United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 08-2389
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EX REL. GORDON F.B. ONDIS,
Relator, Appellant,
v.
CITY OF WOONSOCKET ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND
[Hon. Ernest C. Torres, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Torruella, Selya and Howard, Circuit Judges.
Leon A. Blais, with whom Blais & Parent was on brief, for
appellant.
Michael B. Galvin, with whom Justin P. O'Brien and Dwyer &
Collora LLP were on brief, for appellees.
November 18, 2009
SELYA, Circuit Judge. Invoking the False Claims Act
(FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733, a local real estate developer
brought a qui tam action against the City of Woonsocket, Rhode
Island (the City), and Mayor Susan Menard. The developer claimed,
in substance, that the City had defrauded the federal government by
making false statements to the Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) when applying for federal grants.
Relying upon the FCA's public disclosure bar, the
district court dismissed the action. The developer now appeals,
raising questions of law not yet settled in this circuit regarding
the operation of the public disclosure bar. We resolve those
questions and, when all is said and done, affirm the dismissal of
the action.
I. BACKGROUND
The relator, Gordon F.B. Ondis, directly or indirectly
owns several multi-family residential complexes in Woonsocket. A
number of the dwelling units in these complexes are classified as
subsidized housing. Sometime in 2004, Mayor Menard visited one of
the relator's properties and, according to the relator, threatened
to do away with all section 8 housing.1 The relator took umbrage
and began to look into the City's housing policies. His avowed
1
"Section 8 housing" is a shorthand for housing subsidized by
the federal government under the Housing Choice Voucher Program
established pursuant to section 8 of the United States Housing Act
of 1937 as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 1437.
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objective was to ascertain whether the City was reaping a harvest
of HUD grants under false pretenses (specifically, by offering
assurances that the City would promote subsidized housing programs
when, in reality, it was trying to stifle those programs).
In the course of this probe, the relator directed his
employees to search public records, interview local developers and
others with knowledge of the City's housing policies, and obtain
documents submitted by the City to HUD.
The investigation revealed that, from 2000 to 2005, the
City received roughly $15,000,000 in HUD grants for public works
projects, social service programs, and affordable housing. The
investigators obtained the City's grant applications through a
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. See 5 U.S.C. § 552.
The applications trumpeted a five-year plan, which referred to
preserving section 8 rent subsidies as a means of meeting the
City's pressing need for affordable housing.
The relator also discovered (or so he alleges) that,
during the same period, the City actually had followed a policy
that tended to restrict the spread of subsidized housing. Almost
all the specific instances that he identifies to support this
thesis were previously disclosed in daily newspapers of general
circulation in Woonsocket, namely, the Woonsocket Call and the
Providence Journal. The only additional data point unarguably came
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from the public domain — the records of a state-court suit brought
by the City against two housing partnerships.
On February 16, 2005, the relator brought a qui tam
action against the City and Mayor Menard in the United States
District Court for the District of Massachusetts. After the
federal government declined to intervene, see 31 U.S.C.
§ 3730(b)(4), the court transferred the case to the District of
Rhode Island. United States ex rel. Ondis v. City of Woonsocket
(Ondis I), 480 F. Supp. 2d 434, 438 (D. Mass. 2007).
The transferee court, in response to the defendants'
motion to dismiss for want of subject matter jurisdiction, Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(1), conducted an evidentiary hearing. Based on the
proof presented, the court dismissed the action. United States ex
rel. Ondis v. City of Woonsocket (Ondis II), 582 F. Supp. 2d 212,
214 (D.R.I. 2008). This timely appeal ensued.
II. THE STATUTORY SCHEME
The FCA allows private persons, called relators, to bring
qui tam actions on behalf of the United States against persons or
entities who knowingly submit false claims to the federal
government. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1). The United States has a right
to intervene and assume primary responsibility for prosecuting the
action. Id. § 3730(c)(1). If the United States declines to
intervene, the relator may pursue the action on its behalf. Id.
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§ 3730(b)(4). Either way, the relator is eligible to collect a
portion of any damages awarded. Id. § 3730(d).
The FCA is hedged about with conditions. Among other
things, it erects a jurisdictional bar, familiarly known as the
public disclosure bar, which may block a putative qui tam action.
Id. § 3730(e)(4). That bar is designed to foreclose qui tam
actions in which a relator, instead of plowing new ground, attempts
to free-ride by merely repastinating previously disclosed badges of
fraud. United States ex rel. Duxbury v. Ortho Biotech Prods.,
L.P., ___ F.3d ___, ___ (1st Cir. 2009) [2009 WL 2450716, at *12].
To draw an analogy from the world of entomology, the bar seeks to
prevent "parasitic" suits. United States ex rel. McKenzie v.
BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 123 F.3d 935, 943 (6th Cir. 1997).
In this way, Congress aspired to etch "a fine line
between encouraging whistle-blowing and discouraging opportunistic
behavior." United States ex rel. S. Prawer & Co. v. Fleet Bank, 24
F.3d 320, 327 (1st Cir. 1994). For this purpose, Congress took
pains to delineate the dimensions of the public disclosure bar:
No court shall have jurisdiction over an
action under this section based upon the
public disclosure of allegations or
transactions in a criminal, civil, or
administrative hearing, in a congressional,
administrative, or Government Accounting
Office report, hearing, audit, or
investigation, or from the news media, unless
the action is brought by the Attorney General
or the person bringing the action is an
original source of the information.
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31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A).
Based on this prescription, we have formulated a multi-
part inquiry for use in determining whether a relator has carried
his burden of negating the ubiquity of the bar in a given case. In
its initial stages, this formulation asks:
(1) whether there has been public disclosure
of the allegations or transactions in the
relator's complaint; (2) if so, whether the
public disclosure occurred in the manner
specified in the statute; [and] (3) if so,
whether the relator's suit is "based upon"
those publicly disclosed allegations or
transactions . . . .
United States ex rel. Rost v. Pfizer, Inc., 507 F.3d 720, 728 (1st
Cir. 2007). We conduct that multi-part inquiry here. If the
answer to any one of these three questions is in the negative, then
the public disclosure bar drops out of the case. If, however, the
answers to all three questions are in the affirmative, the relator
still may dismantle the public disclosure bar by showing that he
qualifies as an "original source" under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(B).
See Rost, 507 F.3d at 728. We deal with this possibility
separately. See infra Part III(D).
III. DISCUSSION
A district court's order of dismissal for want of subject
matter jurisdiction ordinarily engenders de novo review. Duxbury,
___ F.3d at ___ [2009 WL 2450716, at *5]; Valentin v. Hosp. Bella
Vista, 254 F.3d 358, 365 (1st Cir. 2001). When the district court
does not rule on the pleadings alone but, rather, takes evidence in
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connection with a motion to dismiss for want of subject matter
jurisdiction, the court's factual findings are reviewed for clear
error. See Valentin, 254 F.3d at 365; cf. Foster-Miller, Inc. v.
Babcock & Wilcox Can., 46 F.3d 138, 147-48 (1st Cir. 1995)
(describing varying standards of review in analogous context).
Federal courts, as courts of limited jurisdiction, must
be "scrupulous in applying the tenets that define the limits of
their subject matter jurisdiction." Gabriel v. Preble, 396 F.3d
10, 16 (1st Cir. 2005). The proponent of federal jurisdiction
bears the burden of proving its existence by a preponderance of the
evidence. See Campbell v. Gen. Dynamics Gov't Sys. Corp., 407 F.3d
546, 551 (1st Cir. 2005); see also 31 U.S.C. § 3731(d).
With these guideposts in place, we embark on a sequential
appraisal of the three Rost factors described above. Then, we take
up the "original source" exception and a disputed evidentiary
ruling.
A. Disclosure.
We start with the question of whether, prior to
commencement of this action, there was a public disclosure of the
transactions chronicled in the relator's complaint.
For the purpose of the FCA, public disclosure occurs when
the essential elements exposing the particular transaction as
fraudulent find their way into the public domain. United States ex
rel. Feingold v. AdminaStar Fed., Inc., 324 F.3d 492, 495 (7th Cir.
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2003); United States ex rel. Springfield Term. Ry. Co. v. Quinn, 14
F.3d 645, 654 (D.C. Cir. 1994). "[T]he disclosure must reveal both
the misrepresented state of facts and the true state of facts so
that the inference of fraud may be drawn." United States ex rel.
Mistick PBT v. Hous. Auth. of Pittsburgh, 186 F.3d 376, 385 (3d
Cir. 1999); accord Minn. Ass'n of Nurse Anesthetists v. Allina
Health Sys. Corp., 276 F.3d 1032, 1044 (8th Cir. 2002). The two
states of facts may come from different sources, as long as the
disclosures together lead to a plausible inference of fraud. See
United States ex rel. Poteet v. Medtronic, Inc., 552 F.3d 503, 512
(6th Cir. 2009); see also United States ex rel. Reagan v. E. Tex.
Med. Ctr. Reg'l Healthcare Sys., 384 F.3d 168, 175 (5th Cir. 2004).
Against this backdrop, our initial task is to determine
whether both the City's alleged misrepresentation (that it would
promote subsidized housing) and what the relator alleges was the
City's true plan (that it would strive to curtail or eliminate
subsidized housing) were sufficiently in the public domain to
ground an inference of fraud.
The relator wisely concedes that the events disclosing
the City's opposition to subsidized housing, which he contends
reflected the City's actual housing policy, were publicized in
widely circulated newspaper articles and, thus, were in the public
domain. See Appellant's Br. at 8-9. He insists, however, that the
City's insincere promise to promote subsidized housing was kept
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under wraps and never publicly disclosed. This, then, is the bone
of contention.
This quandary turns on the fact that the City's promise
to promote subsidized housing only became evident from HUD's
response to the relator's FOIA request. Whether a response to a
FOIA request constitutes a public disclosure within the purview of
the FCA is a question of first impression in this circuit.2 See
Rost, 507 F.3d at 728 n.5 (leaving the question open).
Nevertheless, we do not write on a pristine page. Other
courts have answered this question in the affirmative. See, e.g.,
United States ex rel. Grynberg v. Praxair, Inc., 389 F.3d 1038,
1051 (10th Cir. 2004) ("It is generally accepted that a response to
a request under the FOIA is a public disclosure."); Reagan, 384
F.3d at 176 (similar); Mistick, 186 F.3d at 383 (similar). We
agree with these courts.
We have stated that the "public disclosure" requirement
is satisfied when there is "some act of disclosure to the public
outside of the government." Rost, 507 F.3d at 728. Responding to
a FOIA request constitutes such an act. See Mistick, 186 F.3d at
383 (noting that, under the FOIA, "'[e]ach agency shall make
available to the public' certain specified categories of
2
There is a related, and equally novel, question as to
whether a response to a FOIA request satisfies the second prong of
the Rost formulation. We will return to that question shortly.
See infra Part III(B).
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information" (emphasis and alteration in original) (quoting 5
U.S.C. § 552(a))). The Supreme Court reached this conclusion in an
analogous context. See Consumer Prod. Safety Comm'n v. GTE
Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108-09 (1980) ("[A]s a matter of
common usage the term 'public' is properly understood as including
persons who are FOIA requesters. A disclosure pursuant to the FOIA
would thus seem to be most accurately characterized as a 'public
disclosure' . . . ."). Finding this reasoning easily transferable
to the jurisprudence of the FCA, we hold that a response to a FOIA
request is an act of public disclosure because the response
disseminates (and, thus, discloses) information to members of the
public (and, thus, outside the government's bailiwick).
In this case, it is uncontested that the City's alleged
misrepresentation was disclosed, prior to suit, in HUD's response
to the relator's FOIA request. This fact, taken in conjunction
with the publication of what the relator admits were the relevant
indicia of the City's true housing policy in the local press, means
that all the essential elements of the alleged fraud were in the
public domain before the relator started suit. We may, therefore,
check the first Rost factor off the list.
B. Source.
The FCA's public disclosure bar further requires that the
disclosure emanate from a source specified in the statute. See 31
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U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A); see also United States ex rel. LeBlanc v.
Raytheon Co., 913 F.2d 17, 20 (1st Cir. 1990).
The airing of the events that are said to reflect the
City's true housing policy, published in the Woonsocket Call and
the Providence Journal, constitutes a disclosure "from the news
media" and, thus, a disclosure from a listed source. See 31 U.S.C.
§ 3730(e)(4)(A). It is less clear whether the disclosure of the
City's allegedly false promise, which came about through the FOIA
response, falls within the compendium of sources listed in section
3730(e)(4)(A). Although this circuit has not yet answered that
question, two data points lead us to conclude that such a response
is an "administrative . . . report" and, thus, falls within the
taxonomy of section 3730(e)(4)(A).
First, it cannot be gainsaid that responding to a FOIA
request constitutes an administrative action. After all, the
response originates with a federal agency, and its transmission to
the requestor constitutes official government action. See
generally 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3) (describing agency's
responsibilities upon receipt of FOIA request). Second, a FOIA
response is a report, at least in the sense that it constitutes an
official statement concerning the results of the agency's search of
its files. See id. Given these data points, there is a logical
basis for concluding that a FOIA response is an "administrative
. . . report" within the meaning of section 3730(e)(4)(A). Several
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courts have so held. See, e.g., Grynberg, 389 F.3d at 1049;
Reagan, 384 F.3d at 176; Mistick, 186 F.3d at 383-84.
The Ninth Circuit, however, has reached a different
conclusion. See United States v. Cath. Healthcare W., 445 F.3d
1147 (9th Cir. 2006). That court suggested that whether a response
to a FOIA request triggers the public disclosure bar depends on the
nature of the document retrieved by means of the request: unless
the underlying document itself emanates from a source enumerated in
section 3730(e)(4)(A), the second prong of the public disclosure
bar is not satisfied. Id. at 1153. The court reasoned that a FOIA
response could not categorically qualify as an administrative
report because such a characterization "denotes a document that
includes an analysis of findings," and responding to a FOIA request
"requires little more than duplication" of an agency's files. Id.
We see no reason to narrow the definition of "report" so
drastically. After all, the word "report" is typically defined as
"something that gives information." Webster's Third New Int'l
Dict. 1925 (2002). The result of an agency's search of its files
in response to a FOIA request fits comfortably within this broad
definition. See Mistick, 186 F.3d at 383-84 & n.4.
To cinch matters, the Ninth Circuit's interpretation
fails to lend any independent significance to the act of responding
to a FOIA request. Just as transmittal of the FOIA response to the
relator constitutes an act of public disclosure, the end product of
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the government's search (locating and compiling the requested
documents) independently constitutes an administrative report — and
this is so regardless of the character of the underlying documents.
The Ninth Circuit also expressed concern that if a FOIA
response is categorically deemed an administrative report, it would
deter individuals from either making FOIA requests or
investigating suspected fraud. Cath. Healthcare, 445 F.3d at 1155
n.5. This is pure speculation — and speculation that ignores
legislative intent. Congress plainly intended the FCA "to
encourag[e] lawsuits by relators who have firsthand knowledge of
fraud against the government." Glaser v. Wound Care Consultants,
Inc., 570 F.3d 907, 910 (7th Cir. 2009) (emphasis supplied). An
individual who obtains information through FOIA disclosures in
order to uncover fraud is not a person with firsthand knowledge
(and, thus, not a person whom Congress chose to reward under the
FCA).
To say more on this point would be supererogatory. For
these reasons, we reject the Ninth Circuit's interpretation of
"administrative . . . report,3 adopt the majority view, and hold
3
At the possible expense of carting coal to Newcastle, we add
that, as the district court observed, the decision in Catholic
Heathcare is premised on the notion that in responding to a FOIA
request an agency "need not assimilate the information contained in
the requested documents." Ondis II, 582 F. Supp. 2d at 218
(quoting Cath. Healthcare, 445 F.3d at 1155). The district court
found the instant case "readily distinguishable" because the
relator "alleged that HUD not only 'assimilated' the defendants'
statements in their application regarding 'affordable housing' but
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that a FOIA response is an administrative report within the purview
of the FCA. The second Rost requirement is, therefore, satisfied.
C. Basis.
Because the relator's allegations track facts that were
publicly disclosed prior to suit through specified sources, we are
left with the last piece of the tripartite puzzle: whether the
relator's qui tam action is "based upon" those disclosures. This
inquiry, too, demands that we answer a question of first impression
in this circuit.
The courts are divided over the meaning of the phrase
"based upon" as that phrase is used in the FCA. The majority view
holds that as long as the relator's allegations are substantially
similar to information disclosed publicly, the relator's claim is
"based upon" the public disclosure even if he actually obtained his
information from a different source. See, e.g., United States ex
rel. Meyer v. Horizon Health Corp., 565 F.3d 1195, 1199 (9th Cir.
2009); Grynberg, 389 F.3d at 1051; Minn. Ass'n of Nurse
Anesthetists, 276 F.3d at 1047; Mistick, 186 F.3d at 388; McKenzie,
123 F.3d at 940; United States ex rel. Findley v. FPC-Boron
Employees' Club, 105 F.3d 675, 683 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Cooper v. Blue
Cross & Blue Shield of Fl., Inc., 19 F.3d 562, 567 (11th Cir.
1994); United States ex rel. Doe v. John Doe Corp., 960 F.2d 318,
that HUD actually relied on those statements in awarding [the]
grants in question." Id. We agree with this assessment.
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324 (2d Cir. 1992). A few courts have interpreted the phrase more
narrowly, requiring proof that the relator's allegations are
actually derived from the publicly disclosed information. See
United States v. Bank of Farmington, 166 F.3d 853, 864 (7th Cir.
1999); United States ex rel. Siller v. Becton Dickinson & Co., 21
F.3d 1339, 1347-48 (4th Cir. 1994). Earlier this year, however,
the tilt in favor of the majority view grew more pronounced; the
Seventh Circuit switched from the minority to the majority
position. See Glaser, 570 F.3d at 910. This leaves the Fourth
Circuit alone among the courts of appeals in favoring a narrow
reading of the "based upon" language.
Having examined this split, we conclude that the majority
view is correct. While the Fourth Circuit's interpretation draws
some sustenance from the phrase itself, see Siller, 21 F.3d at 1348
(relying on dictionary definition of "base upon" as meaning "to use
as a base or basis for"), there are situations in which rigid
adherence to semantic orthodoxy must yield to common sense. This
is such a situation: the construction of "based upon" spawned by
the Fourth Circuit is highly suspect because it renders the FCA's
"original source" provision superfluous. We explain briefly.
The FCA pretermits suits "based upon the public
disclosure of allegations or transactions . . . unless . . . the
person bringing the action is an original source of the
information." 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A). For purposes of this
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exception, the statute defines an "original source" as "an
individual who has direct and independent knowledge of the
information on which the allegations are based." Id.
§ 3730(e)(4)(B).4 If, as the Fourth Circuit suggests, a relator's
allegations actually must be derived from a public disclosure in
order to trigger the jurisdictional bar, then the relator's
knowledge never could be independent of that disclosure.
Consequently, the relator could not under any circumstances be an
original source. See Glaser, 570 F.3d at 916; United States ex
rel. Biddle v. Bd. of Trs. of the Leland Stanford, Jr. Univ., 161
F.3d 533, 538 (9th Cir. 1998); Findley, 105 F.3d at 683.
There is no principled way in which we can read the
"original source" exception out of the statute. Doing so would be
contrary to the venerable canon of statutory construction that
requires courts, whenever possible, to give meaning to every word
and phrase contained in the text of a statute. Corley v. United
States, 129 S. Ct. 1558, 1566 (2009); Aguilar v. U.S. Immig. &
Customs Enf., 510 F.3d 1, 10 (1st Cir. 2007). Respect for this
canon is one of the main reasons why, upon revisiting the question,
the Seventh Circuit reversed its field. See Glaser, 570 F.3d at
916.
4
We discuss the original source exception in greater detail
infra.
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More broadly, the Fourth Circuit's view does not further
the policies that undergird the FCA. Congress designed the law to
"encourag[e] lawsuits by relators who have firsthand knowledge of
fraud against the government." Id. at 910. When the material
elements of a fraud are already in the public domain, the
government has no need for a relator to bring the matter to its
attention. See Biddle, 161 F.3d at 539; Findley, 105 F.3d at 685.
To achieve its real purpose, the FCA should reward only those who
come forward with original, direct, and independent knowledge of a
fraud. See Biddle, 161 F.3d at 539.
We think it follows that the majority view of the meaning
of "based upon," rather than the minority view, comports with the
overall structure and purpose of the FCA. Accordingly, we hold
that the "based upon" requirement is satisfied when the relator's
allegations are substantially similar to allegations or
transactions already in the public domain at the time he brings his
qui tam action. This holding precludes qui tam actions that merely
parrot previously disclosed allegations or transactions (unless the
relator is an original source).
In the case at hand, the relator insists that he did not
base his claim on the newspaper accounts that indicated the City's
true housing policy but, rather, on his own private investigation.
Even so, the relevant allegations in the relator's complaint bear
a substantial similarity to what was journalistically disclosed.
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Likewise, the relator's claim that the City represented to HUD that
it would welcome section 8 housing is substantially similar
(indeed, identical) to the disclosures made in HUD's FOIA response.
In contemplation of law, then, the relator's qui tam action was
"based upon" previous public disclosures from statutorily
enumerated sources. No more is exigible to trigger the public
disclosure bar.
D. The Exception.
There is an escape hatch from the public disclosure bar,
available to relators who qualify as original sources. 31 U.S.C.
§ 3730(e)(4)(A). The statute defines an "original source" as:
[A]n individual who has direct and independent
knowledge of the information on which the
allegations are based and has voluntarily
provided the information to the Government
before filing an action under this section
which is based on the information.
Id. § 3730(e)(4)(B). It is thus apparent that a relator, in order
to qualify as an original source, must have both direct and
independent knowledge of the information upon which his allegations
are based. See Glaser, 570 F.3d at 921; Minn. Ass'n of Nurse
Anesthetists, 276 F.3d at 1048.
The Supreme Court recently held that "the 'information'
to which [section 3730(e)(4)(B)] speaks is the information upon
which the relator's allegations are based." Rockwell Int'l Corp.
v. United States, 549 U.S. 457, 470-71 (2007) (emphasis supplied).
Thus, the appropriate inquiry in an FCA case is whether the relator
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had direct and independent knowledge of the information upon which
his own allegations were based.
1. Direct Knowledge. We begin with whether the relator
had direct knowledge of the information upon which he based his
claim. "Direct" is defined as "marked by absence of an intervening
agency, instrumentality, or influence: immediate." Webster's Third
New Int'l Dict., supra, at 640. Several courts have transplanted
this sort of definition into the FCA. See, e.g., Minn. Ass'n of
Nurse Anesthetists, 276 F.3d at 1048; Springfield, 14 F.3d at 656;
United States ex rel. Stinson, Lyons, Gerlin & Bustamante, P.A. v.
Prudential Ins. Co., 944 F.2d 1149, 1160 (3d Cir. 1991). We agree
that this definition signifies the proper meaning of "direct" as
that word is used in the FCA.
In this instance, the relator's knowledge was based on a
private investigation, which consisted of directing his employees
to review public records and interview third parties. A relator is
not disqualified as an original source merely because his agents
assisted in the investigation into the alleged fraud.5 Here,
however, the relator's knowledge was simply a compilation of
publicly disclosed information. Knowledge that is based on
5
The district court found that the relator did not have
direct knowledge in part because his employees, rather than he
himself, conducted investigatory steps. Ondis II, 582 F. Supp. 2d
at 220. We disagree with this aspect of the district court's
reasoning. Merely because a person acts through agents does not
necessarily render his knowledge indirect. See Minn. Ass'n of
Nurse Anesthetists, 276 F.3d at 1049.
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research into public records, review of publicly disclosed
materials, or some combination of these techniques is not direct.
See Reagan, 384 F.3d at 178-79; United States ex rel. Barth v.
Ridgedale Elec., Inc., 44 F.3d 699, 703 (8th Cir. 1995).
2. Independent Knowledge. The relator also failed to
show that he possessed independent knowledge. Virtually by
definition, a relator whose knowledge is dependent upon the public
disclosure of allegedly fraudulent transactions cannot be said to
have independent knowledge of the fraud. See Glaser, 570 F.3d at
921; Minn. Ass'n of Nurse Anesthetists, 276 F.3d at 1048; Mistick,
186 F.3d at 389; Barth, 44 F.3d at 703; Springfield, 14 F.3d at
656.
In this instance, the relator, whatever he may have
suspected, would not have learned of the City's alleged
misrepresentations to HUD but for the response to his FOIA request.
Thus, the relator lacked independent knowledge.
In an effort to dodge this bullet, the relator asserts
that his background and experience as a developer of section 8
housing gave him a unique insight into the fraud that the City was
perpetrating on the federal government. This is whistling past the
graveyard.
"If a relator merely uses his or her unique expertise or
training to conclude that the material elements already in the
public domain constitute a false claim, then a qui tam action
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cannot proceed." Findley, 105 F.3d at 688. Expertise that enables
a relator to understand the significance of publicly disclosed
information, without more, is insufficient to qualify him as an
original source. See id.; see also United States ex rel. Fried v.
W. Indep. Sch. Dist., 527 F.3d 439, 443 (5th Cir. 2008).
For these reasons, the relator does not qualify for the
original source exception.
E. Exclusion of Evidence.
A loose end remains. The relator contends that the
district court erred in precluding certain testimony during the
evidentiary hearing. We review this contention for abuse of
discretion. See Pike v. Guarino, 492 F.3d 61, 70 (1st Cir. 2007)
(explaining that decisions about the scale and scope of an
evidentiary hearing are subject to review for abuse of discretion);
see also Valentin, 254 F.3d at 364 (noting that "when a factbound
jurisdictional question looms, a court must be allowed considerable
leeway in weighing the proof, drawing reasonable inferences, and
satisfying itself that subject-matter jurisdiction has attached").
In a nutshell, the relator wanted to have two witnesses
— one of his lawyers and the mayor of a neighboring community —
"corroborate" his testimony as to why his background qualified him
as an original source. Additionally, he sought, at the end of the
hearing, to call Mayor Menard and other Woonsocket planning
officials to show that the allegations in his complaint had not
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been widely appreciated. The district court determined, however,
that the testimony of witnesses other than the relator himself was
irrelevant to the jurisdictional issue; that is, to establishing
what facts, not publicly disclosed, the relator obtained or why he
was an original source. We discern no abuse of discretion in this
ruling.
A trial court has considerable latitude in making
relevancy determinations. United States v. Tierney, 760 F.2d 382,
387 (1st Cir. 1985). Here, the relator failed to advance any
convincing rationale either as to why the proffered testimony was
needed or how it would be probative vis-à-vis the jurisdictional
issue.
Moreover, the record dashes any hope of such a showing.
The proffered testimony of the municipal officials could not have
supported the relator's claim of non-disclosure because that
testimony would not have contradicted the fact that the newspaper
articles had been published, the fact that the FOIA response was
requested and received, or the fact that these submissions, taken
together, conclusively established public disclosure from
statutorily enumerated sources. By the same token, the proffered
testimony anent the relator's background and experience would have
been irrelevant because, as stated earlier, the relator's expertise
in the field of subsidized housing is not enough to bring him
within the original source exception. Given those verities, we
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cannot say that the court below misused its wide discretion. See,
e.g., Richards v. Relentless, Inc., 341 F.3d 35, 49-50 (1st Cir.
2003) (finding no abuse of discretion where appellant failed to
explain the relevance of excluded evidence).
If more is needed — and we doubt that it is — the
district court did not base its ultimate decision on the relator's
credibility but, rather, on the fact that his testimony, even if
true, did not show him to be an original source. Ondis II, 582 F.
Supp. 2d at 220. Consequently, the excluded testimony, which was
proffered for corroboration, was cumulative at best. The exclusion
of cumulative testimony, if error at all, would be harmless. See,
e.g., Ahern v. Scholz, 85 F.3d 774, 786 (1st Cir. 1996).
IV. CONCLUSION
We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above,
the district court did not err in concluding that the FCA's public
disclosure bar applied to divest it of subject matter jurisdiction
over this action.
Affirmed.
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