view among the Courts of Appeals,
and the law of this Circuit, is that a period of leave can in some
circumstances be a reasonable accommodation required of an employer
under the ADA. See Criado, 145 F.3d at 443. Put another way, it is
wrong to say categorically that leave can never be a reasonable
accommodation.
The term "leave" is a capacious one, however, and the cases
do not hold that any leave will qualify as a reasonable accommodation.
See Walsh v. United Parcel Serv., 201 F.3d 718, 726-27 (6th Cir. 2000)
-30-
(finding leave requested by plaintiff "objectively unreasonable").
"Reasonable accommodation" is also a capacious term, purposefully broad
so as to permit appropriate case-by-case flexibility. Whether a
particular proposed leave is a reasonable accommodation must be
answered in the factual context of the case at hand. See, e.g.,
Criado, 145 F.3d at 443 ("Whether the leave request is reasonable turns
on the facts of the case."). Where many interrelated considerations
bear on an assessment of what is "reasonable," prudence cautions
against too ready a resort to summary dispositions as a matter of law.
See Ward v. Massachusetts Health Research Inst., No. 99-1651, 2000 WL
361660, at *6 (1st Cir. Apr. 12, 2000) (reversing summary judgment;
declining to hold accommodation unreasonable per se); Nunes v. Wal-Mart
Stores, 164 F.3d 1243, 1248 (9th Cir. 1999) (reversing summary judgment
because reasonableness of leave was jury question); Cehrs v. Northeast
Ohio Alzheimer's Research Ctr., 155 F.3d 775, 782-85 (6th Cir. 1998)
(following Criado and reversing summary judgment for employer); Criado,
145 F.3d at 444 (affirming denial of employer's motion for judgment as
a matter of law). In any context, however, to be a "reasonable
accommodation" a measure must be both an "accommodation" and
"reasonable."
In the first place, an "accommodation" must serve a
functional purpose; it is a means to a desired end. An accommodation
as contemplated by the ADA is a measure that enables the performance of
-31-
a job by a person who, without the measure, is disabled from performing
the job. See 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9). It effectively transforms a
disabled person into an enabled person for the purposes of the job.
The converse follows. If the measure does not enable the
otherwise disabled person to perform the essential functions of the
job, it loses its functional quality and consequently fails to operate
as an accommodation.
An accommodation must not only be functionally effective; it
must also be reasonable.3 Again, whether a proposed accommodation is
reasonable or not will ordinarily be judged on the peculiar facts of a
given case. In most cases, it will be a matter to be left to
assessment and evaluation by the trier of fact.
Nonetheless, judges may sometimes be called upon to decide
what circumstances might make a proposed measure a reasonable
accommodation, or not, as a matter of law. See Walsh, 201 F.3d at 726-
27 (affirming grant of summary judgment in favor of employer because
plaintiff's requested accommodation was "objectively unreasonable");
see also Evans v. Federal Express Corp., 133 F.3d 137, 139-40 (1st Cir.
1998) (affirming summary judgment, and holding that, under state law,
3 The EEOC as amicus argues that a reasonable accommodation is
one that is "feasible" and "effective." EEOC Br. at 14, 16. It seems
to me that view gives short shrift to the modifier. "Feasible and
effective" could be a shorthand way of expressing the functionality
necessary to make the measure an accommodation. The inclusion of the
modifier indicates that the measure must not only be "feasible and
effective," i.e. functional, but "reasonable" to boot.
-32-
accommodation not shown likely to be successful was not reasonable).
There is hazard in trying to speak too broadly or too categorically,
especially in this area where the varieties of potential
accommodations, and the reasons why any given accommodation might or
might not be reasonable, are myriad. Still, there will be cases in
which a court may appropriately take the question away from the trier
of fact and decide it as a matter of law.
III.
As the court's opinion points out, there is some ambiguity
in this record as to whether the parties presented the case to the
district court for judgment as a matter of law or for decision on the
court's fact-finding. They presented a stipulation of undisputed facts
and cross-moved for summary judgment. If nothing else appeared, one
would conclude that they were seeking only a ruling of law.
But the parties' stipulation indicated that they were
submitting the liability portion of the case "to the Court for
adjudication on the merits of the legal controversies in this matter."
"Adjudication on the merits" ordinarily suggests more than summary
judgment. Unlike a full consideration of a case after trial, summary
judgment does not always end in an adjudication, because even on cross-
motions based on stipulated facts, a court might conclude that neither
side is entitled to win as a matter of law and that the dispute must be
submitted to the fact-finder. The full job of the fact-finder, after
-33-
all, includes not only settling conflicts in the "basic" facts, but
also drawing appropriate inferences from those facts. By praying for
adjudication on the merits, the parties indicated that they expected
the district court to resolve the factual, as well as legal, issues
pertinent to the issue of liability.
Any lingering doubt as to what the parties intended is
dispelled by what they have told us. Both sides asserted in their
briefs to us that the applicable standard of appellate review is "clear
error," the standard used to review fact-finding by a district court.
Thus, both before the district court and before this court, the parties
presented the matter as having been submitted as a "case stated" for
full "adjudication" by the district court.
Moreover, the district court's opinion indicates,
consistently with the parties' characterization, that the judge thought
he was not merely policing the fact-finding function under Rule 56, but
instead was performing it. In posing the issue he was presented with,
he said,"[T]he Court must therefore determine whether plaintiff's
requested accommodation was reasonable under the circumstances . . . ."
García-Ayala v. Lederle Parenterals, Inc., 20 F. Supp. 2d 312, 315
(D.P.R. 1998). He then went on, "The Court finds that plaintiff's
request was not reasonable under the circumstances." Id. (emphasis
added).
Accordingly, I am in agreement with the court's conclusion
-34-
stated in Part III of its opinion that the parties submitted the matter
as a "case stated" and that review of the district court's fact-finding
is for clear error.4 Reich v. John Alden Life Ins. Co., 126 F.3d 1, 6
(1st Cir. 1997); EEOC v. Steamship Clerks Union, Local 1066, 48 F.3d
594, 603 (1st Cir. 1995). The "clear error" standard applies not only
to resolution of factual disputes, but also to the factual inferences
drawn by the district court on the basis of the stipulated facts. Id.
On the record presented and under an appropriate application
of the statute's terms, a fact-finder's inference-based conclusion
that the plaintiff's request for an extension of her right to return to
work was not a reasonable accommodation cannot be called clearly
erroneous. The clearly erroneous standard does not permit an appellate
court to substitute its own evaluative judgment of what was or was not
reasonable, unless the district court's conclusion was unquestionably,
not just arguably, wrong. If the same facts that were presented to the
judge below had been presented to a jury, and if the jury had returned
a verdict that the requested leave was not a reasonable accommodation,
I cannot imagine that this court would disturb that finding.
IV.
Rather than challenging the district court's fact-finding as
clearly erroneous, the majority identifies two legal errors it says the
4 Of course, any purely legal rulings are subject to de novo
review.
-35-
district court committed. First, the court says the district court
failed to give individualized consideration to the plaintiff's case,
but instead decided that the plaintiff's request for additional leave
was per se unreasonable. Second, the court says that the district
court improperly shifted the burden of proof as to "undue hardship" by
requiring the plaintiff to disprove it, rather than requiring the
employer to establish it.
The second purported error, I think, stems from an incorrect
reading of the district court opinion. The issue argued by the
parties, and the issue decided by the district court, was whether the
plaintiff was a qualified person with a disability. In particular,
resolution of that issue depended on whether the plaintiff's request
for further leave was a reasonable accommodation. The employer did not
argue undue hardship. Though the district court opinion does state
that granting the accommodation would place the employer "in an
untenable business position," García-Ayala, 20 F. Supp. 2d at 315, in
context that phrase was used not as an elaboration of the "undue
hardship" affirmative defense, but as part of the court's explication
of why, in the district court's judgment, the requested accommodation
was not reasonable. I do not think it is accurate to say that the
district court was giving the employer the benefit of the "undue
hardship" affirmative defense, or shifting to the plaintiff the burden
to disprove that affirmative defense.
-36-
The other error the majority finds is that the district court
applied a per se rule about the permissible length of a leave and,
therefore, failed to make an individualized assessment of the case. I
must say I do not quite understand this criticism. I do not find any
indication in the district court's opinion that it failed to give
attention to the particulars of the case. To the contrary, the
district court discussed in detail the facts of the case as presented
by the parties; it gave no less attention to the "individualized" facts
of the case than the parties did.
The majority cannot mean that the need for individualized
assessment of an ADA case necessarily precludes a disposition as a
matter of law, because this court has affirmed dispositions of ADA
cases as a matter of law. See, e.g., Tardie v. Rehabilitation Hosp.,
168 F.3d 538 (1st Cir. 1999); Feliciano v. Rhode Island, 160 F.3d 780
(1st Cir. 1998). And the majority certainly cannot mean that the need
for individualized assessment always requires submission of the matter
for decision by the trier of fact, because, after all, the court's
disposition now orders entry of judgment for the plaintiff as a matter
of law, without submission to the trier of fact.
The more pertinent question is, if the district court decided
the case by making a pure ruling of law as the majority apparently
asserts, rather than by applying the law to the facts and the
permissible inferences it drew from them, was its ruling incorrect?
-37-
Specifically, did the district court err in holding (if it did) that no
rational fact-finder could conclude that the extension of leave
requested by García was a reasonable accommodation under the ADA?5 I
would conclude that on the particular facts of this case, such a ruling
would not have been an error.
The leave extension requested by the plaintiff was not a
reasonable accommodation as a matter of law because it was not an
accommodation at all as that term ought to be understood. To be an
accommodation, the requested leave would have to do what an
accommodation under the ADA must do -- enable the employee to perform
the essential functions of her job. To put it in terms of the EEOC's
proposed definition of "reasonable accommodation," García's requested
leave would not have been "effective."
It seems to me that the following proposition can be
extrapolated from the cases: For a proposed period of leave to
constitute an effective accommodation, it must meet at least two
conditions. First, it must be instrumental to effect or advance a
change in the employee's disabled status with respect to the job, so
that the employee is enabled to do it. A period of leave would meet
5 The district court expressly recognized that a leave may
qualify as a reasonable accommodation in some circumstances. García-
Ayala, 20 F. Supp. 2d at 315. It is clear, therefore, that it did not
rule that a period of leave could never be a reasonable accommodation,
and thus the ruling is not in direct conflict with any of our
precedents.
-38-
this criterion if it permitted the employee to receive therapy or
treatment that would succeed in removing the obstacle to employment the
particular disability posed. In Criado, for example, the court noted
that the employee's physician believed that "the leave would ameliorate
her disability." 145 F.3d at 444. Similarly, an EEOC interpretive
guideline suggests that leave "for necessary treatment" could be a
reasonable accommodation, 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, app., and the Department
of Labor advises that leave might be a reasonable accommodation "when
the disability is of a nature that it is likely to respond to
treatment." 29 C.F.R. pt. 32, app. A(b). Simply the possibility of
improvement is not enough, however; the recovery must be reasonably
likely. See Evans, 133 F.3d at 140 (construing similar state statute).
Further, the prospect of recovery (or enablement) should be judged not
by hindsight, but by what reasonably appears at the time the leave is
requested. Id.
Second, the employee's return to work must be relatively
proximate in a temporal sense. The cases do not speak with one voice
on this subject, and some give little attention to it, except to imply
that the temporal element will figure in the jury's assessment of
reasonableness. Although there seems to be general agreement that a
leave period cannot be indefinite, the leave periods that have been
explicitly or implicitly approved vary in length. Some variation is
not inappropriate; that is consistent with the need to evaluate each
-39-
case on its particular facts.
In the end, however, the leave must not only be one that
serves a proper medical purpose; it must also be one that serves the
statutory purpose, which is to enable the employee to perform the
essential functions of her job. Cf. Evans, 133 F.3d at 140 (construing
similar state statute). It cannot be overlooked that the statute
speaks in the present tense, indicative mood. A "qualified individual
with a disability" entitled to the statute's protection is a person who
"can perform the essential functions of the employment position" with
reasonable accommodation. 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8) (emphasis added). " Can
perform," as in " now." I would not contend that the statute requires
literally instantaneous effectiveness of an accommodation. By
approving the idea that some leaves might qualify as reasonable
accommodations, courts, including this one, have properly rejected such
a cramped and unrealistic reading of the statute. However, fidelity to
both the language and purpose of the statute requires that the time
within which the proposed accommodation accomplishes its intended
purpose -- enabling the employee to perform the job -- must be such
that the accommodation is tolerably consistent with the statutory
words, "can perform."
I would conclude that the plaintiff did not carry her burden
of proffering evidence that the leave she requested was "effective" in
these two essential ways. She asked that the employer abide her
-40-
continued recuperation for an additional period, but she offered little
-- essentially an unelaborated prognostic estimate -- that would enable
an objective assessment either of the realistic prospect of recovery as
of the time of the request or of the likely duration of her absence.
Further, I do not think the requested leave could legitimately be said
to be an accommodation enabling her, more or less contemporaneously, to
perform the essential functions of the job. It may have given her an
opportunity to become able again a couple of months down the road, but
that is something that this statute, properly construed, does not
address.
Before she began her most recent disability leave in
November, 1995, García was performing her job without accommodation.
As of late August, 1996, she had apparently recovered and was able
again to perform her job without accommodation. Between November and
late August, she was not able to work. The requested leave would not
have changed that. It would not have made her able to work when she
was unable, and when she was able again, it was unnecessary. In point
of fact, it would have had no effect on her actual ability to work.
What it would have affected was the employer's ability to terminate her
employment because she could not work. Restricting an employer's
ability to terminate an employee who is unable to work can be a
-41-
legitimate object of legislative regulation,6 but that is not the
objective of the statute we are considering. It does not diminish the
importance or value of the ADA to conclude that it does not solve all
problems, and in particular that it does not solve the problem of
protecting job security for employees who need an extended absence from
the workplace for medical reasons.
Our obligation is to construe and apply the statute as it was
written, sensibly and consistently, so that, among other things, both
employers and employees will understand what it requires and what it
does not. Discharging that obligation will occasionally call for
rulings that deny relief to plaintiffs such as García who have endured
extraordinary personal hardship. We make such rulings when necessary
in every area of the law, and if called on we should not shy from the
obligation in this area as well, without regard to our views as to
whether the plaintiff was not treated particularly well by her long-
time employer or whether the ADA ought to contain a provision it does
not.
V.
Even if I were to agree with the majority that the district
court had not reached its conclusion as an adjudicator of fact and law,
but rather had improperly ruled that García's requested accommodation
6 Congress has addressed the problem in the Family and Medical
Leave Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601 et seq. Whether it has done so
sufficiently is not for our consideration, at least on this occasion.
-42-
was unreasonable as a matter of law, I would nevertheless disagree with
the court's disposition.
First, it should be plain from what I have already said that
I do not agree that the requested leave was so clearly a reasonable
accommodation that no rational fact-finder could conclude otherwise.
Whether the opinion says it in so many words or not, that is certainly
the substance of its disposition. If the district court erroneously
ruled as a matter of law, the proper disposition of this case would be
to vacate the judgment for the employer and send the case back for
trial by a fact-finder. (I would not hold either side to the waiver of
jury trial made previously.)
Second, the court's opinion gives inappropriate weight to the
employer's ability to replace García with a temporary employee during
her absence from the workplace. I have two problems with it. To begin
with, it is an inquiry more pertinent to the affirmative defense of
"undue hardship," which was not argued by the employer or considered by
the district court. As the court notes, ante, at 19 n.13, there is
considerable debate about the relationship between the concepts of
reasonable accommodation and undue hardship, and I eagerly agree with
the court that this case does not call for us to weigh in on that
subject. Since the "undue hardship" defense was not argued or resolved
below, I would leave it alone.
More fundamentally, the court's opinion morphs the meaning
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of the statute by suggesting that an accommodation that permits the
employer, without hardship, to hire someone else to perform the
essential functions of the job is equivalent to an accommodation that
permits the disabled employee to perform the essential functions of the
job. Again, such a provision might be an appropriate feature of a
statute mandating leave policies, but it is not a fitting part of a
statute that forbids job discrimination against disabled persons by
requiring employers to accept them as workers when -- preconceptions,
stereotypes, and "usual" business practices aside -- they are able to
do the job.
VI.
For these reasons, except as to the court's conclusion about
the nature of the proceedings below, I respectfully disagree with the
reasoning and dissent from the disposition set forth in the court's
opinion.
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