United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 10-1073
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Martin E. Cooper, III, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Eastern District of Arkansas
Thomas Martin, Individually & in *
Official Capacity as Investigator, et al. *
*
Defendants - Appellants. *
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Submitted: December 14, 2010
Filed: February 11, 2011
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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BENTON, Circuit Judge.
Martin E. Cooper III sued Thomas Martin, individually, and in his official
capacity as chief investigator for Crittenden County Sheriff Richard E. Busby (also
sued in his official capacity), and Crittenden County, Arkansas (collectively the
“defendants”). Cooper seeks relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the Arkansas Civil Rights
Act (the “ACRA”), and Arkansas tort law. The district court denied defendants’
motion for summary judgment. Cooper v. Martin, No. 3:09CV00006, 2010 WL
29598, at *4 (E.D. Ark. Jan. 4, 2010). The defendants appeal the denial of qualified
immunity to investigator Martin and the denial of summary judgment on Cooper’s §
1983 claims. This court reverses in part and remands for further proceedings.
I.
The facts are summarized in the light most favorable to Cooper, the non-
movant. See Walker v. City of Pine Bluff, 414 F.3d 989, 991 (8th Cir. 2005).
Cooper and two friends had a roadside encounter with Charles Williams in
Crittenden County. Williams threatened to kill them. Cooper did not strike Williams,
although one of the friends, Jeffrey McGee, did.
When investigator Martin interviewed Williams about the fight, he could not
recall how many people were involved, or who, or how many, hit him. Although
Williams told Martin he had consumed “several beers” the night of the fight, Martin
did not interview the paramedics who treated him at the scene. Williams later told
Martin that, according to his nephew, Cooper and Bradley Gill were at the scene of
the fight.
Martin contacted Cooper’s father about bringing in Cooper (then a minor) for
a statement. Cooper’s father called Martin the next day, saying that Cooper wanted
to give his side of the story, that he had not touched Williams during the fight. The
Coopers later met Martin by chance at a gas station, where Martin joked with Cooper
about the fight and told him he had nothing to worry about. Cooper offered at that
time to give a statement. Cooper’s counsel contacted Martin about setting up a
meeting with his client. Cooper’s father also called Martin many times to set up a
meeting. Despite these efforts, Martin did not meet with them. Martin never spoke
with any of Cooper’s friends, either.
The victim Williams swore to affidavits for the arrests of Cooper, McGee, and
Gill on charges of both first- and second-degree battery. Martin stopped investigating,
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gave the prosecutor Williams’s affidavits, and told the prosecutor that “I was not
having any cooperation [from the suspects].” The prosecutor gave his approval for
Martin to apply for arrest warrants. Martin’s warrant application included his case file
and Williams’s affidavits (materials that are not in the record on appeal). Martin did
not swear to any facts in support of the warrant application, or speak with the state
judge about its contents. The judge issued arrest warrants for Cooper, McGee, and
Gill. Martin refused to meet with Cooper after the arrest warrants were issued. The
charges eventually were nolle prossed.
Cooper sued alleging violations of 42 U.S.C § 1983, the ACRA, and the tort of
outrage. The district court denied qualified immunity to Martin, and defendants’
motion for summary judgment in its entirety. The defendants appeal the denial of
qualified immunity to Martin and the denial of summary judgment on Cooper’s §
1983 claims.
II.
The defendants argue that the district court should have granted qualified
immunity to Martin. “[A]n order denying qualified immunity is immediately
appealable even though it is interlocutory.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 376 n.2
(2007). “‘A defendant, entitled to invoke a qualified immunity defense, may not
appeal a district court’s summary judgment order insofar as that order determines
whether or not the pretrial record sets forth a genuine issue of fact for trial’; the
appealable issue is a purely legal one.” White v. McKinley, 519 F.3d 806, 812 (8th
Cir. 2008), quoting Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 319-20 (1995).
This court reviews de novo the district court’s denial of qualified immunity.
Id. at 813. The defendants bear the burden of establishing the relevant facts
supporting qualified immunity, while Cooper receives the benefit of all reasonable
inferences. See Wallingford v. Olson, 592 F.3d 888, 892 (8th Cir. 2010). Cooper
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“may not rest upon the mere allegation or denials of his pleading, but must set forth
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,” and “must present
affirmative evidence in order to defeat a properly supported motion for summary
judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256, 257 (1986), citing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).
“Qualified immunity protects public officials from damage actions if their
conduct did not violate clearly established rights of which a reasonable person would
have known.” Morris v. Lanpher, 563 F.3d 399, 402 (8th Cir.), cert. denied ___ U.S.
___, 130 S. Ct. 472 (2009), citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982).
A.
A police officer applying for an arrest warrant is not entitled to qualified
immunity from a § 1983 suit if “‘a reasonably well-trained officer in [the officer’s]
position would have known that [the officer’s] affidavit failed to establish probable
cause and that [the officer] should not have applied for the warrant.’” Burk v. Beene,
948 F.2d 489, 494 (8th Cir. 1991), quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 345
(1986). In this case, Martin did not deliver his own affidavit, but rather forwarded
Williams’s affidavits to the prosecutor and judge. This court has not extended Malley
liability to a non-affiant officer like Martin, compare Michalik v. Hermann, 422 F.3d
252, 261 (5th Cir. 2005), and need not address that issue here. Because Cooper rested
on the mere allegations in his pleadings and did not present affirmative evidence (such
as the affidavits or any other materials that Martin submitted to the judge), the record
does not show whether Martin should have known that material information in
Williams’s affidavits was false.
B.
The district court found a disputed fact whether Martin “told the judge that the
suspects were not cooperating with the investigation.” Generally, this court lacks
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jurisdiction to review such determinations on interlocutory appeal. See Johnson, 515
U.S. at 319-20. However, “‘[w]hen opposing parties tell two different stories, one of
which is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe
it, a court should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion
for summary judgment.’” Wallingford, 592 F.3d at 892, quoting Scott, 550 U.S. at
380.
In Wallingford and Scott, the district courts denied qualified immunity to police
officers on § 1983 claims of excessive force. Both decisions were reversed because
videotapes showed, contrary to the district courts’ findings, that “no reasonable jury
could have believed the plaintiff’s claims.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). Cooper
does not assert that Martin told the state judge that he was not cooperating with the
investigation. As Cooper’s counsel stated at oral argument, no evidence in the record
supports the district court’s finding of a disputed fact as to whether Martin had a
conversation with the judge. The district court found a disputed fact where none
exists. This court accordingly does not adopt this “fact” in ruling on qualified
immunity. Id. In sum, no facts here indicate that Martin misled the judge who issued
the arrest warrants.
C.
The district court’s other findings of disputed fact involve the quality of
Martin’s investigation. To establish a constitutional violation based on inadequate
investigation, Cooper must show that Martin’s “failure to investigate was intentional
or reckless, thereby shocking the conscience. Negligent failure to investigate does not
violate due process.” Brockinton v. City of Sherwood, Ark., 503 F.3d 667, 672 (8th
Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).
The plaintiff in Brockinton was arrested for stealing a boat that he kept as
security on a debt owed by Pamela Murphy’s late husband. Id. at 670. Defendant
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deputy Randy Gurley filed the theft report without verifying who owned the boat,
even though he had previously arrested Murphy for crimes of dishonesty. Id. This
court affirmed qualified immunity for Gurley, finding that his investigation did not
“rise to the level of recklessness that shocks the conscience.” Id. at 672.
Another defendant, detective John Scott, did not investigate the involvement
of the plaintiff’s alleged accomplice or verify the ownership of the boat before seeking
and executing search and arrest warrants for Brockinton. See id. at 670-71. After
Scott left an arrest warrant on his door, Brockinton contacted him to explain that he
legally possessed the boat long before the alleged theft. Id. at 671. Scott refused to
investigate further, even after the alleged accomplice also contacted him. Id. This
court affirmed qualified immunity for Scott, finding: “While in hindsight Scott’s
investigation was not comprehensive, Brockinton has not alleged sufficient facts to
show a constitutional violation.” Id. at 675.
Martin failed to interview any of the suspects, joked with Cooper that there was
nothing to worry about, credited the intoxicated victim’s sworn account of the attack
over Cooper’s father’s account, and misrepresented (to the prosecutor) the suspects’
lack of cooperation. Assuming these facts to be true, Martin conducted a negligent
investigation, but, under Brockinton, the facts “do not rise to the level of recklessness
that shocks the conscience.” Id. at 672.
Cooper has not established that Martin’s investigation violated a constitutional
right. This court reverses the district court’s denial of qualified immunity to Martin,
and dismisses Cooper’s § 1983 claim against Martin in his individual capacity.
III.
The defendants argue that this court has pendent appellate jurisdiction to
dismiss the § 1983 claims against the official-capacity defendants because those
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claims are inextricably intertwined with the consideration of Martin’s qualified
immunity. See Lockridge v. Bd. of Trustees of University of Ark., 315 F.3d 1005,
1012-13 (8th Cir. 2003) (en banc). “An issue is inextricably intertwined with properly
presented issues only when the appellate resolution of the collateral appeal necessarily
resolves the pendent claims as well.” Id. at 1012 (internal quotation marks omitted).
“[I]n order for municipal liability to attach, individual liability must first be
found on an underlying substantive claim.” Brockinton, 503 F.3d at 674 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Martin’s qualified immunity therefore is inextricably
intertwined with the liability of the official-capacity defendants. Because Martin is
entitled to qualified immunity, the official-capacity defendants cannot be subject to
§ 1983 liability.1 Id.
* * * * * * *
This court reverses the district court’s denial of qualified immunity to Martin
and the denial of summary judgment on Cooper’s § 1983 claims against all
defendants, and remands for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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1
The defendants do not raise on appeal the denial of summary judgment on
Cooper’s state claims.
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