Bankshot Billiards, Inc. v. City of Ocala

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 10-11474 MARCH 11, 2011
________________________ JOHN LEY
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 5:07-cv-00455-WTH-GRJ

BANKSHOT BILLIARDS, INC.,
d.b.a. Bankshot Billiards,

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

CITY OF OCALA,
a Florida municipal corporation,

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee.

________________________

No. 10-11616
________________________

D.C. Docket No. 5:07-cv-00455-WTH-GRJ

BANKSHOT BILLIARDS, INC.,
d.b.a. Bankshot Billiards,

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus
CITY OF OCALA,
a Florida municipal corporation,

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant.

________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________

(March 11, 2011)

Before TJOFLAT, CARNES, and HILL, Circuit Judges.

TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:

In this case, we consider whether a business may sue a municipality under

42 U.S.C. § 1983 to recover damages it sustained by cautiously complying with an

ordinance that the business claims is unconstitutionally vague under the

Fourteenth Amendment. The business does not engage in any constitutionally

protected activities under the First Amendment or any other provision of the

United States Constitution. It therefore does not claim that the unclear ordinance

chilled protected conduct. Rather, it simply claims that the municipality violated

its right to operate under clear laws. The district court denied the business’s

request for damages, but granted it a permanent injunction and declared the

ordinance “unconstitutionally vague on its face.”

2
 Both the business and the municipality have appealed to this court. The

business seeks § 1983 damages; the municipality asks us to vacate the injunction.

Part I of this opinion sets out the facts and the procedural history of the case. Part

II addresses whether the business sustained a constitutional injury and is thus

owed damages under § 1983. Part III addresses the municipality’s argument that

the injunction is now moot because the municipality repealed the ordinance after

the district court entered judgment. Part IV concludes.

I.

Bankshot Billiards, Inc. (“Bankshot”) owns and operates an establishment

by the same name in Ocala, Florida. Bankshot opened in 1995 as a billiard hall

and operated exclusively as a billiard hall until 2004; the first floor of its two-story

premises housed sixteen regulation pool tables, provided recreational billiard

activities, and hosted pool tournaments. In 2004, Bankshot expanded its range of

business, opening the second floor of its property as a night club. The night club

offered a dance floor and music for its patrons, but was only open a few nights a

week. The downstairs billiard portion was, and remains, open every day.

Bankshot serves alcohol on its premises pursuant to a liquor license from the State

of Florida, and also serves limited food items and non-alcoholic beverages. Until

the present dispute arose, it permitted entry to persons under the age of twenty-one

3
in both the upstairs night club and the downstairs billiard hall.

Starting in 2005, the City of Ocala (the “City”) began to express its concern

that people under twenty-one were frequenting establishments serving alcohol. To

that end, the City passed a series of zoning ordinances. In January 2005, the City

passed an ordinance creating an age-restriction provision making it unlawful for

anyone under twenty-one to enter an establishment selling alcohol. Bankshot and

another establishment complained about this measure, filing suit in Florida state

court. The City relaxed its rules and, in March 2005, amended the age-restriction

ordinance to create an exemption to the under twenty-one prohibition for several

categories of businesses, including billiard halls. The exemption would apply

when, for billiard halls, the operation of billiards was the “primary attraction held

out to the public.” Even with the upstairs night club, the record suggests that the

City believed that Bankshot qualified for this exemption; Bankshot continued to

permit persons under twenty-one to enter its premises without incident.1

In July 2006, however, Bankshot took control of the adjacent store front and

sought to expand its night club operations into that area. Bankshot applied for a

building permit for the location and requested an opinion regarding what effect the

1
It is unclear what became of this 2005 lawsuit, whether it was dismissed voluntarily or
terminated via a judgment. Regardless, that action is only relevant for background purposes.

4
expansion would have on its billiard hall exemption. An assistant city attorney

sent a letter in response to this request. The letter first noted that the City and the

Ocala police determine violations on a case-by-case basis and do not normally

give advance opinions regarding violations. The city attorney opined, however,

that, “given the size and configuration of the new area, [Bankshot] will likely, at

least during certain times, have many more people dancing than playing, watching

or waiting to play pool” and therefore would likely not be eligible for the pool hall

exemption. If that were the case, Bankshot would have to exclude persons under

twenty-one from its premises—the night club and the billiard hall—at all times.

Bankshot sought further clarification from several sources, meeting with

Ocala police and the City Council. While Bankshot pursued these clarifications,

the City passed two ordinances that amended the age-restriction provision to

narrow and further define the billiard hall exemption.2 One of those amendments,

which was passed in January 2007, excluded establishments from claiming the

billiard hall exemption if they engaged in certain alcohol sales activities, such as

minimum drink purchases, ladies nights, and serving drinks without charge.

Bankshot engaged in some of these activities during portions of its

2
These clarifications applied to a wider range of businesses, but only those portions
pertaining to billiard halls are relevant here.

5
operating hours. Believing that this categorically barred it from claiming the

billiard hall exemption, Bankshot stopped admitting persons under twenty-one

during all hours. After it stopped admitting patrons under twenty-one, Bankshot’s

gross revenues dropped from an average of $62,023.75 per month to an average of

$33,566.64 per month.

In March 2007, Bankshot sued the City in the Circuit Court of Marion

County, Florida.3 Bankshot’s pleading requested injunctive and declaratory relief

from the January 2007 amendments.

In response, the City repealed these amendments and, in April 2007, passed

Ordinance 5650 (the “Ordinance”). The Ordinance re-wrote the City’s age-

restriction scheme using a complex web of definitions and exemptions. Because

the Ordinance is the ordinance at issue in these appeals, it is useful here to lay out

the Ordinance’s relevant components.

The Ordinance’s core provision bars persons under twenty-one “to enter or

remain in any alcohol beverage establishment . . . except as hereinafter provided.”

Ordinance § 6-9(b). An “alcohol beverage establishment” is a “bottle club,

cocktail bar or nightclub.” Id. § 6-9(a)(1). A “nightclub” is defined as an

3
Two other plaintiffs were named in Bankshot’s original complaint. They were deleted
from the Supplemental Complaint and are no longer parties in this case.

6
 establishment that: is open after 11:00 p.m.; has floor space available
and used for dancing; and has a band, orchestra or other form of
music or musical or other entertainment. If the establishment meets
the foregoing requirement during any business day, it is a “nightclub”
for purpose of this section on all business days.

Id. § 6-9(a)(10). Bankshot was a “nightclub” under this definition and would,

without an exemption, be prohibited from admitting persons under twenty-one.

Billiard halls were, as in the prior ordinances, exempted from the age-

restriction provision under the Ordinance. Id. § 6-9(c)(7). The Ordinance in turn

defined billiard hall as:

a) Having the greater of: (i) 12 pool or billiard tables, or (ii) one
full-size pool or billiard table per 625 square feet of gross floor area
of the business establishment. Each pool or billiard table must have a
playing surface at least three and one-half feet by seven feet, and
there must be an unobstructed path of at least four and one-half feet
between all sides of the pool or billiard table and any other object,
wall or other pool or billiard table;

b) Where the operation of pool or billiard tables is the primary
attraction held out to the public and the primary amusement engaged
in by patrons. For purposes of this subsection, all of the following
criteria must be met for the operation of pool or billiard tables to be
the primary amusement engaged in by patrons:

1) The playing or watching of pool or billiards must be
the most significant activity engaged in by patrons.

2) The patrons must be able to play pool or billiards
during all hours the premises are open to the public, and
pool cues and balls must be available for use during all
such time periods.

7
 3) More than half of the patrons on the premises must be
playing pool or billiards, waiting to play pool or
billiards, or watching the playing of pool or billiards.

4) The establishment may not charge a fee to enter (e.g.,
a “cover charge”) for portions of the establishment not
containing pool or billiard tables.

5) Any portion of the establishment available and used
for dancing may not exceed the lesser of: (i) 400 square
feet; or (ii) 20 percent of the square footage of the
portion of the establishment open to the public that is not
devoted to playing pool or billiards;

c) Where at least 50 percent of the square footage of the portion of the
establishment open to the public is devoted to playing pool or
billiards.

Id. § 6-9(a)(2).

The Ordinance does not end there. Under one “Limitation” to the

Ordinance, even if a business met the definition of a billiard hall, the

establishment could lose its billiard hall exemption under another portion of the

Ordinance and thus be forced to exclude persons under twenty-one. This

Limitation reads:

Subject to [the next subsection], in order to qualify for [the billiard
hall exemption], a . . . billiard hall . . . must meet the definition
therefor . . . during the entire time that the establishment is open for
business; provided, however, the failure of an establishment to meet
such criteria during isolated time periods for reasons other than the
conduct of the establishment shall not cause the establishment to fail
to qualify for the exemption.

8
Id. § 6-9(d)(1) (emphasis added).4 Notwithstanding the Limitation’s implication

that part-time exemptions are impermissible, the Ordinance’s next subsection

provides for a part-time exemption:

(1) An establishment may engage in different types of activities, and
thus constitute different types of uses, during particular business days
for purposes of determining whether it is exempt under [the billiard
hall exemption]. That is, an establishment may be exempt during
particular business days and not exempt on others. For example, and
without limitation, an establishment may constitute both a nightclub
and a bona fide [billiard hall] on certain business days (on which
business days persons under the age of twenty-one may be admitted)
and thereafter constitute a nightclub only (on which business days
persons under the age of twenty-one may not be admitted).

....

(3) In order to be able to claim that an establishment is exempt on a
part-time basis, all of the following requirements must be met by the
establishment; if the establishment fails to meet such requirements,
any exemption shall not be recognized by the city and the provisions
of [the underage prohibition] shall apply:

a. The establishment shall first provide written notice to
the building official and the police chief that its activities
are exempt on certain days and not exempt on others.
Such notice shall contain the types of exemption claimed
by the establishment (using the same terms therefor as
set forth in [the definition of a billiard hall]) and the days
during which the establishment shall be exempt. If the
establishment thereafter changes its type of exemption or
the days it is exempt, it shall provide, before such
change, an additional notice thereof to the building

4
This portion of the Ordinance also includes requirements not germane to these appeals.

9
 official and the police chief.

b. All portions of an establishment that claim to be
exempt must qualify for the same exemption on the same
business day. For example, an establishment may not
claim to be a bona fide [billiard hall] in a portion of its
premises, but not in other portions of its premises, on the
same day.

Id. § 6-9(e)(1), (3).

The Ordinance provides for criminal and civil penalties, as well as the

possible revocation of a location permit by the City Council. The Ocala police are

tasked with enforcing the Ordinance only in response to complaints; the police do

not proactively enforce the Ordinance.

After the City passed the Ordinance, Bankshot amended its complaint to

reflect the Ordinance’s provisions.5 And, with the court’s permission, Bankshot

filed a second amended complaint (the “Supplemental Complaint”) on September

7, 2007.

The Supplemental Complaint laid out the Ordinance’s components and

alleged that the Ordinance violated Bankshot’s rights under the Due Process

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution because

the Ordinance was “vague and ambiguous on its face and as enforced.”

5
Bankshot filed its first amended complaint on May 27, 2007.

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Supplemental Compl. ¶ 26.6

Bankshot fashioned its suit as a facial challenge to the Ordinance. The

Supplemental Complaint did not allege facts about Bankshot’s business and then

describe how Banskshot was unable to understand the Ordinance as applied to its

business model.7 Bankshot instead demonstrated the Ordinance’s deficiencies by

describing hypothetical situations that would result in illogical and unintended

consequences if the Ordinance was applied as written. For example, two

paragraphs of the Supplemental Complaint read:

D. [The Ordinance], as written, enacted and enforced, violated equal
protection because it makes it illegal for persons under twenty-one
years of age to go through a hotel lobby which contains a lobby bar,
or hotel hallway which contains a bar and places restrictions on
alcoholic beverage establishments that are not reasonably calculated
to serve the purposes desired and which unlawfully discriminate
against business establishments from other businesses.

E. [The Ordinance], in its plain language, if a business establishment
when it first opens has the first few people that come in order only
alcoholic beverages, then the establishment would be a cocktail

6
Bankshot further alleged: (1) the Ordinances's terms and enforcement were “arbitrary
and capricious”; (2) the Ordinance was over broad; (3) the Ordinance was a bill of attainder; (4)
the Ordinance violated equal protection; (5) the Ordinance violated procedural and substantive
due process; and (6) the Ordinance violated two provisions of Florida law regarding local
regulation of alcohol-serving establishments, Fla. Stat. §§ 561.02, 562.45(c). Supplemental
Compl. ¶ 26.
7
The Supplemental Complaint described Bankshot’s business in one short paragraph:
“BANKSHOT owns and operates BANKSHOT BILLIARDS, which is a billiard hall as that
phrase is commonly and generally known and operates as a business in the City of Ocala. It
holds an Alcoholic Beverage License with the State of Florida.” Supplemental Compl. ¶ 5.

11
 lounge for the entire time that it is open.

Id. ¶ 26(D)–(E). In this sense, Bankshot’s claim that the Ordinance was “vague

and ambiguous . . . as enforced” applied only to these hypothetical businesses, not

to Bankshot.

To remedy these purported constitutional harms, Bankshot requested a

declaratory judgment, temporary and permanent injunctions, and money damages

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The § 1983 damages claim was a new claim in the

Supplemental Complaint. Bankshot alleged that the City was liable under the civil

rights statute for violating Bankshot’s rights under the Due Process Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment.8 To support its damages claim, Bankshot relied on the

ambiguity inherent in the Ordinance and the following additional facts:

A. Law enforcement officers and other city employees have made
inconsistent, confusing, and conflicting statements as to the
applicability of [the Ordinance] and how it would be enforced; the
purpose being to drive BANKSHOT out of business.

B. Law enforcement officers and other employees of the CITY are
selectively enforcing [the Ordinance] in an effort to drive
BANKSHOT out of business.

C. The actions of the CITY and its employees and agents, are in
willful and wanton disregard of the rights of BANKSHOT, both in
the State and Federal Constitutions and Florida Statutes and are done

8
Bankshot also alleged, without elaboration, that the ordinance violated its rights under
the Fifth, Eighth, and Ninth Amendments to the Constitution.

12
 with malice.

Id. ¶ 40(A)–(C).

Noting the addition of the § 1983 claim, the City removed the case on

November 9, 2007 to the United States District Court for the Middle District of

Florida pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441.

After nearly a year of discovery, the City moved for summary judgment on

September 11, 2008. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. It first argued that Bankshot did not

have standing to bring a pre-enforcement challenge to the Ordinance because it

had not shown a “realistic danger of sustaining direct injury as a result of the

statute’s operation or enforcement.” It also argued that Bankshot could not

challenge portions of the Ordinance that did not apply to Bankshot. This

argument was in response to portions of the Supplemental Complaint that

referenced ambiguities in the treatment of “bona fide restaurants” and “public

lodging establishments,” neither of which applied to Bankshot.

On the merits of Bankshot’s constitutional challenge, the City offered

relatively terse arguments that the Ordinance was not vague or overly broad. It

further argued that the overbreath doctrine was inapplicable to Bankshot because

13
Bankshot did not allege that it was engaged in First Amendment activities.9

Regarding the § 1983 claim, the City first argued that Bankshot had not

been deprived of a constitutional right; the City had taken no action against it.

Alternatively, if the court found a constitutional violation, the City argued that

Bankshot had not shown that the City had any practice or policy that caused the

violation. Because demonstrating a practice or policy is a necessary element to

hold liable a municipality under § 1983, the city argued that no liability could

possibly exist.10

The district court ruled on the City’s motion on February 12, 2010. It first

found that Bankshot had standing to challenge as unduly vague the portions of the

Ordinance that applied to it. The fact that it had not been prosecuted was

unimportant. The court stated that “there is no assurance that the Ordinance will

not be enforced against Bankshot, and the record shows that others have been

prosecuted under its predecessor versions.”11 Under the district court’s view,

9
The City further contested Bankshot’s assertion that the Ordinance denied equal
protection, was a bill of attainder, and violated state law. The City also argued that, in the event
that portions of the Ordinance were unconstitutional, they were severable from the unchallenged
provisions.
10
See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 2036, 56 L. Ed.
2d 611 (1978). The City also argued that it could not be held liable under a respondeat superior
theory for the actions of its police or other city employees.
11
By 2008, two people had been prosecuted.

14
Bankshot’s challenge fell well within the settled law allowing pre-enforcement

review of statutes where the plaintiff claims the statute deters the exercise of

constitutional rights.12

Bankshot’s § 1983 damages claim was also dismissed. The court found that

Bankshot lacked standing to bring a damages claim because “it ha[d] not yet

suffered any harm by virtue of the enforcement of the Ordinance.” While this

issue was no bar to a pre-enforcement challenge, the district court found that

Bankshot’s lost revenue was “solely due to its own election to exclude all persons

under age twenty-one at all times. There has been no act, policy, or custom which

directly caused Bankshot’s losses.”

Turning to the merits of Bankshot’s vagueness claim, the district court

found the Ordinance unconstitutionally vague.13 The court so held for two

reasons. First, the terms of the Ordinance were “vague and uncertain, rendering it

impossible for billiard halls such as Bankshot to determine whether and when they

are violating the Ordiance.” The court pointed to the vague definition of “billiard

hall” and to internal inconsistencies within the Ordinance. These inconsistencies

12
Bankshot did not have standing as to its other claims, however. The district court
granted the City’s motion with regard to Bankshot’s equal protection claim, its bill of attainder
claim, and its assertion that the Ordinance was vague as applied to other establishments.
13
The district court treated Bankshot’s response as a cross-motion for summary
judgment.

15
included: (1) the overlapping definitions of “billiard hall” and “nightclub”; and (2)

the Ordinance’s provisions of part-time exemptions, notwithstanding the prior

subsection’s implication that part-time exemptions do not exist.

The Ordinance’s second failing was that its lack of clarity “raise[d] the

likelihood of its arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement.” Conflicting provisions

and requirements that certain conditions must be met “at all times” would

effectively give Ocala police officers unbridled enforcement discretion.

The court’s discussion demonstrated that Bankshot was mounting—and the

court was deciding—a facial challenge. Its analysis discussed only the

Ordinance’s terms and hypothetical fact scenarios; it never applied the statute to

the specific facts of Bankshot’s business except to say that, as a billiard hall,

Bankshot could not know whether the Ordinance applied to it.14

After finding that the Ordinance provisions Bankshot challenged were not

severable from the remaining provisions, the district court declared the whole

Ordinance unconstitutionally vague as a matter of law. The court entered

judgment declaring the statute “unconstitutionally vague on its face” in violation

of the Fourteenth Amendment and permanently enjoined the City from enforcing

14
The court’s protestation that it was not deciding “the constitutionality of the Ordinance
as applied to any party or form of business other than Bankshot” does not square with its
judgment that the ordinance was “unconstitutional on its face.”

16
the Ordinance against Bankshot.15

Both parties appealed. Bankshot challenges the denial of § 1983 damages,

arguing that the City’s unconstitutionally vague ordinance was a municipal policy

sufficient to sustain liability. The City’s separate appeal raises three issues

challenging the declaratory judgment and injunction. First, it notes that the City

repealed the Ordinance in June 2010 and no longer places restrictions on admitting

persons under twenty-one; it therefore argues that the injunction should be vacated

as moot. Second, the City argues that the Ordinance was not unconstitutionally

vague on its face. Third, the City argues that the allegedly unconstitutional

provisions are severable from the portions challenged by Bankshot.

II.

The district court rejected Bankshot’s damages claim. In its February 12

Order, the court ruled that Bankshot did not have standing to bring a claim for

damages under § 1983 because the City had never prosecuted it under the

allegedly vague ordinance. Any “damages” were therefore of its own doing;

Bankshot lost money because it voluntarily complied with the Ordinance, not

because of any “act, policy, or custom” attributable to the City.

15
On February 25, 2010, Bankshot moved to alter or amend the judgment dismissing its
§ 1983 damages claim under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). The court denied the motion on March 4,
2010.

17
 On appeal, Bankshot argues that the Ordinance’s incomprehensible wording

violated its constitutional rights and caused it to lose revenue. Bankshot claims

that, as a result of this poor draftsmanship, it cautiously complied with the

Ordinance and excluded persons under twenty-one, costing it half its revenues.16

According to Bankshot, the Ordinance is the municipal “act, policy, or custom”

establishing liability under § 1983.17

The City is a municipal entity. To recover damages under § 1983, Bankshot

must show: “(1) that [its] constitutional rights were violated; (2) that the

municipality had a custom or policy that constituted deliberate indifference to that

constitutional right; and (3) that the policy or custom caused the violation.”

McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1289 (11th Cir. 2004) (citing City of Canton

v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388, 109 S. Ct. 1197, 1204–05, 103 L. Ed. 2d 412

(1989)). The district court apparently found Bankshot’s evidence lacking on a

combination of the second and third prongs. After reviewing the district court’s

determinations of law de novo and its factual findings for clear error, Scott v.

16
The City’s mootness argument, addressed in part III, infra, does not affect our
jurisdiction to hear Bankshot’s damages claim.
17
The City’s answer brief offers a baffling interpretation of Bankshot’s Notice of Appeal.
It argues that Bankshot only appealed the district court’s denial of its Rule 59(e) motion, which is
subject only to abuse of discretion review. We do not read the Notice of Appeal so narrowly; it
clearly states that Bankshot based its appeal on the district court’s February 12 judgment.

18
Roberts, 612 F.3d 1279, 1289 (11th Cir. 2010), we affirm the district court’s

denial of damages. We do so, however, on different grounds; Bankshot has not

demonstrated that its constitutional rights have been violated.

The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits States and their components from

“depriv[ing] any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”

U.S. Const. amend XIV, § 1. Due process encompasses the concepts of notice and

fair warning. At its core, “the . . . principle is that no man shall be held criminally

responsible for conduct which he could not reasonablely understand to be

proscribed.” United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259, 265, 117 S. Ct. 1219, 1225,

137 L. Ed. 2d 432 (1997) (quoting Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 351,

84 S. Ct. 1697, 1701, 12 L. Ed. 2d 894 (1964)).

Vagueness is a “related manifestation[] of the fair warning requirement.”

Id. at 266, 117 S. Ct. at 1225. “[T]he touchstone is whether the statute, either

standing alone or as construed, made it reasonably clear at the relevant time that

the defendant’s conduct was criminal.” Id. at 267, 117 S. Ct. at 1225.

We do not apply these principles in a vacuum, however. Litigants may not

comb the statute books for poorly drafted laws and sue to enjoin their

enforcement. As Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S. Ct. 746, 27 L. Ed. 2d 669

(1971), instructs us:

19
 The power and duty of the judiciary to declare laws unconstitutional
is in the final analysis derived from its responsibility for resolving
concrete disputes brought before the courts for decision; a statute
apparently governing a dispute cannot be applied by judges,
consistently with their obligations under the Supremacy Clause, when
such an application of the statute would conflict with the
Constitution. But this vital responsibility, broad as it is, does not
amount to an unlimited power to survey the statute books and pass
judgment on laws before the courts are called upon to enforce them.

Id. at 52, 91 S. Ct. at 754 (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted).

Instead, we review statutes for vagueness concerns only when a litigant

alleges a constitutional harm. These harms—or, injury, if you like—come in two

forms. In the first form, a person violates the vague law, is indicted, and then

moves the trial court to dismiss the indictment—or reverse a conviction—against

him, arguing that he did not receive notice that his conduct was proscribed. See,

e.g., Skilling v. United States, ___ U.S. ____, 130 S. Ct. 2896, 2925–35, 177 L.

Ed. 2d 619 (2010) (addressing the defendant’s argument that the Court must

vacate his conviction for honest-services wire fraud because the statute was

unconstitutionally vague); City of Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41, 119 S. Ct.

1849, 144 L. Ed. 2d 67 (1999) (addressing vagueness concerns following a

conviction under Chicago’s “Gang Congregation Ordinance”). The injury

remedied by this process is the deprivation of liberty—incarceration—without due

process because the criminal defendant was not on notice that his conduct was

20
criminal.

The second form is implicated when a litigant asks the federal court to

review a vague statute before the State seeks to enforce its law, known as pre-

enforcement review. This review deviates from the first form because the State

has not yet enforced the vague law; we do not know if the litigant will ever be

deprived of his liberty without due process of law. But we review these claims

when the vague law causes a separate injury: the litigant is chilled from engaging

in constitutionally protected activity. See Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat’l

Union, 442 U.S. 289, 301–03, 305–06, 99 S. Ct. 2301, 2310–11, 2312, 60 L. Ed.

2d 895 (1979) (permitting review of a state statute limiting a union’s publicity

rights and providing criminal penalties for violations, but abstaining from review

to await a potentially narrowing state court construction); Steffel v. Thompson,

415 U.S. 452, 459, 94 S. Ct. 1209, 1216, 39 L. Ed 2d 505 (1974) (reviewing a

challenge to a trespass statute as applied to a handbill distributor because “it is not

necessary that petitioner first expose himself to actual arrest or prosecution to be

entitled to challenge a statute that he claims deters the exercise of his

constitutional rights” to free speech); Baggett v. Bullit, 377 U.S. 360, 372, 84 S.

Ct. 1316, 1323, 12 L. Ed. 2d 377 (1964) (providing pre-enforcement review of a

state law requiring teachers to pledge oaths of allegiance to the United States,

21
thereby implicating the First Amendment); see also Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S.

352, 358, 103 S. Ct. 1855, 1858–59, 75 L. Ed. 2d 903 (1983) (providing pre-

enforcement review of a loitering statute that “implicates consideration of the

constitutional right to freedom of movement”).

Under this second paradigm, pre-enforcement review provides law-abiding

citizens with a middle road between facing prosecution and refraining from

otherwise constitutional conduct. Without pre-enforcement review, those citizens

would be forced to choose between “the Scylla of intentionally flouting state law

and the Charybdis of forgoing what [they] believe[] to be constitutionally

protected activity in order to avoid becoming enmeshed in a criminal proceeding.”

Steffel, 415 U.S. at 462, 94 S. Ct. at 1217 (citing Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U.S.

479, 490, 85 S. Ct. 1116, 1123, 14 L. Ed. 2d 22 (1965)). It is thus the plaintiff’s

desire to engage in constitutionally protected conduct that excepts him from the

choice of either violating or complying with the vague law.

Neither paradigm applies to Bankshot’s claims. Bankshot has not been

prosecuted; it has not lost its license; it has not been fined. The first form is

therefore inapplicable.

Bankshot similarly cannot avail itself of the pre-enforcement review

paradigm. It operates a pool hall and wants to admit patrons under twenty-one

22
while also serving alcohol. The pre-enforcement review paradigm hardly fits our

record; even though Bankshot is “chilled” from engaging in an activity in which it

once engaged, that activity is not constitutionally protected. Rather, it is normal

business activity; Bankshot is simply unsure whether it may simultaneously serve

alcohol and permit entry to persons under twenty-one. Cf. Kolender, 461 U.S. at

358 n.8, 103 S. Ct. at 1859 n.8 (emphasizing that courts are more tolerant of a

vague statute that “‘simply regulates business behavior’” (quoting Village of

Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 499, 102 S. Ct.

1186, 1194, 71 L. Ed. 2d 362 (1982))).

With neither paradigm applicable, we find that Bankshot has not suffered a

constitutional injury at the City’s hands. Its lost business was, therefore, the result

of its own decision to obey the statute rather than risk prosecution. We

accordingly affirm the district court’s denial of damages under § 1983.

III.

The district court permanently enjoined the Ordinance and declared its

provisions “unconstitutionally vague on its face” in violation of the Fourteenth

Amendment. After the court rendered this judgment, the City repealed the

Ordinance. On appeal, the City argues that this repeal renders the district court’s

judgment moot and submits that, without a proper Article III case or controversy,

23
we must vacate the injunction.

Under Article III of the Constitution, federal courts may only hear live

“cases” and “controversies.” U.S. Const. Art. III, § 2. “If events that occur

subsequent to the filing of a lawsuit . . . deprive the court of the ability to give the

plaintiff . . . meaningful relief, then the case is moot and must be dismissed.”

Sheely v. MRI Radiology Network, 505 F.3d 1173, 1183 (11th Cir. 2007) (citing

Troiano v. Supervisor of Elections, 382 F.3d 1276, 1281–82 (11th Cir. 2004)).

Here, the City argues that, because it repealed the Ordinance, the district court’s

injunction currently enjoins nothing and the case is moot.

Bankshot disagrees. It argues that the repeal does not affect our jurisdiction

because the City acted solely to deprive this court of jurisdiction and will likely re-

impose the purportedly unconstitutional measure.

“The doctrine of voluntary cessation provides an important exception to the

general rule” of mootness. Troiano, 382 F.3d at 1282. “It is well settled that ‘a

defendant’s voluntary cessation of a challenged practice does not deprive a federal

court of its power to determine the legality of the practice.’” Friends of the Earth,

Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189, 120 S. Ct. 693, 708,

145 L. Ed. 2d 610 (2000) (quoting City of Mesquite v. Aladdin’s Castle, Inc., 455

U.S. 283, 289, 102 S. Ct. 1070, 1074, 71 L. Ed. 2d 152 (1982)). “Otherwise, a

24
party could moot a challenge to a practice simply by changing the practice during

the course of the lawsuit, and then reinstate the practice as soon as the litigation

was brought to a close.” Jews for Jesus, Inc. v. Hillsborough Cnty. Aviation

Auth., 162 F.3d 627, 629 (11th Cir. 1998). Accordingly, the voluntary cessation

of challenged conduct will only moot a claim when there is no “reasonable

expectation” that the accused litigant will resume the conduct after the lawsuit is

dismissed. Id.; see also Laidlaw, 528 U.S. at 189, 120 S. Ct. at 708.

Generally, the “party asserting mootness” bears the “heavy burden of

persuading the court that the challenged conduct cannot reasonably be expected to

start up again.” Laidlaw, 528 U.S. at 189, 120 S. Ct. at 708 (internal citations and

alteration omitted). We also recognize, however, that “government actor[s enjoy]

a rebuttable presumption that the objectionable behavior will not recur.” Troiano,

382 F.3d at 1283 (emphasis in original); see also Harrell v. The Fla. Bar, 608 F.3d

1241, 1266 (11th Cir. 2010) (“[W]e have applied a ‘rebuttable presumption’ in

favor of governmental actors . . . .”); Sheely, 505 F.3d at 1183 (“[G]overnment

actors receive the benefit of a rebuttable presumption that the offending behavior

will not recur.”). Hence, “the Supreme Court has held almost uniformly that

voluntary cessation [by a government defendant] moots the claim.” Beta Upsilon

Chi Upsilon Chapter v. Machen, 586 F.3d 908, 917 (11th Cir. 2009) (collecting

25
cases). And “this Court has consistently held that a challenge to government

policy that has been unambiguously terminated will be moot in the absence of

some reasonable basis to believe that the policy will reinstated if the suit is

terminated.” Troiano, 382 F.3d at 1285.

These legal standards are fact-intensive inquiries. Because this issue was

raised for the first time on appeal, we have no factual record before us. We

therefore remand the injunction and declaratory judgment issues to the district

court to evaluate the parties’ mootness arguments.18

IV.

We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment regarding Bankshot’s request for

damages under § 1983, and we REMAND the issue of the injunction and

declaratory relief to the district court.

SO ORDERED.

18
Should the district court find that the issue is not moot, we trust that it will consider the
logic of our discussion regarding Bankshot’s damages claims in part II, supra, and the Supreme
Court’s direction that, where a statute does not reach constitutionally-protected conduct, a statute
is facially void for vagueness only if it is impermissibly vague in all its applications, Hoffman
Estates, 455 U.S. at 497, 102 S. Ct. at 1193.

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