PAUL POWERS, trustee,[1]
vs.
RICHARD LENO (and a companion case[2]).
Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Essex.
March 26, 1987. June 24, 1987.Present: BROWN, DREBEN, & FINE, JJ.
Mark B. Johnson for the plaintiffs.
Robert W. Deveau for the defendant.
DREBEN, J.
These actions were brought by the buyer and seller of land under a purchase and sale agreement. The theories of the complaints were abuse of process and interference with contractual or advantageous relations. At the close of the plaintiffs' evidence, the defendant[3] filed motions for directed verdicts *382 under Mass.R.Civ.P. 50(a), 365 Mass. 814 (1974). A judge of the Superior Court allowed the motions, and the plaintiffs appealed. We reverse.
We recite the evidence as construed most favorably to the plaintiffs. DiMarzo v. S. & P. Realty Corp., 364 Mass. 510, 514 (1974).[4] In August, 1982, the plaintiffs entered into an oral agreement, subsequently reduced to writing, for the purchase of land in North Andover abutting property owned by the defendant Leno. The buyer applied to the planning board of the town for a special permit to convert the buildings located on the property into condominiums. A special permit was granted on March 14, 1983.
Leno and Abdulla, see note 3 supra, appealed from the decision of the planning board to the Superior Court on April 4, 1983: summary judgment was entered against them on May 17, 1983. Although Leno and Abdulla appealed to this court, their counsel, on August 15, 1983, sought to withdraw because he had not been paid and because Leno and Abdulla had not responded to counsel's repeated efforts to discuss the case in order to prepare the appeal. A panel of this court allowed counsel's motion to withdraw, and a single justice of this court ordered Leno and Abdulla to post a $5,000 bond as a condition of continuing to prosecute the appeal. The appeal was dismissed in September, 1983, because Leno and Abdulla failed to post the bond.
At the end of August, shortly prior to that dismissal, the seller refused to grant the buyer another extension for the closing, and the deal was terminated. Because the special permit had been called in question by litigation, the buyer was not able to procure financing, and the sale did not go through.
The evidence most favorable to the plaintiffs came from the buyer. He testified that, "after the [zoning] appeals were pending *383 in the Superior Court and the Appeals Court," he had a discussion with Leno in the presence of a real estate broker in which Leno stated that he wanted to purchase an elongated strip of the property, approximately one acre, for one dollar. When Leno heard that the owners were unwilling to sell, he stated, "This will be in court forever." An answer to an interrogatory[5] reported Leno as having said that he would get the hundred feet of land "for a buck. And if I don't get what I want, I'll make sure these condominiums are never built. I'll delay it in court forever, even if I have to spend one million dollars." The real estate broker also testified that Leno had wanted a strip of land conveyed to him at nominal or no cost. Leno admitted that he knew that filing the appeals would prevent the project from proceeding.
1. Abuse of process. Under Massachusetts law, "process" in the context of abuse of process "refers to the papers issued by a court to bring a party or property within its jurisdiction." Jones v. Brockton Pub. Mkts., Inc., 369 Mass. 387, 390 (1975).[6] "To prevail on a cause of action for abuse of process, `it must appear that the process was used to accomplish some ulterior purpose for which it was not designed or intended, or which was not the legitimate purpose of the particular process employed.'" Beecy v. Pucciarelli, 387 Mass. 589, 595 (1982), quoting from Quaranto v. Silverman, 345 Mass. 423, 426 (1963). Datacomm Interface, Inc. v. Computerworld, Inc., 396 Mass. 760, 775-776 (1986). See generally, Board of Educ. v. Farmingdale Classroom Teachers Assn., 38 N.Y.2d 397 (1975).
While bad intentions alone are not enough to impose liability, "the case is otherwise where there is a `form of coercion to obtain a collateral advantage, not properly involved in the *384 proceeding itself, such as the surrender of property....'" Cohen v. Hurley, 20 Mass. App. Ct. 439, 442 (1985), quoting from Prosser & Keeton, Torts § 121, at 898 (5th ed. 1984). See American Velodur Metal, Inc. v. Schinabeck, 20 Mass. App. Ct. 460, 469-470 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1018 (1986). See also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 682 comment b (1977) ("usual case of abuse of process is one of some form of extortion, using the process to put pressure upon the other to compel him ... to take some ... action"). We think the evidence presented a jury question whether Leno had an ulterior purpose in bringing the zoning action and was using it as a form of extortion.
Even though Leno's statements about the strip of land occurred after he had brought the action in the Superior Court, it was open to the jury to infer from his later statements that he had had an ulterior motive at the time he commenced the action.[7] See Datacomm Interface, Inc. v. Computerworld, Inc., 396 Mass. at 775. In deciding whether to draw any such inference, a jury may also consider the evidence that Leno did not pursue his appeal in the zoning action once the seller had terminated the transaction and Leno, therefore, could no longer exert pressure on the buyer and the seller to convey the strip.
2. Interference with an advantageous relationship. "The elements of the tort of interference with an advantageous relationship *385 that a plaintiff must prove are `(1) a business relationship or contemplated contract of economic benefit; (2) the defendant's knowledge of such relationship; (3) the defendant's intentional and malicious interference with it; (4) the plaintiff's loss of advantage directly resulting from the defendant's conduct.'" Comey v. Hill, 387 Mass. 11, 19 (1982), quoting from Nolan, Tort Law § 72, at 87 (1979). The fact that the contract was oral at the time the action was brought is not significant. The plaintiffs did not have to prove a binding contract. A "probable future business relationship from which there is a reasonable expectancy of financial benefit is enough." Owen v. Williams, 322 Mass. 356, 362 (1948). Chemawa Country Golf, Inc. v. Wnuk, 9 Mass. App. Ct. 506, 509-510 (1980).
We think it was for the jury to determine whether Leno intentionally interfered with the plaintiffs' relationship by maliciously bringing or continuing the litigation so as to delay and derail the agreement.[8] See Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 767, comment c (1979); see also Grammenos v. Zolotas, 356 Mass. 594, 597 (1970); Pino v. Trans-Atlantic Marine, Inc., 358 Mass. 498, 504 (1970).[9]
3. Validity of the trust. Leno argues that the plaintiff trustee had no authority to bring this action because the trust is invalid. The record appendix, which does not contain the trust (or any other exhibits), is insufficient to permit our review of Leno's claim. Mass.R.A.P. 18(a), as amended, 399 Mass. 1217 (1987). Connolly v. Connolly, 400 Mass. 1002, 1003 (1987). Kunen v. First Agricultural Natl. Bank, 6 Mass. App. Ct. 684, 685-687, 691-692 (1978). Iverson v. Board of Appeals of Dedham, 14 Mass. App. Ct. 951 (1982).
The judgments are reversed and the cases are remanded for a new trial.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1] Powers is trustee of Hardtcourt Manor Realty Trust, the buyer.
[2] John Warlick vs. Richard Leno. Warlick was the seller.
[3] The actions in the Superior Court were originally brought against two defendants, Richard Leno and Daniel Abdulla. These appeals are only from the judgments in favor of Richard Leno. For this reason, we refer to the defendant in the singular in this opinion.
[4] While the evidence in favor of the plaintiffs is thin, it was sufficient to preclude directed verdicts. Regrettably, the judge did not follow the better procedure of allowing the matter to go to the jury "in any but a plain case." Soares v. Lakeville Baseball Camp. Inc., 369 Mass. 974, 975 (1976). Smith v. Ariens Co., 375 Mass. 620, 627 (1978).
[5] No timely objection was taken to the reading of this answer to the jury.
[6] While G.L.c. 40A, § 17, as amended through St. 1985, c. 492, § 1, provides a statutory method of notification by the plaintiff instead of "the usual service of process," the statutory procedure is analogous to the "process" defined in Jones v. Brockton Pub. Mkts., Inc., 369 Mass. at 390. Accordingly, we consider that the defendant's "appeal" under G.L.c. 40A, § 17, may qualify as the basis for an action for abuse of process.
[7] The appeal to this court in the zoning case was taken within a short period of time following the bringing of the action in the Superior Court by Leno and Abdulla. It is, therefore, unlikely that Leno's intent differed on the two dates, and we have no hesitation in ruling that at any new trial the jury should be instructed that the relevant date for determining Leno's state of mind under the abuse of process claim is the date on which he brought his action in the Superior Court. See Baya v. Revitz, 345 So.2d 340, 341 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1977). But see Barquis v. Merchants Collection Assn., 7 Cal.3d 94, 104 n. 4 (1972) (where process construed broadly, court recognized that under certain circumstances the taking of an appeal might give rise to an abuse of process action). Our ruling is consistent with the limited definition of "process" in the Massachusetts decisions, see Jones v. Brockton Pub. Mkts., Inc., 369 Mass. at 390, and cases cited, and consistent with the policy that abuse of process cases ought not to be encouraged. See Cohen v. Hurley, 20 Mass. App. Ct. at 443.
[8] Of course, the plaintiffs, if they should prove successful, may only have one recovery.
[9] For purposes of this opinion we need not discuss the tort of interference with contractual relations.