United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 01-1216
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
PAUL R. WHOOTEN,
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Patti B. Saris, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Torruella, Circuit Judge,
Stahl, Senior Circuit Judge,
and O'Toole, Jr.,* District Judge.
Miriam Conrad, Federal Defender Office, for appellant.
Paula J. DeGiacomo, Assistant U.S. Attorney, with whom James
B. Farmer, United States Attorney, were on brief, for appellee.
February 5, 2002
*
Of the District of Massachusetts, sitting by designation.
TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge. Defendant-appellant Paul R.
Whooten pled guilty to two counts of unarmed bank robbery and three
counts of interference with commerce by bank robbery. He was
sentenced to 140 months' imprisonment, based on an offense level
that the district court adjusted upward after finding that an
abduction had occurred during the commission of the crime.
Defendant appeals his sentence, claiming that it violates Apprendi
v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and that the abduction
enhancement was inapplicable to the facts of his case. Because we
find no error in the district court's sentence, we affirm.
I.
On August 1, 1999, Paul Whooten and James Travis robbed
a Bread & Circus store in Wayland, Massachusetts. After forcing
the store clerks to turn over more than $10,000 in cash, Whooten
placed the money into a paper bag. Then, putting a hand on the gun
located in his waistband,1 he said to one of the store clerks,
Marie Mee, "We're gonna go outside now and you're coming with me."
Whooten threatened to kill her if she did not cooperate.
Whooten and Travis exited the store, with Whooten walking
behind Mee. Whooten directed Travis to run and start the car.
Meanwhile, Whooten continued to walk behind Mee until they were
approximately 65 feet east of the store entrance. He then
instructed Mee to turn around and walk back to the store. Whooten
1
The gun was later determined to be a toy gun.
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ran to the car, which was parked about 153 feet east of the store
entrance, and drove off with Travis.
On August 2, 2000, appellant pled guilty to a five-count
information, charging two counts of unarmed bank robbery, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), and three counts of interference
with commerce by robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a).2
Under the rules for sentencing on multiple counts, as set forth in
U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4, the district court calculated the total offense
level by determining the count carrying the highest adjusted
offense level, then adding points for the other counts.
In this case, the Presentence Report ("PSR") determined
that Count Three, which charged "interference with commerce by
robbery" at the Wayland Bread & Circus store, had the highest
adjusted offense level of 28. The robbery carried a base offense
level of 20, which was increased by three levels for the display of
a dangerous weapon during the commission of the crime and by one
level because Whooten stole between $10,000 and $50,000. See
U.S.S.G. §§ 2B3.1(b)(2)(E), 2B3.1(b)(7). In addition, the PSR
increased the offense level by four steps, pursuant to § 2B3.1(b)
(4)(A), because Whooten abducted an individual to "facilitate
commission of the offense or to facilitate escape." To this
adjusted offense level of 28, the PSR added four levels for the
other counts, pursuant to § 3D1.4, and then subtracted three levels
for early acceptance of responsibility, resulting in a total
2
Four of the counts relate to separate robbery incidents, the
details of which are unnecessary to this appeal.
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offense level of 29. With Whooten's criminal history category of
V, this offense level produced a sentence range of 140 to 175
months' imprisonment.
Defendant objected to the four-level abduction
enhancement, claiming that it violated Apprendi v. New Jersey and
that it was not supported by the facts. The district court
overruled Whooten's objections and sentenced him to 140 months'
imprisonment. On appeal, defendant renews the objections that he
raised below.
II.
Whooten claims that Apprendi v. New Jersey bars the four-
level abduction enhancement because the facts supporting the
enhancement were neither alleged in the information nor proved
beyond a reasonable doubt. Apprendi, however, is inapplicable to
this case.
In Apprendi, the Supreme Court held that "[o]ther than
the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty
for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be
submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt." 530
U.S. at 490. Thus, Apprendi only applies when a defendant's
sentence exceeds the statutory maximum. See id.; United States v.
Caba, 241 F.3d 98, 101 (1st Cir. 2001). Apprendi does not prevent
a sentencing judge from making factual findings that increase a
defendant's sentence, as long as such an increase falls within the
statutory maximum. See Caba, 241 F.3d at 101.
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In this case, the statutory maximum for each count to
which defendant pled guilty was twenty years' imprisonment. See 18
U.S.C. §§ 1951(a) (authorizing a term of not more than twenty
years), 2113(a) (same). Therefore, defendant's sentence of 140
months does not exceed the statutory maximum, and Apprendi is
inapplicable. The district court acted within its discretion in
determining that an abduction occurred for purposes of enhancing
defendant's sentence.
III.
Defendant argues that even if the abduction enhancement
is permissible under Apprendi, the facts found by the district
court in this case are insufficient to trigger application of the
sentencing guidelines' abduction enhancement. Although we review
the district court's factual findings for clear error, we review de
novo a district court's interpretation of a sentencing guideline.
See United States v. LaFortune, 192 F.3d 157, 160 (1st Cir. 1999).
The sentencing guidelines provide for a four-level
increase in the offense level "[i]f any person was abducted to
facilitate commission of the offense or to facilitate escape."
U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(A). The background note to § 2B3.1
indicates that "[t]he guideline provides an enhancement for
robberies where a victim was forced to accompany the defendant to
another location. . . ." U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1, comment. (backg'd.).
Section 2B3.1 also references definitions of general application in
§ 1B1.1. See U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1, comment. (n.1). Section 1B1.1
states: "'Abducted' means that a victim was forced to accompany an
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offender to a different location. For example, a bank robber's
forcing a bank teller from the bank into a getaway car would
constitute an abduction." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1, comment. (n.1(a)).
Defendant argues that, as a matter of law, forcing Mee to
walk 65 feet from the store's entrance does not amount to forcing
the victim "to a different location," and is dissimilar from the
commentary's example of forcing a bank teller into a getaway car.
Because Whooten released Mee when he was still 90 feet from the
getaway car, he claims that her presence did not facilitate the
commission of the offense or the defendant's escape. As a result,
Whooten contends that his acts do not qualify as an abduction under
the guidelines. We disagree.
The facts, which defendant does not dispute, indicate
that Whooten forced Mee, at gunpoint and while threatening to kill
her, outside of the store and 65 feet into the parking lot. We
have no difficulty finding that this was a forced movement "to a
different location." See United States v. Hickman, 151 F.3d 446,
462 (5th Cir. 1998) (noting that "[t]he term 'a different location'
must be interpreted on a case by case basis, considering the
particular facts under scrutiny, not mechanically, based on the
presence or absence of doorways, lot lines, thresholds, and the
like"), reh'g granted and opinion vacated, 165 F.3d 1020 (1999),
aff'd by an equally divided court, 179 F.3d 230 (1999) (per
curiam); United States v. Taylor, 128 F.3d 1105 (7th Cir. 1997)
(affirming abduction enhancement where defendant forced bank
employee at gunpoint to go from parking lot into bank); United
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States v. Davis, 48 F.3d 277 (7th Cir. 1995) (same); United States
v. Hawkins, 87 F.3d 722 (5th Cir. 1996) (per curiam) (affirming
abduction enhancement where defendants forced victims to move about
40 to 60 feet in a parking area towards a van, because "a different
location" is a "flexible" term); United States v. Nale, 101 F.3d
1000 (4th Cir. 1996) (affirming enhancement on grounds that "even
a temporary abduction can constitute an abduction" under sentencing
guidelines); United States v. Elkins, 16 F.3d 952 (8th Cir. 1994)
(affirming abduction enhancement where defendant forced bank
patron, at knife-point, out of bank and into parking lot).
Moreover, such abduction, even if terminated before
defendant reached the getaway car, nonetheless facilitated his
escape within the meaning of § 2B3.1(b)(4)(A). By forcing Mee to
walk in front of him as he exited the store, Whooten shielded
himself from detection, as well as provided himself with a
potential hostage until Travis had sufficient time to start the
car. See Nale, 101 F.3d at 1003 (finding temporary abduction
facilitated offense because it delayed police notification and
allowed defendant to make a speedier escape).
This Court has observed that the abduction enhancement is
intended, at least in part, to protect victims against additional
harm that may result from the victim's isolation, and thus applies
whether the abduction is carried out by threat or by physical
force. See United States v. Cunningham, 201 F.3d 20, 28 (1st Cir.
2000). Regardless of whether Mee was forced at gunpoint to walk 65
feet towards the getaway car, or the entire 153 feet to reach the
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car, Mee faced "the same dangerous consequences" of isolation. Id.
at 28 (noting that isolation increases likelihood that victim will
be harmed). Because Whooten unquestionably placed Mee at risk of
harm, which the abduction enhancement is designed to deter, we are
even more convinced that application of the abduction enhancement
is appropriate in this case.
IV.
Because we find that the facts support application of the
abduction enhancement and that defendant's sentence does not
violate Apprendi, we affirm.
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United States v. Whooten
Combined Opinion