FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FEB 25 2011
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PACIFIC FUEL COMPANY, LLC, a No. 09-55640
California Limited Liability Company,
D.C. No. 2:06-cv-00225-AG-AJW
Plaintiff-counter-
defendant - Appellee,
MEMORANDUM*
and
LEIGHTON HULL, individually,
Third-party-defendant -
Appellee,
v.
SHELL OIL COMPANY, a Delaware
corporation; et al.,
Defendants-counter-claimants
- Appellants.
PACIFIC FUEL COMPANY, LLC, a No. 09-55746
California Limited Liability Company,
D.C. No. 2:06-cv-00225-AG-AJW
Plaintiff-counter-defendant -
Appellee - Cross /Appellant,
and
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
LEIGHTON HULL, individually,
Third-party-defendant -
Appellee - Cross/Appellant,
v.
SHELL OIL COMPANY, a Delaware
corporation; et al.,
Defendants-counter-claimants
-Appellant - Cross/Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Andrew J. Guilford, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted January 11, 2011
Pasadena, California
Before: McKEOWN, W. FLETCHER, and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges.
Shell Oil Company appeals the award of attorneys’ fees by the district court
to Pacific Fuel Company and the denial of fees to Shell. Pacific cross appeals on
multiple grounds. We affirm the district court’s ruling in its entirety.
California Code of Civil Procedure § 1021 “recognizes that attorney fees
incurred in prosecuting or defending an action may be recovered as costs . . . when
they are otherwise authorized by statute or by the parties’ agreement.” Santisas v.
Goodin, 951 P.2d 399, 404 n. 4 (Cal. 1998). When parties contractually allocate
attorneys’ fees, California Civil Code § 1717 ensures that such attorneys’ fees
provisions apply reciprocally such that if a party to an action would be entitled to
fees under the contract’s attorneys’ fees provision if successful, the adverse party
must also be eligible for fees if it prevails. T.E.D. Bearing Co. v. Walter E. Heller
& Co., 112 Cal.Rptr. 910, 913-14 (Cal.Ct.App. 1974). Ensuring mutuality in
attorneys’ fees provisions is the “primary purpose” of § 1717. Id. at 913. By its
terms, § 1717 applies “[i]n any action on a contract, where the contract specifically
provides that attorney’s fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce that contract,
shall be awarded either to one of the parties or to the prevailing party.” The MSO
Agreement provides for fees incurred to “secure, defend, or protect” rights under
the MSO Agreement to be awarded to the “prevailing party,” and thus § 1717
applies, at minimum,1 to all claims in which at least one of the parties is attempting
to “secure, defend, or protect” rights under the MSO Agreement.
Although Shell prevailed on its breach of contract claim, the district court
was within its discretion to find that Shell was not the prevailing party under
California Civil Code § 1717. Section 1717(b)(1) provides that a court “may . . .
determine that there is no party prevailing on the contract for purposes of this
1
Some authorities suggest that § 1717 applies to an even broader swath of
claims. See, e.g., Dell Merk, Inc. v. Franzia, 33 Cal.Rptr. 3d 694, 703 (Cal.Ct.App.,
2005) (“As long as the action ‘involve[s]’ a contract it is ‘on [the] contract’ within
the meaning of Section 1717.”)
3
section.” While this provision does not grant the district judge unlimited discretion,
because this case did not result in a “simple, unqualified win” for Shell, the district
court was permitted to determine that Shell was not the prevailing party. See Hsu v.
Abbara, 891 P.2d 804, 811-13 (Cal. 1995).
The district court also did not err in finding Pacific to be the prevailing party
under § 1717. Had Shell prevailed in defending against Pacific’s fraud claim, it
would have successfully “secure[d], defend[ed], or protect[ed]” its rights under the
MSO Agreement and therefore would have been eligible for attorneys’ fees under
the attorneys’ fees provision in the MSO Agreement. Section 1717’s mutuality
principle dictates that Pacific’s fraud claims count as “on a contract” under § 1717
and the court was permitted to award attorneys’ fees to Pacific for its successful
claim. See Santisas, 951 P.2d at 407 (“[S]ection 1717 permits [a] party’s recovery
of attorney fees whenever the opposing parties would have been entitled to
attorney fees under the contract had they prevailed.”); Dell Merk, 33 Cal.Rptr. 3d
at 702 (“If Bank would have been legally entitled to fees if it had prevailed,
Franzia would be entitled to its fees for defending Bank’s action when Bank lost.”)
This result accords with the substantial discretion provided trial courts in
allocating attorneys’ fees by both California courts and the Ninth Circuit, as well as
with courts’ interpretation of § 1717. See Hsu, 891 P.2d at 813 (“[I]n determining
4
litigation success, courts should respect substance rather than form, and to this
extent should be guided by ‘equitable considerations.’); Berkla v. Corel Corp.,
302 F.3d 909, 920 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[I]t is clear from Hsu that a court is entitled to
. . . evaluate litigation success in light of the party’s overall demands and
objectives.”); Dell Merk, 33 Cal.Rptr. 3d at 703 (“California courts liberally
construe the term ‘on a contract’ as used within section 1717. As long as the action
‘involve[s]’ a contract it is ‘on [the] contract’ within the meaning of Section 1717.”
(internal citation and quotations omitted)); Barrientos v. 1801-1825 Morton LLC,
583 F.3d 1197, 1216 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[Section 1717’s ‘action on a contract’]
provision is interpreted liberally.”); Pirkig v. Dennis, 264 Cal.Rptr. 494, 499
(Cal.Ct.App. 1989) (upholding attorneys’ fees awarded under § 1717 for a
negligent misrepresentation claim seeking damages).
It is well established that a claimant “may not receive multiple awards for
the same item of damage.” Ambassador Hotel Co., Ltd. v. Wei-Chuan Investment,
189 F.3d 1017, 1032 (9th Cir. 1999); see also Tavaglione v. Billings, 847 P.2d 574,
580 (Cal. 1993) (“Regardless of the nature or number of legal theories advanced by
the plaintiff, he is not entitled to more than a single recovery for each distinct item
of compensable damage supported by the evidence.”). Whether a jury award is
duplicative is a legal question. See DuBarry Internat., Inc. v. Southwest Forest
5
Industries, Inc., 282 Cal.Rptr. 181, 189 (Cal.Ct.App. 1991). Pacific’s claims for
concealment and intentional misrepresentation were presented as a single claim,
based on the same facts, and based on the same alleged damages. As such, the
district court did not err in finding the two awards to be duplicative as a matter of
law. See Id. (finding separate awards for breach of contract and bad faith denial of
contract both based on lost commissions to be “duplicative as a matter of law”).
Pacific contends that Shell’s successful affirmative defense of Pacific’s
breach of contract claim should be barred under the election of remedies doctrine,
arguing that Shell “twice affirmed” the MSO Agreement—first by suing Pacific in
state court for breach of the MSO Agreement, and second by pursuing its breach of
contract counterclaim to recover fees relating to that state court proceeding.
We have held that “election is the exercise of a choice of an alternate and
inconsistent right or course of action,” and that “[f]ull knowledge of the nature of
the inconsistent rights and the necessity of choosing between them are elements of
election.” In re Mann Farms, Inc., 917 F.2d 1210, 1213 (9th Cir. 1990). Pacific
presented no evidence that Shell was aware of the fraud at the time of the state
court action. As such, Shell’s pursuit of the state claim did not constitute election.
Because its breach of contract counterclaim arose out of that state court
proceeding, Shell’s fraud defense was a mere change in remedies, which did not
6
trigger the election of remedies doctrine “unless the change involves a prejudice to
the losing party.” California Golf, L.L.C. v. Cooper, 78 Cal.Rptr.3d 153, 164
(Cal.Ct.App. 2008). There was no prejudice here. Indeed, it would be unjust to
deny Shell fees to which it was contractually entitled in a completed litigation
based on a subsequent finding that it had been the victim of fraud. Conversely, it
would be unjust to deny Shell an affirmative defense based on that fraud simply
because it asserted its contractual entitlement to attorneys’ fees on its earlier,
successful breach of contract suit, executed without knowledge of the fraud.
Moreover, it is well established that a party may rescind a contract and still recover
attorneys’ fees under the rescinded contract. See Santisas, 951 P.2d at 407.
We understand Pacific’s claim for disgorgement of profits earned under the
MSO Agreement to refer to the rule that a rescinding party must “[r]estore to the
other party everything of value which he has received from him under the contract
or offer to restore the same upon condition that the other party do likewise, unless
the latter is unable or positively refuses to do so.” California Civil Code § 1691(b).
There is simply no support for the proposition that a party found to have
committed fraud is entitled to the adverse party’s profits. With respect to restoring
to the other party everything of value received under the contract, Shell has already
been ordered to pay Pacific an amount greater than what it received from Pacific.
7
Moreover, it is not clear that restoration is required when a party rescinds as a
defense. See McCauley v. Dennis, 34 Cal.Rptr. 90, 93 (Cal.Dist.Ct.App. 1963)
(“[A] person who has been fraudulently induced to enter into a contract . . . may set
up the fraud as a partial defense or counterclaim without any offer of restitution.”)
Pacific is not entitled to pre-judgment interest under either California Rule
of Court 3.1802 or 28 U.S.C. § 1961. For Rule 3.1802 to apply, interest must have
been included in the award, which was not the case here. Pellegrini v. Weiss, 81
Cal.Rptr. 3d 387, 403 (Cal.Ct.App. 2008). While it was once the case that interest
accrued from the date of verdict under 28 U.S.C. § 1961 when judgment was
delayed after damages had been assessed, see Turner v. Japan Lines, Ltd., 702 F.2d
752, 756-57 (9th Cir. 1983), that rule has since been overturned by the Supreme
Court. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. v. Bonjorno, 494 U.S. 827, 835 (1990).
Because the fees awarded to Shell arising out of the state litigation were
awarded by the jury as damages, they need only be supported by substantial
evidence. Wilson v. County of Orange, 87 Cal.Rptr.3d 439, 442 (Cal.Ct.App.,
2009). California Civil Code § 1033.5 and California Rule of Court 3.172 do not
apply. Viewing “the evidence in the light most favorable to [Shell], giving it the
benefit of every reasonable inference and resolving all conflicts in its favor,” we
find that there was substantial evidence supporting the jury’s award. Wilson, 87
8
Cal.Rptr.3d at 442. The district court therefore did not err in denying Pacific’s
motion for judgment as a matter of law.
AFFIRMED.
9
FILED
Pacific Fuel Co. v. Shell Oil Co., Nos. 09-55640 & 09-55746 FEB 25 2011
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
McKEOWN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I concur in the majority’s disposition except with respect to the award of
attorneys’ fees to Pacific Fuel Company. By its terms, California Civil Code
§ 1717 applies only to actions “on a contract.” See Cal. Civ. Code § 1717 (“In any
action on a contract, where the contract specifically provides that attorney’s fees
and costs, which are incurred to enforce that contract, shall be awarded . . . then the
party who is determined to be the party prevailing on the contract . . . shall be
entitled to . . . attorney’s fees.”) (emphasis added). California courts have
consistently held that a fraud claim seeking damages sounds in tort, and is not “on
a contract” for the purposes of section 1717. Loube v. Loube, 74 Cal. Rptr. 2d
906, 906 (Cal. Ct. App. 1998). A tort claim cannot be converted into a contract
claim simply because it is related to a contract. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.