COMMONWEALTH
vs.
FRANCISCO BERMUDEZ.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Worcester.
February 2, 1976. June 10, 1976.Present: HENNESSEY, C.J., REARDON, QUIRICO, BRAUCHER, & WILKINS, JJ.
Richard S. Goldstein for the defendant.
James P. Donohue, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
WILKINS, J.
The defendant was convicted of murder in the second degree for the killing of his wife. He challenges the judge's refusal to charge the jury on manslaughter and the admission of certain inculpatory statements. He also asks us to exercise our authority under G.L.c. 278, § 33E, to order the reduction of his degree of guilt to manslaughter. There was no error of law, and we see no occasion to exercise our power under § 33E in favor of the defendant.
1. The defendant argues that voluntary manslaughter was a permissible verdict on the evidence and that the judge should have charged the jury to that effect.
The defendant, who did not testify during the trial, urges that the facts disclosed in his admissions to the police on the day of the shooting would have warranted the jury in finding sufficient provocation to support the lesser charge of voluntary manslaughter. The defendant told the police that he had been separated from his wife for approximately three weeks; he went to see her; while there he went upstairs to see their baby; when he came downstairs, he told his wife that the baby needed his diaper changed; and, using an obscenity, she told him, "I don't need you around here, I have got another man." He asked her again to go upstairs to see the baby. Once more using *440 an obscenity, she told him to get out. He pulled out a gun and shot her.
Apparently, the victim did not state who the other man was. His identity may have been revealed in the course of an argument heard by two witnesses. The evidence would have warranted an inference that one of these witnesses was the other man and that he had asked the defendant to go to the victim's home to prove to the defendant that he (the witness) was living with the defendant's wife.
Voluntary manslaughter was not a permissible verdict because the evidence would not warrant a finding that sufficient provocation existed. The hostile and obscene character of the victim's statements clearly was not sufficient provocation. The well established rule in this Commonwealth is that "[i]nsults or quarreling alone cannot provide a reasonable provocation." Commonwealth v. Zukoski, ante, 23, 28 (1976). Commonwealth v. Vanderpool, 367 Mass. 743, 746 (1975). Commonwealth v. Hartford, 346 Mass. 482, 491 (1963).[1] The defendant argues, however, that the wife's intimation that she had committed adultery informed the defendant of an occurrence which, in all the circumstances, constituted sufficient provocation to support a manslaughter verdict.
The existence of sufficient provocation is not foreclosed absolutely because a defendant learns of a fact from oral statements rather than from personal observation. Although recently we made the broad statement that "words alone do not constitute adequate provocation" (Commonwealth v. Vanderpool, supra at 746), this rule has generally been applied in cases where any provocation arose exclusively from the statements themselves rather than from the information conveyed in those statements. Commonwealth v. Vanderpool, supra (victim called defendant *441 a liar). Commonwealth v. Hartford, 346 Mass. 482, 490 (1963) (argument with victim).[2] Some other jurisdictions, which do not recognize offensive statements as constituting sufficient provocation to support a verdict of manslaughter, do recognize that information conveyed orally may be sufficient provocation. People v. Rice, 351 Ill. 604, 609 (1933). People v. Curwick, 33 Ill. App. 3d 757, 759 (1975). People v. Ahlberg, 13 Ill. App. 3d 1038, 1041-1042 (1973) (wife declared that she had found another man). People v. Poole, 159 Mich. 350, 353 (1909) (confession of adultery). Haley v. State, 123 Miss. 87 (1920) (same). State v. Grugin, 147 Mo. 39, 48-62 (1898) (admission to rape of defendant's daughter). Commonwealth v. Berry, 461 Pa. 233, 238 (1975). State v. Martin, 216 S.C. 129, 140 (1949). State v. Flory, 40 Wyo. 184, 204-205 (1929). See R. Perkins, Criminal Law 62-63 (2d ed. 1969); Model Penal Code § 210.3 (1) (b) (Proposed Official Draft 1962), and the discussion in § 201.3 (5) Comment at 46-47 (Tent. Draft No. 9, 1959);[3] Annot., 10 A.L.R. 470 (1921); Campbell v. State, 204 Ga. 399, 403 (1948). A reasonable man can be expected to control the feelings aroused by an insult or an argument, but certain incidents may be as provocative when disclosed by words as when witnessed personally. Therefore, we leave open the possibility that, in an appropriate case, testing the defendant's response on an objective standard, sufficient provocation *442 may be found in information conveyed to a defendant by words alone.
Nevertheless, this is not such a case. Past adultery lacks the peculiarly immediate and intense offense to a spouse's sensitivities which has led courts to recognize present adultery as adequate provocation, and many courts have refused to recognize discovery of past adultery as sufficient provocation. Palmore v. State, 283 Ala. 501, 508 (1969). Stewart v. State, 234 Ga. 3 (1975). Brown v. State, 228 Ga. 215, 218 (1971). People v. Pecora, 107 Ill. App. 2d 283, 296 (1969), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 1028 (1970). People v. Wax, 75 Ill. App. 2d 163, 182 (1966), cert. denied, 387 U.S. 930 (1967). State v. Ward, 286 N.C. 304, 313 (1974) (no marriage). Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368, 374 (1970). See Palmore v. State, 253 Ala. 183, 185 (1949); People v. Arnold, 17 Ill. App. 3d 1043, 1047 (1974); Warren v. State, 243 Ind. 508, 513-514 (1963). Cf. Maher v. People, 10 Mich. 212, 224-225 (1862); Denham v. State, 218 Miss. 423, 429-430 (1953); Holmes v. Director of Pub. Prosecutions, [1946] A.C. 588, 599-601; 4 W. Blackstone, Commentaries * 191-192.[4] In the present case, no reference was made to a specific act of adultery, and clearly any adultery occurred at a time remote from the shooting. Because sufficient provocation could not have been found on this record, no manslaughter instruction was necessary.
2. The defendant argues next that his motion to suppress certain statements made to the police should have been allowed. The judge made detailed findings concerning the circumstances in which the defendant made certain admissions to the police. These findings, which are amply supported by the evidence, indicate that the defendant was fully informed of his constitutional rights and of his right to use a telephone and that he made a knowing and intelligent waiver of those rights. It appears that the defendant *443 said, on more than one occasion, that he understood his rights. There was no error in the denial of the motion to suppress.
3. Finally, the defendant urges us to exercise our power and duty under G.L.c. 278, § 33E, to reduce the verdict to manslaughter. Although this case involves a tragic circumstance, an apparently isolated event in the life of one who had no previous criminal record and who served with distinction in the Korean war, after a review of the entire record we see no justification for reducing the degree of guilt to manslaughter or otherwise exercising our authority under § 33E.
Judgment affirmed.
NOTES
[1] This is the prevailing view elsewhere. See, e.g., People v. Thompson, 11 Ill. App. 3d 752, 757-758 (1973); Lang v. State, 6 Md. App. 128, 132, cert. denied, 254 Md. 719, cert. denied, 396 U.S. 971 (1969); State v. Fulford, 290 Minn. 236, 241 (1971); State v. Mosley, 415 S.W.2d 796, 799 (Mo. 1967). State v. Watson, 287 N.C. 147, 153-154 (1975); Commonwealth v. Myers, 419 Pa. 448, 451 n. 6 (1965). But see People v. Valentine, 28 Cal. 2d 121, 143-144 (1946).
[2] In Commonwealth v. Leate, 352 Mass. 452, 458 (1967), a statement conveying information that the victim had raped the defendant's girl friend was said to be insufficient provocation, particularly since there was no sudden transport of passion on the defendant's part.
[3] Under § 210.3 (1) (b) of the Model Penal Code manslaughter would include any "homicide which would otherwise be murder ... committed under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance for which there is reasonable explanation or excuse." (Proposed Official Draft 1962). One reason given for this broad formulation was that "the formulation sweeps away the rigid rules that have developed with respect to the sufficiency of particular types of provocation, such as the rule that words alone can never be enough. Given evidence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance, the question whether it is based on `reasonable explanation or excuse' may be confronted, as we think it should be, in the light of all the circumstances in the case." Comment at 46-47 (Tent. Draft No. 9, 1959).
[4] But see Campbell v. State, 204 Ga. 399 (1948); Scroggs v. State, 94 Ga. App. 28, 30 (1956); Haley v. State, 123 Miss. 87 (1920); State v. Martin, 216 S.C. 129, 140 (1949).