PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Duyonn Andre VINCENT, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 157220.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted January 17, 1996, at Detroit. Decided February 16, 1996, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication April 29, 1996.*663 State Appellate Defender by Randy E. Davidson, Detroit, for defendant on appeal.
Before TAYLOR, P.J., and JANSEN and SMOLENSKI, JJ.
*664 TAYLOR, Presiding Judge.
Defendant appeals as of right from a jury conviction of first-degree murder, M.C.L. § 750.316; M.S.A. § 28.548, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, M.C.L. § 750.227b; M.S.A. § 28.424(2). We reverse.
Defendant and two others were jointly tried as a result of a fatal shooting. Defendant, Marcus Hopkins, and Dameon Perkins, were all charged with open murder and felony-firearm. The charges were considered by two juries. The case against Perkins was considered by one jury, and a second jury considered the case against defendant and Hopkins. Perkins' jury convicted him of second-degree murder and felony-firearm. Defendant's and Hopkins' jury convicted Hopkins of involuntary manslaughter and felony-firearm. This same jury convicted defendant of first-degree murder and felony-firearm. Hopkins' and Perkins' convictions were affirmed on appeal in separate unpublished opinions. People v. Hopkins, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 20,1995 (Docket No. 158133); People v. Perkins, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued November 21,1995 (Docket No. 160177).
Defendant argues on appeal that his conviction of first-degree murder violated his constitutional right not to be placed twice in jeopardy, U.S. Const., Am. V; Const. 1963, Art. 1, § 15. We agree.
At the close of the prosecutor's case, defense counsel moved for a directed verdict of acquittal with respect to the charge of first-degree murder and asked the court to permit the jury to consider only the crime of second-degree murder. Similar motions were made by the codefendants. The prosecutor opposed the motions, arguing that the evidence was sufficient to establish first-degree murder when viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution. The court then stated as follows:
Well my impression at this time is that there's not been shown premeditation or planning in the, in the alleged slaying. That what we have at the very best is second-degree murder.... I think that second-degree murder is an appropriate charge as to the defendants.
The parties then discussed several housekeeping matters, including whether the different juries would be present during presentation of defendant's defense, how long witnesses were expected to testify, and the logistics of moving the juries and witnesses in and out of the courtroom. After the three defendants left the courtroom, the prosecutor asked if he could make a brief "restatement" in terms of the first-degree murder charge when the juries came back the next morning because he wanted to find some law relating to the matter at issue. The court said it would be glad to hear the prosecutor. The next morning the prosecutor argued that, on the basis of the evidence and the law, the jury should determine if first-degree murder had been established. At the conclusion of the prosecutor's arguments, defense counsel argued that the court had granted a directed verdict with regard to the first-degree murder charge the previous day and cited the constitutional prohibition against placing a defendant in double jeopardy. The court advised defense counsel that it had not informed the jury "of any of these things." Defense counsel reiterated his contention that a decision had been made the previous day. The court said that it did not believe a court is precluded from reconsidering a decision already made if that decision has not been recited to the parties, particularly the jury. When counsel for Hopkins cited the Double Jeopardy Clause, the court said that it had not directed a verdict for anybody. Counsel for Hopkins then told the court that it had granted his motion. The court then stated: "Oh, I granted a motion but I have not directed a verdict." The prosecutor proceeded to present further argument in support of his position. The court then stated that it was going to consider the argument counsel had made and that no harm had come about by the "court's ruling earlier" because the jury had not been informed of "the conclusion this court drew" after arguments of counsel. The court then said that it was going to reserve ruling. Following that ruling, the defense presented its case, in which defendant called one witness and also *665 testified in his own behalf. After all defendants had rested, the court said:
I've reconsidered the ruling that the court earlier made and I've decided to let the jury make its own determination on the degrees.
Thereafter, the court submitted the first-degree murder charge against defendant to the jury, and he was found guilty of first-degree murder. After the jury returned its verdict, defense counsel renewed his motion for a directed verdict, which the court denied.
The propriety of the trial court's reconsidering its ruling that premeditation had not been shown, and allowing the jury to consider first-degree murder, has previously been considered by the panels of this Court that affirmed the convictions of codefendants Hopkins and Perkins. The Hopkins and Perkins panels, in unpublished opinions, held that Hopkins' and Perkins' double jeopardy rights had not been violated. Because these opinions were not published, they are not binding on this panel. Administrative Order No. 1994-4 provides only that a panel of this Court must follow the rule of law established in a prior Court of Appeals' published decision issued on or after November 1, 1990, unless reversed or modified by the Supreme Court or a special panel of this Court. Further, MCR 7.215(C) provides that an unpublished opinion is not precedentially binding under the rule of stare decisis. While we believe that inconsistent results on appeal involving codefendants are undesirable, People v. Hayden, 132 Mich.App. 273, 288-289, n. 8, 348 N.W.2d 672 (1984), we are persuaded that defendant's constitutional right not to be placed twice in jeopardy was violated and, therefore, are compelled to reverse his first-degree murder conviction.
The prosecutor has not filed a brief on appeal to contest defendant's claim that his double jeopardy rights were violated. We can only assume that the prosecutor believes this Court will follow the analysis of the Hopkins and Perkins panels and find no double jeopardy violation. The Perkins panel found no double jeopardy violation, even though the trial court had indicated the proofs supported only second-degree murder, stating:
Since the trial court had never indicated to the jury that it was directing a verdict of acquittal on first-degree murder, there was no prejudice to defendant and, more importantly, defendant's double jeopardy rights were not violated.
This conclusion of the Perkins panel is not supported by any authority.
The Hopkins panel resolved the double jeopardy issue as follows:
While the court expressed an opinion that ultimately would have ripened into a final ruling had nothing intervened and the court taken the issue from the jury, the court, before acting on its expressed opinion, agreed to hear further argument from the prosecutor regarding the issue. When the court recessed for the day, everyone was aware that the prosecutor was going to present further argument on the issue of first-degree murder the next morning, before defendants would proceed with their cases. The matter was addressed the next morning, and the court reconsidered its opinion earlier expressed, concluding that it would reserve ruling.
Thus, the record indicates that the court expressed an opinion, and then before finalizing that opinion, agreed to entertain further argument. The court did not make a final ruling until it denied defendant's motion for directed verdict and submitted the case to the jury. We conclude the court was not barred from further consideration of the matter.
This conclusion in Hopkins is also not supported by any authority.
In Smalis v. Pennsylvania, 476 U.S. 140, 106 S.Ct. 1745, 90 L.Ed.2d 116 (1986), the Supreme Court reiterated that a trial court's determination that the evidence is insufficient to convict is an acquittal under the Double Jeopardy Clause and that the Double Jeopardy Clause bars subjecting a defendant to post-acquittal fact-finding proceedings going to the guilt or innocence regarding such a charge. As explained below, we are convinced that the court granted a directed verdict of acquittal to defendant regarding the first-degree murder charge and that the *666 court's subsequent reversal of its decision resulted in post-acquittal fact-finding by the jury when the jury was allowed to consider the first-degree murder charge in violation of defendant's double jeopardy rights.
This Court's research has located several cases with facts similar to those in the case at bar that support our finding that defendant's double jeopardy rights were violated.
In Brooks v. Maryland, 299 Md. 146, 472 A.2d 981 (1984), the Maryland Court of Appeals considered a case where the trial court granted a motion for a directed verdict and "shortly thereafter" the prosecutor asked the court to reconsider its ruling. After hearing further argument from the prosecutor, the trial court reversed the grant of a directed verdict and denied the motion. The appellate court reversed the defendant's jury conviction on double jeopardy grounds, stating:
He [the judge] was belatedly persuaded in the light of the prosecution's tardy argument that the issue was for the jury.... [B]oth the State's argument and the judge's new ruling came too late. Once a trial judge intentionally acquits a defendant of a criminal offense over which the court has jurisdiction, the prohibition against double jeopardy does not permit him to change his mind. The grant of the motion for judgment of acquittal was a bar to further criminal proceedings on the same charge. [Id., p. 155, 472 A.2d 981.]
In Lowe v. Kansas, 242 Kan. 64, 744 P.2d 856 (1987), the Kansas Supreme Court considered a case where the trial court, outside the jury's presence, dismissed a charge on the basis of insufficient evidence after the state had rested its case. The following morning, the trial court reversed its earlier ruling and reinstated the charge. The appellate court reversed the defendant's jury conviction, citing Smalis, supra, and stating:
The reinstatement of the theft charge the next day and its submission to the jury constituted "further proceedings of some sort, devoted to the resolution of factual issues going to the elements of the offense charged" which, under Smalis, constituted a violation of the prohibition against double jeopardy. [Id., p. 67, 744 P.2d 856.]
In People v. Lerner, 128 A.D.2d 641, 512 N.Y.S.2d 886 (1987), the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, considered a case where the trial court granted a motion for a directed verdict of a kidnapping count. At the start of the trial the following day, the prosecutor moved to reargue the motion. The trial court allowed the prosecutor to reargue the motion and then reserved decision on the defendant's motion. The appellate court reversed the defendant's jury conviction, stating:
The trial order of dismissal granted at the conclusion of the People's case or at the conclusion of all of the evidence is "tantamount to an acquittal" (People v. Zagarino, 74 A.D.2d 115,120,427 N.Y.S.2d 40), and to allow reargument of such an order and the submission of a count previously dismissed pursuant thereto to a jury, would clearly violate the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy. [Id., p. 644, 512 N.Y.S.2d 886.]
In People v. Strong, 129 Ill.App.3d 427, 84 Ill.Dec. 756, 472 N.E.2d 1152 (1984), the Illinois Court of Appeals considered a case where the trial court granted a motion for a directed verdict at the close of the state's case. The following day the prosecutor asked the trial court to reconsider its decision, at which time the court rescinded its previous decision and submitted the matter to the jury. The appellate court reversed the defendant's jury conviction, stating:
Although as the State argues, and we confirm, the court erred in directing the verdict of acquittal on the home invasion charge, it is well settled that the legal effect of the directed verdict was to bar, under double jeopardy principles, the vacation or reversal of that verdict. Unquestionably, the allowance of defendants' motion for a directed verdict on the home invasion charge at the close of the State's case constituted a final adjudication on the merits of that charge. A trial court, therefore, may not withdraw an order directing a verdict and permit the jury to make a finding on the charge. [Id., pp. 430-431, 84 Ill.Dec. 756, 472 N.E.2d 1152. Citations omitted.]
*667 In Arizona v. Millanes, 180 Ariz. 418, 885 P.2d 106 (App.1994), the trial court granted a motion for acquittal. The prosecutor twice sought to have the court reconsider the acquittal. After a recess, the court reversed its earlier ruling. The Arizona Court of Appeals reversed the defendant's jury conviction, citing Smalis, supra, and the Kansas Supreme Court's decision in Lowe, supra, on the basis that the trial court's reversal of its earlier grant of an acquittal violated the defendant's right not to be placed twice in jeopardy.
The fact that the trial court in the case at bar did not inform the jury that it had directed a verdict of not guilty with regard to the first-degree murder charge did not prevent its ruling from taking effect. Lowe, supra. Indeed, in Lowe, the Kansas Supreme Court, on the basis of Smalis, overruled its prior decision in the Lowe case that had cited a lack of prejudice to the defendant in that no intervening proceedings had taken place before the jury when the trial court reversed its earlier grant of an acquittal.
The trial court communicated its decision directing a verdict of acquittal with respect to the first-degree murder charge to the prosecutor, all three defense counsel, and all three defendants. This made the court's ruling binding.
We reject any suggestion that the trial court did not actually direct a verdict of acquittal with respect to the first-degree murder charge after hearing the arguments of counsel. While the court's words, "Well, my impression at this time," may be somewhat ambiguous, the court's following statement, "What we have at the very best is second-degree murder," is not ambiguous. The next morning, the judge acknowledged he had granted the motions for a directed verdict. In deciding to reserve ruling, the court referred to the "ruling" it had made earlier, and in submitting the first-degree murder charge to the jury, the court said it had reconsidered the "ruling" it had previously made.
The trial court's characterization of its actions is not controlling, People v. Anderson, 409 Mich. 474, 486, 295 N.W.2d 482 (1980), but it does support our conclusion that the court directed a verdict of acquittal with respect to the first-degree murder charge. The trial court's claim that it had not directed a verdict (apparently on the basis that it had not informed the jury of its decision), even though it had granted motions for a directed verdict, was contradictory and was based on an irrelevant consideration. The trial court's ruling was not inadvertent or a slip of the tongue, see Pugh v. Maryland, 271 Md. 701, 319 A.2d 542 (1974), but was a decision made after hearing arguments from four attorneys. Nor was there merely a continuing discussion on the record, see Arizona v. Newfield, 161 Ariz. 470, 778 P.2d 1366 (App.1989), or mere ruminating by the court. The court made a ruling that it later reconsidered. However, once the court rendered its ruling on the record directing a verdict of acquittal with respect to the first-degree murder charge, double jeopardy principles forbade it from changing its mind and allowing the jury to consider a first-degree murder charge. The court's reversal of its directed verdict resulted in further proceedings in which the jury resolved factual issues concerning the elements of first-degree murder contrary to defendant's right not to be placed twice in jeopardy regarding the first-degree murder charge. Smalis, supra.
We also find that MCR 2.604(A) is inapplicable. This court rule states that an order or decision adjudicating fewer than all claims is subject to revision before entry of final judgment adjudicating all the claims. We believe MCR 2.604(A) applies only to civil actions and is therefore inapplicable. MCR 6.001(D)(2). Assuming, arguendo, that MCR 2.604(A) does apply to criminal cases, we find that it would, in the case at bar, be unconstitutional. A trial court's determination of insufficient evidence producing a directed verdict of acquittal terminates jeopardy with respect to that particular charge. Vanderbilt v. Collins, 994 F.2d 189, 195 (CA 5, 1993). Once jeopardy has terminated regarding a particular charge, double jeopardy protections forbid further proceedings, such as jury deliberations, relating to that charge. Smalis, supra; Lowe, supra.
*668 We further note that the trial court violated MCR 6.419(A). This court rule states:
Before Submission to Jury. After the prosecutor has rested the prosecution's case in chief and before the defendant presents proofs, the court on its own initiative may, or on the defendant's motion must, direct a verdict of acquittal on any charged offense as to which the evidence is insufficient to support conviction. The court may not reserve decision on the defendant's motion. If the defendant's motion is made after the defendant presents proofs, the court may reserve decision on the motion, submit the case to the jury, and decide the motion before or after the jury has completed its deliberations. [Emphasis added.]
After initially granting defendant's motion, the trial court decided to reserve ruling. However, the court rule quite clearly forbade the court from reserving its decision with respect to defendant's motion. The trial court's subsequent denial of defendant's motion after defendant had testified was a violation of the court rule. At the time defendant gave his testimony, he did not know if he faced a charge of firstdegree murder or second-degree murder. However, pursuant to MCR 6.419(A), defendant was entitled to know the most serious charge he faced before he testified on his own behalf.
Defendant's claim that the trial court erred when it ultimately denied his motion for a directed verdict of acquittal with respect to the first-degree murder charge is moot, given this Court's resolution of the double jeopardy issue.
We also reject defendant's claim that he is entitled to a new trial or to an order remanding the matter to the trial court so he can move for a new trial based upon an affidavit he submitted. MCR 2.611(A)(1)(f); People v. Bradshaw, 165 Mich.App. 562, 567, 419 N.W.2d 33 (1988).
We are satisfied that the appropriate remedy is to remand for entry of a conviction of second-degree murder and resentencing. If defendant had been convicted of second-degree murder, when the jury was improperly allowed to consider a first-degree murder charge, he would be entitled to a new trial on a second-degree murder charge because of the possibility of jury compromise. People v. Vail, 393 Mich. 460, 463-464, 227 N.W.2d 535 (1975). However, in the case at bar, there was no compromise verdict because defendant was convicted of the most serious charge and the evidence established that defendant was guilty of second-degree murder. Under such circumstances, entry of a conviction of second-degree murder is the appropriate remedy. People v. Hoffmeister, 394 Mich. 155, 161-162, 229 N.W.2d 305 (1975).
Reversed and remanded for entry of a conviction of second-degree murder and for resentencing.