Exergen Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2006-1491, 2007-1180

EXERGEN CORPORATION,

Plaintiff-Cross Appellant,

v.

WAL-MART STORES, INC.
HANA MICROELECTRONICS CO., LTD., and CVS CORPORATION,

Defendants,

and

S.A.A.T. SYSTEMS APPLICATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, LTD.
and DAIWA PRODUCTS, INC.,

Defendants-Appellants.

Heidi E. Harvey, Fish & Richardson P.C., of Boston, Massachusetts, argued for
plaintiff-cross appellant. With her on the brief were Gregory A. Madera and Thomas A.
Brown.

Peter M. Midgley, Jr., Zarian Midgley & Johnson PLLC, of Boise, Idaho, argued
for defendants-appellants. With him on the brief was Dana M. Herberholz.

Appealed from: United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts

Judge Reginald C. Lindsay
 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2006-1491, 2007-1180

EXERGEN CORPORATION,

Plaintiff-Cross Appellant,

v.

WAL-MART STORES, INC.
HANA MICROELECTRONICS CO., LTD., and CVS CORPORATION,

Defendants,

and

S.A.A.T. SYSTEMS APPLICATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, LTD.
and DAIWA PRODUCTS, INC.,

Defendants-Appellants.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts in case
no. 01-CV-11306, Judge Reginald C. Lindsay.

__________________________

DECIDED: August 4, 2009
__________________________

Before MICHEL, Chief Judge, LINN, Circuit Judge, and ST. EVE, District Judge. ∗

LINN, Circuit Judge.

S.A.A.T. Systems Application of Advanced Technology, Ltd. and Daiwa

Products, Inc. (collectively “SAAT”) appeal the denial of their motion for judgment as a

matter of law (“JMOL”) after a jury found that SAAT willfully infringed U.S. Patents No.

∗
The Honorable Amy J. St. Eve, District Judge, United States District Court
for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
5,012,813 (“the ’813 patent”), No. 6,047,205 (“the ’205 patent”), and No. 6,292,685 (“the

’685 patent”) and awarded lost profit damages to the patentee, Exergen Corporation

(“Exergen”). Exergen Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 01-CV-11306 (D. Mass. Aug.

4, 2005). SAAT further appeals the denial of its motion for leave to amend its answer to

allege that the ’813 and ’685 patents are unenforceable due to inequitable conduct.

Exergen cross-appeals the denial of its motion to alter or amend judgment for an award

of enhanced damages and prejudgment interest.

We conclude that all claims of the ’205 patent are anticipated and that no

substantial evidence supports the jury’s contrary finding. Furthermore, we conclude that

Exergen failed to introduce substantial evidence to support the jury’s finding that the

’813 and ’685 patents are infringed. Because our invalidity and non-infringement

determinations require that we reverse the damages award, we need not address

Exergen’s cross-appeal regarding enhanced damages and prejudgment interest.

Finally, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying SAAT’s

motion to amend its pleading because it correctly held that SAAT’s proposed allegations

of inequitable conduct failed to satisfy the heightened pleading requirement of Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). Thus, we affirm-in-part and reverse-in-part.

BACKGROUND

Exergen’s patents relate to infrared thermometers for measuring human body

temperature. The thermometers first detect infrared radiation emitted from a surface of

the human body, such as the tympanic membrane (eardrum) or the skin of the

forehead, to obtain the surface temperature. The surface temperature is a function of

both the internal (core) temperature within the body and the ambient (air) temperature to

2006-1491, 2007-1180 2
which the surface is exposed. From the detected surface temperature, the

thermometers calculate the internal temperature in accordance with equations provided

in the patents and then display a digital readout thereof. For example, the ’813 and ’205

patents disclose a thermometer that detects radiation from the tympanic membrane, but

the claims of those patents are directed more broadly to detecting radiation from

“biological tissue.” The ’685 patent, by contrast, is directed to a thermometer that

detects radiation from the skin that covers the temporal artery in the temple region near

the side of the forehead.

SAAT manufactures thermometers that detect radiation from the skin that covers

the temporal artery. After detecting this radiation, SAAT’s thermometers convert the

measured surface reading to the patient’s oral temperature, which is the commonly

used temperature measurement in the United States.

Exergen sued SAAT for infringement of the ’813 and ’205 patents on July 27,

2001. The ’685 patent issued on September 18, 2001, and was added to the suit on

October 2, 2001. SAAT answered by asserting affirmative defenses and counterclaims

of both noninfringement and invalidity. On September 6, 2002, SAAT sought leave

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) to add inequitable conduct as an

affirmative defense and counterclaim against the ’813 and ’685 patents. Exergen Corp.

v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 01-CV-11306 (D. Mass. Sept. 6, 2002) (Dkt. No. 51)

(“Answer”). The district court denied SAAT’s motion, stating that the proposed pleading

failed to allege inequitable conduct with particularity under Rule 9(b).

The court then conducted a hearing on claim construction and construed two

terms in claim 7 of the ’813 patent. First, the court construed “biological surface tissue”

2006-1491, 2007-1180 3
to mean “a living layer of external human tissue having a temperature that can be

measured.” Exergen Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 01-CV-11306, slip op. at 10 (D.

Mass. July 14, 2004) (“Claim Construction Order”). Second, the court construed

“internal temperature” to mean “temperature of the region existing beneath the surface

of the biological tissue targeted for measurement.” Id. The parties agreed that these

terms were the only terms at issue in the case. Moreover, before trial, Exergen waived

any argument that SAAT infringed under the doctrine of equivalents.

The case then proceeded to a jury trial on a theory of literal infringement only.

The jury found that SAAT directly infringed claim 7 of the ’813 patent and claims 1 and

3-5 of the ’205 patent, and that SAAT actively induced infringement of claims 1 and 27-

30 of the ’685 patent. Infringement of each patent was found to be willful. The jury also

found in favor of Exergen on SAAT’s invalidity defenses. Finally, the jury awarded lost

profit damages totaling more than $2.5 million.

SAAT moved for JMOL on the grounds of noninfringement, invalidity, and

absence of lost profits. These motions were denied on March 24, 2006. Exergen

moved to alter or amend judgment for an award of enhanced damages and

prejudgment interest. This motion was denied on January 12, 2007.

SAAT and Exergen appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).

DISCUSSION

I. Standard of Review

We review the denial of a motion for JMOL under the law of the regional circuit.

See 800 Adept, Inc. v. Murex Sec., Ltd., 539 F.3d 1354, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2008). In the

First Circuit, “[t]he district court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for judgment as a

2006-1491, 2007-1180 4
matter of law is reviewed de novo.” Soto-Lebron v. Fed. Express Corp., 538 F.3d 45,

56 (1st Cir. 2008). JMOL is appropriate if “the presentation of the party’s case reveals

no ‘legally sufficient evidentiary basis’ for a reasonable jury to find for that party.” Mag

Jewelry Co. v. Cherokee, Inc., 496 F.3d 108, 117 (1st Cir. 2007) (quoting Fed. R. Civ.

P. 50(a)(1)). Anticipation and infringement are both questions of fact, which, when

found by a jury, are generally reviewed for substantial evidence. See Cordis Corp. v.

Boston Scientific Corp., 561 F.3d 1319, 1330, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

The denial of a motion to amend a pleading under Rule 15(a) is a procedural

matter governed by the law of the regional circuit. See Cent. Admixture Pharmacy

Servs., Inc. v. Advanced Cardiac Solutions, P.C., 482 F.3d 1347, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

The First Circuit reviews the denial of a Rule 15(a) motion for an abuse of discretion.

See Trans-Spec Truck Serv., Inc. v. Caterpillar Inc., 524 F.3d 315, 326 (1st Cir. 2008).

Whether inequitable conduct has been pleaded with particularity under Rule 9(b) is a

question governed by Federal Circuit law. See Cent. Admixture, 482 F.3d at 1356.

II. Anticipation

SAAT challenges the jury’s finding that claims 1-5 of the ’205 patent are not

anticipated by U.S. Patent No. 4,602,642 (“O’Hara”). “To anticipate a claim, a single

prior art reference must expressly or inherently disclose each claim limitation.” Finisar

Corp. v. DirecTV Group, Inc., 523 F.3d 1323, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

Claim 1 is the sole independent claim of the ’205 patent. It recites:

1. A method of detecting temperature of biological tissue comprising:
providing a radiation detector for sensing infrared radiation from an
external target;
sensing radiation from multiple areas of the biological tissue with
the radiation detector; and

2006-1491, 2007-1180 5
 electronically detecting the peak radiation from the multiple areas to
obtain a peak temperature signal.

’205 patent col.20 ll.46-54.

O’Hara issued more than two years before the earliest priority date of the

’205 patent. O’Hara discloses “a method and apparatus for measuring the internal

temperature of a patient’s body by sensing infrared emissions in the external ear canal.”

O’Hara col.3 ll.8-10. This apparatus includes a handheld “probe unit” containing “an

infrared sensitive thermopile detector,” id. col.3 ll.37-40, and a base or “chopper unit”

that mates with and heats the probe unit to 98°F for calibration immediately prior to use,

id. col.3 ll.32-36. When a user removes the probe unit from the chopper unit, the

system begins taking radiation measurements at a rate of seven times per second and

stores the maximum reading. Id. col.12 ll.37-47. From the time that the probe unit is

removed from the chopper unit, the user has ten seconds to insert the probe into the

external ear canal and press the SCAN key. Id. col.12 ll.61-65. When the SCAN key is

pressed, “[t]he maximum reading from the beginning of the removal of the probe unit

from the chopper unit is displayed as the tympanic temperature.” Id. col.13 ll.7-9.

Exergen’s expert, Dr. Pompei, admitted at trial that O’Hara discloses all

limitations of claim 1 except the third step, namely, “electronically detecting the peak

radiation from the multiple areas to obtain a peak temperature signal.” J.A. 6502-03

(39:14-40:12). On appeal, Exergen also focuses only on this third step and presents

two arguments for distinguishing O’Hara. First, Exergen argues that O’Hara heats the

probe unit to 98°F and detects this radiation in addition to the radiation detected from

the patient. Second, Exergen argues that O’Hara detects radiation only from a single

2006-1491, 2007-1180 6
spot, not from “multiple areas,” in the ear canal after the SCAN key is pressed. Neither

of these arguments, however, provides a plausible basis for distinguishing O’Hara.

First, nothing in claim 1 of the ’205 patent requires the detector to detect radiation

solely from the biological tissue. The claim uses the term “comprising,” which is well

understood in patent law to mean “including but not limited to.” CIAS, Inc. v. Alliance

Gaming Corp., 504 F.3d 1356, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2007); see Invitrogen Corp. v. Biocrest

Mfg., L.P., 327 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“The transition ‘comprising’ in a

method claim indicates that the claim is open-ended and allows for additional steps.”).

The fact that O’Hara detects radiation from the heated probe, in addition to detecting the

peak radiation from multiple areas of the biological tissue to obtain a peak temperature

signal, does not prevent O’Hara from anticipating claim 1. Moreover, Exergen does not

argue that a heated probe is incapable of detecting radiation from sources having a

lower temperature. To the contrary, Exergen concedes that the detection of radiation is

an additive process that allows radiation to be detected from both the heated probe and

the biological tissue. Pl.-Cross Appellant’s Br. 31 (stating that O’Hara’s “own radiation

is always added to the radiation it is detecting from random targets that it encounters

along the way” (emphasis added)).

Second, Exergen’s contention that O’Hara detects radiation only from a single

spot, not from “multiple areas,” is unsupported by substantial evidence. In fact,

Exergen’s expert, Dr. Pompei, testified that O’Hara inherently discloses this limitation:

Q. While you’re moving this probe unit from the chopper unit, is it -- what
is it measuring?
A. It’s measuring infrared radiation.
* * *

2006-1491, 2007-1180 7
 Q. And you have to move it along the side of the patient’s face to get to
the ear, don’t you?
A. Yes.
Q. During the period that you’re moving along the side of the patient’s
face, what’s it measuring? What’s it doing?
A. It’s measuring radiation.

J.A. 6495-96 (32:25-33:12 (emphasis added)). Because a user of O’Hara’s method

would necessarily detect radiation from the patient’s face, outer ear, and ear canal at a

rate of seven times per second while inserting the probe unit into the ear canal, O’Hara

inherently discloses the detection of radiation from “multiple areas” of biological tissue.

See Trintec Indus., Inc. v. Top-U.S.A. Corp., 295 F.3d 1292, 1295 (Fed. Cir. 2002)

(“Inherent anticipation requires that the missing descriptive material is ‘necessarily

present,’ not merely probably or possibly present, in the prior art.” (quoting In re

Robertson, 169 F.3d 743, 745 (Fed. Cir. 1999))). Exergen also contends, with respect

to the “multiple areas” limitation, that O’Hara’s probe unit employs a detector with a wide

field of view, which, once inserted into the ear canal, measures radiation from only one

spot of the ear canal after the SCAN key is pressed. Exergen’s argument overlooks the

fact that the term “biological tissue” in claim 1 is not limited to “ear canal,” and the fact

that O’Hara detects radiation from multiple areas of the body during the entire time that

the probe unit is being inserted into the ear canal, even before the SCAN key is

pressed. O’Hara unambiguously states that “[t]he maximum reading from the beginning

of the removal of the probe unit from the chopper unit is displayed as the tympanic

temperature.” O’Hara col.13 ll.7-9 (emphasis added). The record also reflects that as

the probe unit is moved into position in the ear canal, it necessarily passes over—and

detects radiation from—the face, outer ear, and ear canal along the way. Because

2006-1491, 2007-1180 8
O’Hara obtains a peak temperature signal corresponding to a peak radiation detected

over the patient’s face, outer ear, and ear canal—i.e., multiple areas of the biological

tissue—O’Hara anticipates claim 1.

Exergen presents no separate argument as to the validity of dependent claims 2-

5. The limitations of those claims are readily found in O’Hara. Compare ’205 patent

claim 2 (“a temperature display for displaying the peak temperature”), with O’Hara col.4

ll.25-26 (“The internal body temperature . . . is displayed on the LCD.”); compare

’205 patent claim 3 (“the radiation sensor is a thermopile”), with O’Hara col.3 ll.39-40

(“an infrared sensitive thermopile detector”); compare ’205 patent claim 4 (“sounding an

audible tone from the radiation detector to indicate detection of peak radiation”), with

O’Hara col.13 ll.11-13 (“the audio indicator is energized to signal completion of the

temperature reading process”); compare ’205 patent claim 5 (“the biological tissue is

scanned with movement of the radiation detector”), with O’Hara col.12 ll.59-61 (“The

user then inserts the speculum covered probe into the external ear canal using

moderate pressure.”).

We therefore reverse the jury’s finding that all claims of the ’205 patent are not

invalid. Moreover, because “invalid claim[s] cannot give rise to liability for infringement,”

Medtronic, Inc. v. Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc., 721 F.2d 1563, 1583 (Fed. Cir. 1983),

SAAT cannot be liable for infringement of this patent.

III. Infringement

SAAT challenges the jury’s findings that SAAT directly infringed the ’813 patent

and actively induced infringement of the ’685 patent. “Direct infringement requires a

party to perform each and every step or element of a claimed method or product.” BMC

2006-1491, 2007-1180 9
Res., Inc. v. Paymentech, L.P., 498 F.3d 1373, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2007). Active

inducement requires the patentee to prove “first that there has been direct infringement,

and second that the alleged infringer knowingly induced infringement and possessed

specific intent to encourage another’s infringement.” Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co. v.

Chemque, Inc., 303 F.3d 1294, 1304-05 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citations omitted).

A. The ’813 Patent

Claim 7 is the sole claim of the ’813 patent found infringed. It recites, with key

term emphasized:

7. A radiation detector comprising:
a thermopile mounted to view a target of biological surface tissue;
a temperature sensor for sensing ambient temperature;
an electronic circuit coupled to the thermopile and temperature
sensor and responsive to the voltage across the thermopile and the
temperature sensed by the sensor to provide an indication of an
internal temperature within the biological tissue adjusted for the
ambient temperature to which the surface tissue is exposed; and
a display for providing an indication of the internal temperature.

’813 patent col.14 ll.50-63.

SAAT argues that its device does not possess “a display for providing an

indication of the internal temperature” as recited in the claim. The district court

construed “internal temperature” to mean “temperature of the region existing beneath

the surface of the biological tissue targeted for measurement.” Claim Construction

Order at 10. Neither SAAT nor Exergen challenges the construction of “internal

temperature.” Moreover, because SAAT’s device targets the patient’s forehead area for

measurement, it is undisputed that the relevant “internal temperature” here is the

temperature of the temporal artery beneath the skin of the forehead. SAAT’s device,

however, measures infrared radiation from the patient’s forehead to calculate and

2006-1491, 2007-1180 10
display a digital readout of the patient’s oral temperature, which is different from (and

typically lower than) the patient’s temporal artery temperature. Although Exergen told

the jury that “an oral temperature is an internal temperature,” J.A. 188 (119:21-22),

Exergen now retracts that statement and acknowledges that the “internal temperature”

here is “the temperature of the temporal artery beneath the skin of the forehead that is

targeted,” Pl.-Cross Appellant’s Br. 35 (emphasis added). For these reasons, SAAT

argues that its device does not infringe.

Exergen responds that oral temperature, while not itself an internal temperature,

is nevertheless an “indication” of internal temperature because the two temperatures

can be compared and correlated to one another in a clinical lookup table. Exergen

further argues that SAAT did not seek any particular construction of the term “indication”

and thus SAAT has waived its attempt to construe “indication” to mean “reading.”

We observe that it is Exergen, not SAAT, which seeks to change the ordinary

meaning of “indication” that was given to the jury. Exergen’s own expert and co-

inventor on the ’813 patent, Dr. Pompei, testified on direct examination that the phrase

“a display for providing an indication” in claim 7 means that “[o]n the display it reads a

temperature that is -- you know, is the internal temperature.” J.A. 6346 (184:13-14

(emphasis added)). His testimony made clear that the number shown on the display

must itself be the value of the internal temperature; it cannot be some other value

requiring further (mental) computation before arriving at the internal temperature. Id.

6346 (184:8-10 (Dr. Pompei testifying with respect to claim 7 that “[w]hen scanning the

surface of the skin, then the temperature that I display here is the temperature

underneath, somewhere inside that tissue”)).

2006-1491, 2007-1180 11
 We further decline to find waiver against SAAT in view of Exergen’s misleading

statement to the jury that “an oral temperature is an internal temperature” in the context

of a forehead thermometer—a statement that directly contradicts the district court’s

earlier construction of “internal temperature.” See Claim Construction Order at 10.

Once a district court has construed the relevant claim terms, and unless altered by the

district court, then that legal determination governs for purposes of trial. No party may

contradict the court’s construction to a jury.

Because it is undisputed that SAAT’s device possesses a display for providing a

reading of oral temperature rather than the temperature of the temporal artery beneath

the skin of the forehead, the device cannot infringe claim 7 of the ’813 patent. We

therefore reverse the jury’s finding that this patent is infringed.

B. The ’685 Patent

The jury found that SAAT actively induced infringement of claims 1 and 27-30 of

the ’685 patent. Inducement requires a threshold finding of direct infringement.

Because Exergen presented no evidence of any “specific instance of direct

infringement,” Exergen was required to show that “the accused device necessarily

infringes the patent in suit.” ACCO Brands, Inc. v. ABA Locks Mfrs. Co., 501 F.3d 1307,

1313 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (citing Dynacore Holdings Corp. v. U.S. Philips Corp., 363 F.3d

1263, 1275-76 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). Exergen relied on instructions and drawings

accompanying SAAT’s infrared thermometers as circumstantial evidence that

customers would necessarily infringe the ’685 patent. See Moleculon Research Corp.

v. CBS, Inc., 793 F.2d 1261, 1272 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (holding that sales of product with

instructions to use product in an infringing manner may constitute circumstantial

2006-1491, 2007-1180 12
evidence that customers would use the product in the manner directed). As we shall

explain, however, any customer who actually followed SAAT’s instructions would not

have performed the steps recited in the asserted claims of the ’685 patent and thus

would not have directly infringed the patent. Accordingly, we reverse the jury’s finding

that SAAT actively induced infringement of this patent.

1. Claim 1

Claim 1 recites:

1. A method of detecting human body temperature comprising:
laterally scanning a temperature detector across a forehead; and
providing a peak temperature reading from plural readings during
the step of scanning.

’685 patent col.9 ll.15-20. The parties agree that “laterally” means “horizontal relative to

the human body.” Pl.-Cross Appellant’s Br. 42.

Exergen presented evidence of sales of two types of thermometers: ThermoTek

and CVS. 1 Both thermometers were sold with instructions containing the following

drawing:

1
A third product, the Safety 1st thermometer, was never sold to end users.
Exergen concedes that “the record does not support a finding of induced infringement of
the ’685 patent with respect to the Safety 1st thermometer.” Pl.-Cross Appellant’s Br.
47.

2006-1491, 2007-1180 13
J.A. 7917, 7951 (two circles added during trial). The instructions for the ThermoTek

thermometer state, “Scan with the thermometer around the temple area (marked as

dotted area in the drawing).” Id. at 7917 (emphasis added). The instructions for the

CVS thermometer state, “Place the thermometer’s soft touch tip just outside the

eyebrow (in the temple region of the forehead) and slowly slide upwards to just below

the hairline.” Id. at 7951 (emphasis added).

SAAT argues that a user following either set of instructions would not be “laterally

scanning . . . across a forehead,” as recited in the claim, because the two oval patterns

(marked as the dotted areas) are located only on the temples and are oriented vertically

relative to the human body. Exergen responds that each oval pattern includes at least

some horizontal component, which Exergen believes is sufficient to constitute “laterally

scanning.”

We agree with SAAT. Even if the term “laterally scanning” captures the minimal

horizontal movement envisioned by Exergen (an issue on which we express no

opinion), Exergen’s argument ignores the claim language requiring the lateral scan to

occur “across a forehead,” not merely within the temple region located on one side of

2006-1491, 2007-1180 14
the forehead. In fact, counsel for Exergen told the jury to essentially ignore this

requirement:

[MS. HARVEY:] The only other issue on this is whether or not, with
Claim 1, there’s a lateral scan. . . .
And I was thinking, you know, dogs go straight to where they’re going
across, and my cats go around in a circle to get there, but they both end
up at the same place. When you go around in a circle, you have gone
across. It doesn’t matter if I -- it would be like saying cross the Charles
River going east. Well, you can cross the Charles River going east, west,
north and south, depending on which bridge you take, right? You crossed
the river, you’ve crossed the river.
. . . . And Doctor Pompei admitted that if you followed strictly their
instructions to start out here at the outside of the eyebrow and go straight
up to the hairline, that would not be a lateral scan. On the other hand, if
they’re scanning in this direction, they’re doing both vertical and lateral.
And this is word-sniffing to try to hide out from that claim of the patent
because the point is -- and you saw him take the temperature on the front
cover of the ’685 patent. The point of those instructions is to find the
temporal artery. It’s to make sure that you cross it, right? And these
instructions ensure that you cross the temporal artery.

J.A. 199-200 (130:8-131:10 (emphases added)).

Thus, Exergen posited to the jury that scanning within one of the oval patterns in

the temple region was sufficient to infringe claim 1 because such a scan would achieve

substantially the same result as scanning across the forehead, namely, crossing the

temporal artery. The claim recites “across a forehead,” not “across a temporal artery.”

The ThermoTek instruction says to scan “around the temple area (marked as dotted

area in the drawing)”—a motion that is more limited than scanning “across a forehead.”

Exergen’s insistence on the sufficiency of merely crossing the temporal artery, including

its criticism of SAAT’s alleged “word-sniffing,” is an argument sounding in the doctrine of

equivalents—a doctrine “designed to do equity” and “to relieve an inventor from a

semantic strait jacket,” Perkin-Elmer Corp. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 822 F.2d 1528,

1532 (Fed. Cir. 1987), but one which Exergen expressly waived before trial. Under a

2006-1491, 2007-1180 15
theory of literal infringement, to which Exergen was limited, no reasonable jury could

have found that scanning within an oval pattern in the temple region on one side of the

forehead meets the literal requirement of scanning “across a forehead.”

Exergen also points to the testimony of SAAT’s president, Mr. Gerlitz, who

described the operation of the accused thermometer as follows: “when it shows ‘ready,’

you can go to the temple and start to go from the left side of the left eyeball to the right

side of the right eyeball.” J.A. 7360 (54:14-16 (emphasis added)). Exergen’s reliance

on this testimony is misplaced for two reasons. First, Mr. Gerlitz was not referring to the

instructions sold with the ThermoTek or CVS thermometers, which instruct only to scan

inside the dotted oval patterns in a noninfringing manner. Second, his testimony shows

merely that the thermometers “can” be used in an infringing manner by scanning across

the forehead from one temple to the other, as opposed to the noninfringing manner

disclosed in the ThermoTek or CVS instructions. “Because the accused device can be

used at any given time in a noninfringing manner, the accused device does not

necessarily infringe the [patent-in-suit].” ACCO Brands, 501 F.3d at 1313.

Because no reasonable jury could have found that a purchaser of SAAT’s

thermometers, who actually followed the accompanying instructions, would have

performed the steps recited in claim 1, we reverse the jury’s finding that SAAT actively

induced infringement of this claim.

2. Claim 27

Claim 27 recites:

27. A method of detecting human body temperature comprising
measuring temperature of the temporal artery through skin.

’685 patent col.10 ll.58-60.

2006-1491, 2007-1180 16
 SAAT argues that its device does not measure the “temperature of the temporal

artery through skin” as recited in the claim but measures only the surface temperature

of the skin that covers the temporal artery. It is undisputed that ambient air causes the

skin to be at a lower temperature than the temporal artery. SAAT’s device then

converts this skin temperature measurement to oral temperature, which again is

different from the temperature of the temporal artery.

Exergen responds, citing portions of Dr. Pompei’s testimony, ostensibly for the

proposition that “sensing the temperature of the forehead in the temple area as

defendants’ instructions direct will necessarily measure the temperature of the temporal

artery.” Pl.-Cross Appellant’s Br. 45 (citing J.A. 6417-19 (66:6-68:19), 6420-22 (69:13-

71:14)).

Exergen overstates the record. 2 All that Dr. Pompei said in his testimony was

that a user scanning within the temple area would necessarily scan over the temporal

artery. J.A. 6417 (66:21 (“it’s scanning over the temporal artery”)), 6418 (67:18-20 (“the

2
This was not the only occasion when an argument by Exergen’s counsel
drifted from the record or the court’s rulings. See J.A. 188 (119:21-22 (arguing, contrary
to the district court’s construction, that “an oral temperature is an internal temperature”
in the context of a forehead thermometer)), 200 (131:5 (dismissing as “word-sniffing” the
requirement that the lateral scan occur “across a forehead” rather than merely “across a
temporal artery”)); compare Pl.-Cross Appellant’s Br. 42 (arguing that customers’ use of
Safety 1st thermometer constitutes substantial evidence of induced infringement of the
’685 patent), with id. at 47 (conceding that “the record does not support a finding of
induced infringement of the ’685 patent with respect to the Safety 1st thermometer”).
While this form of advocacy may have resulted in a short-lived victory at trial, it does not
serve the interests of the client or the interests of the court. See Allen Eng’g Corp. v.
Bartell Indus., Inc., 299 F.3d 1336, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Counsel must remember that
they are not only advocates for their clients; they are also officers of the court and are
expected to assist the court in the administration of justice, particularly in difficult cases
involving complex issues of law and technology.”). Because we reverse the jury’s
findings of infringement, we need not consider whether counsel’s conduct so prejudiced
SAAT as to warrant a new trial.

2006-1491, 2007-1180 17
infrared detector . . . is scanned across the temporal artery”)), 6419 (68:6-7 (“it crosses

over the temporal artery”)), 6421 (70:21-22 (“it’s right at the location of the temporal

artery”)), 6422 (71:13-14 (“you’d still cross the temporal artery”)). He never equated this

act with measuring the temperature of the temporal artery. Nor did he state that the

temperature of the skin is the same as the temperature of the temporal artery. To the

contrary, the specification of the ’685 patent, which names Dr. Pompei as the sole

inventor, makes clear that skin loses heat to the air as a function of the ambient

temperature (“Ta”) at the same time that the skin is heated by the core arterial blood

supply, such as the blood supply in the temporal artery. ’685 patent col.2 ll.14-36; col.7

ll.3-38. Skin temperature (“Ts”) is expressly distinguished from core temperature (“Tc”).

Id. col.7 ll.24-25. The specification then provides an equation to “calculate core

temperature Tc when skin temperature Ts and ambient temperature Ta are known.” Id.

col.7 ll.39-41.

Simply put, a measurement of the temperature of the skin is not a measurement

of the temperature of the temporal artery beneath the skin. It requires a further

computation to arrive at the temperature of the temporal artery, a computation that

SAAT’s device indisputably does not perform. Thus, a customer using SAAT’s device

would not have infringed independent claim 27 or its dependent claims 28-30. See

Muniauction, Inc. v. Thomson Corp., 532 F.3d 1318, 1329 n.5 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“A

conclusion of noninfringement as to the independent claims requires a conclusion of

noninfringement as to the dependent claims.”). In the absence of direct infringement,

SAAT cannot be liable for induced infringement.

2006-1491, 2007-1180 18
 IV. Inequitable Conduct

The district court denied SAAT’s motion to add inequitable conduct as an

affirmative defense and counterclaim against the ’813 and ’685 patents, holding that

SAAT’s proposed pleading failed to allege inequitable conduct with particularity under

Rule 9(b). On appeal, SAAT focuses only on its allegations concerning the ’685 patent.

The relevant portion of SAAT’s proposed pleading states:

40. The ’685 patent is unenforceable due to inequitable conduct by
Exergen, its agents and/or attorneys during the prosecution of the
application for the ’685 patent before the PTO.
41. Prior to the filing of the ’685 patent application, Exergen filed a
patent application that ultimately issued as U.S. Patent No. 4,566,808
(hereinafter referred to as “the ’808 patent”) on January 28, 1986. Thus,
Exergen was aware of the ’808 patent well before the ’685 patent issued
on September 18, 2001. The ’808 patent was material to the patentability
of the ’685 patent because it discloses a technique of scanning a radiation
detector across a target to measure the maximum emitted radiation, and it
is not cumulative to the information already of record in the prosecution
history of the ’685 patent.
42. In addition, U.S. Patent No. 4,317,998 (hereinafter referred to as
“the ’998 patent”) was cited in a Supplemental Information Disclosure
Statement filed by Exergen on October 17, 1997 in connection with the
prosecution of the ’205 patent. Thus, Exergen was aware of the
’998 patent well before the ’685 patent issued on September 18, 2001.
The ’998 patent was material to the patentability of the ’685 patent
because it discloses a technique of swiping a radiation detector across a
target, and it is not cumulative to the information already of record in the
prosecution history of the ’685 patent.
43. Because Exergen was aware of the ’808 patent and the
’998 patent prior to the issuance of the ’685 patent, Exergen had an
opportunity to disclose each of these patents to the PTO during the
prosecution of the ’685 patent. Moreover, because the ’808 patent and
the ’998 patent were material to the patentability of the ’685 patent,
Exergen had an obligation to disclose each of these patents to the PTO.
Nevertheless, Exergen failed to cite either of these patents to the PTO
during the prosecution of the ’685 patent. SAAT is informed and believes,
and therefore alleges, that Exergen, its agents and/or attorneys
intentionally withheld the ’808 patent and the ’998 patent from the PTO
with the intent to deceive the PTO to issue the ’685 patent.

2006-1491, 2007-1180 19
 44. In addition, during the prosecution of the ’685 patent application,
Exergen made a number of arguments to the PTO to overcome rejections
of the pending claims based upon various prior art references related to
tympanic temperature detectors. For example, in an Amendment filed on
July 31, 2000, the following statements were made to the PTO:
What was nonobvious . . . was that reliable temperature
measurements could be obtained from the forehead by
extending techniques initially developed for the tympanic
membrane. What had not been generally appreciated by
those skilled in the art of temperature measurement was that
the superficial temporal artery . . . provides an exceptionally
reliable temperature reading.
45. These arguments made to the PTO were contradicted by
statements from Exergen’s own website, such as the following statement
which appeared on the website at the time of the July 31, 2000
Amendment:
The temporal artery area has a long history of temperature
measurement, dating back to the early centuries before
Christ with the first recorded references to palpation of the
head for fever assessment.
46. Thus, while Exergen acknowledged on its website that the
temporal artery has a long history of temperature measurement, Exergen
misrepresented to the PTO that no such history existed and omitted any
reference to the website. The misrepresentation and omission were
material to the patentability of the ’685 patent because the information was
not cumulative to the information already of record in the prosecution
history of the ’685 patent, and it refutes, or is inconsistent with, a position
taken by Exergen in asserting an argument of patentability. SAAT is
informed and believes, and therefore alleges, that the misrepresentation
and omission were made with the intent to deceive the PTO to issue the
’685 patent.

Answer ¶¶ 40-46.

SAAT argues that its allegations pass muster under the First Circuit’s “time,

place, and content” test for Rule 9(b) pleadings, citing McGinty v. Beranger

Volkswagen, Inc., 633 F.2d 226, 228 (1st Cir. 1980). But see Alternative Sys.

Concepts, Inc. v. Synopsys, Inc., 374 F.3d 23, 29 (1st Cir. 2004) (requiring identification

of “the who, what, where, and when of the allegedly false or fraudulent representation”).

Contrary to SAAT’s suggestion, however, we apply our own law, not the law of the

2006-1491, 2007-1180 20
regional circuit, to the question of whether inequitable conduct has been pleaded with

particularity under Rule 9(b). See Cent. Admixture, 482 F.3d at 1356 (stating that

whether inequitable conduct has been adequately pleaded is a question of Federal

Circuit law because it “pertains to or is unique to patent law”).

Rule 9(b) requires that “[i]n all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances

constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity.” “[I]nequitable conduct,

while a broader concept than fraud, must be pled with particularity” under Rule 9(b).

Ferguson Beauregard/Logic Controls, Div. of Dover Resources, Inc. v. Mega Sys., LLC,

350 F.3d 1327, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2003). A pleading that simply avers the substantive

elements of inequitable conduct, without setting forth the particularized factual bases for

the allegation, does not satisfy Rule 9(b). 3 See King Auto., Inc. v. Speedy Muffler King,

Inc., 667 F.2d 1008, 1010 (CCPA 1981) (“Rule 9(b) requires that the pleadings contain

explicit rather than implied expression of the circumstances constituting fraud.”). For

example, in a case where inequitable conduct was alleged on the basis that an

applicant “failed to disclose all the relevant prior art known to it,” we found this allegation

deficient because it did not identify the specific prior art that was allegedly known to the

applicant and not disclosed. Cent. Admixture, 482 F.3d at 1356-57 (internal quotation

marks omitted). In that case, the accused infringer also alleged that the applicant

“sought to mislead the [PTO] regarding the relationship between the claimed invention

3
The substantive elements of inequitable conduct are: (1) an individual
associated with the filing and prosecution of a patent application made an affirmative
misrepresentation of a material fact, failed to disclose material information, or submitted
false material information; and (2) the individual did so with a specific intent to deceive
the PTO. See Star Scientific, Inc. v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 537 F.3d 1357, 1365
(Fed. Cir. 2008); Molins PLC v. Textron, Inc., 48 F.3d 1172, 1178, 1181 (Fed. Cir.
1995); 37 C.F.R. § 1.56 (2008).

2006-1491, 2007-1180 21
and the prior art” “by manipulation of various measurements and units.” Id. at 1356

(internal quotation marks omitted). This pleading, too, was deficient because it failed to

identify “what ‘measurements and units’ were manipulated, or how that manipulation

was meant to mislead the PTO.” Id. at 1357. As the Seventh Circuit has held, the

“circumstances” in Rule 9(b) must be set forth with “particularity,” i.e., they “must be

pleaded in detail”—“[t]his means the who, what, when, where, and how” of the alleged

fraud. DiLeo v. Ernst & Young, 901 F.2d 624, 627 (7th Cir. 1990). Based on the

foregoing, and following the lead of the Seventh Circuit in fraud cases, we hold that in

pleading inequitable conduct in patent cases, Rule 9(b) requires identification of the

specific who, what, when, where, and how of the material misrepresentation or omission

committed before the PTO.

Rule 9(b) also states that “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of

mind of a person may be averred generally.” The relevant “conditions of mind” for

inequitable conduct include: (1) knowledge of the withheld material information or of the

falsity of the material misrepresentation, and (2) specific intent to deceive the PTO. See

Hebert v. Lisle Corp., 99 F.3d 1109, 1116 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Molins, 48 F.3d at 1181.

Although “knowledge” and “intent” may be averred generally, our precedent, like that of

several regional circuits, requires that the pleadings allege sufficient underlying facts

from which a court may reasonably infer that a party acted with the requisite state of

mind. 4

4
See, e.g., N. Am. Catholic Educ. Programming Found., Inc. v. Cardinale,
567 F.3d 8, 13 (1st Cir. 2009) (“Rule 9(b) requires not only specifying the false
statements and by whom they were made but also identifying the basis for inferring
scienter.”); Tricontinental Indus., Ltd. v. PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 475 F.3d 824,
2006-1491, 2007-1180 22
 In Ferguson Beauregard, an accused infringer alleged that a patentee had made

an affirmative misrepresentation to the PTO in a petition under 35 U.S.C. § 41(c), in

which the patentee declared that its late payment of a patent maintenance fee was

“unintentional.” 350 F.3d at 1343. In its pleadings, the accused infringer averred

scienter generally. Id. at 1344 (alleging that the patentee “did not have firsthand

knowledge of the facts and circumstances surrounding the late payment” and that the

late payment “was not unintentional”). We affirmed the district court’s decision to strike

the inequitable conduct allegations as failing to provide a factual basis for the assertion

that the patentee’s late payment was “not unintentional,” stating that “we decline to infer

facts to support a claim that must be pled with particularity.” Id.; Ferguson

Beauregard/Logic Controls Div. of Dover Res., Inc. v. Mega Sys., LLC, No. 99-CV-437,

slip op. at 10 (E.D. Tex. Aug. 14, 2000) (“Merely putting the words . . . ‘inequitable

conduct’ in a[n] . . . Answer will not be sufficient to unleash the mischief” of the

defense.).

In King Automotive, a trademark registrant filed a petition with the PTO declaring

that, to the best of its knowledge, no third party had the right to use the mark “SPEEDY

MUFFLER KING” or a confusingly similar mark. 667 F.2d at 1010. A competitor then

833 (7th Cir. 2007) (“[U]nder Rule 9(b) . . . the complaint ‘must still afford a basis for
believing that plaintiffs could prove scienter.’” (quoting DiLeo, 901 F.2d at 629)); Lerner
v. Fleet Bank, N.A., 459 F.3d 273, 290 (2d Cir. 2006) (“But because ‘we must not
mistake the relaxation of Rule 9(b)’s specificity requirement regarding condition of mind
for a license to base claims of fraud on speculation and conclusory allegations[,] . . .
plaintiffs must allege facts that give rise to a strong inference of fraudulent intent.’”
(quoting Acito v. IMCERA Group, Inc., 47 F.3d 47, 52 (2d Cir. 1995)) (alterations in
original)); In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1418 (3d Cir. 1997)
(“While state of mind may be averred generally, plaintiffs must still allege facts that
show the court their basis for inferring that the defendants acted with ‘scienter.’”).

2006-1491, 2007-1180 23
sought to cancel the mark under § 38 of the Lanham Act alleging, among other things,

that the registrant’s statement was “known . . . to be untrue” and was made with “intent

to deceive” the PTO because the registrant had previously obtained a trademark search

report showing a third party’s use of a confusingly similar mark, namely, “MUFFLER

KING.” Id. at 1009 & n.3. Our predecessor court, the Court of Customs and Patent

Appeals, found this pleading deficient under Rule 9(b). The court held:

Even if the disclosures in the trademark search report
supported appellant’s contention that [the registrant] knew of
the alleged third-party use of MUFFLER KING (and on this
point we express no opinion), appellant’s conclusory
statement that [the registrant] knew its declaration to be
untrue is not supported by a pleading of any facts which
reflect [the registrant’s] belief that the respective uses of
MUFFLER KING and SPEEDY MUFFLER KING would be
likely to confuse.

Id. at 1011 (emphases added). Thus, the registrant’s knowledge of MUFFLER KING,

standing alone, was not enough to infer that the registrant also subjectively believed

that the mark was confusingly similar to SPEEDY MUFFLER KING. The pleading thus

failed to allege sufficient underlying facts to support a reasonable inference that the

registrant knew its statement to be false or that it intended to deceive the PTO. Id.

In sum, to plead the “circumstances” of inequitable conduct with the requisite

“particularity” under Rule 9(b), the pleading must identify the specific who, what, when,

where, and how of the material misrepresentation or omission committed before the

PTO. Moreover, although “knowledge” and “intent” may be averred generally, a

pleading of inequitable conduct under Rule 9(b) must include sufficient allegations of

underlying facts from which a court may reasonably infer that a specific individual (1)

knew of the withheld material information or of the falsity of the material

2006-1491, 2007-1180 24
misrepresentation, and (2) withheld or misrepresented this information with a specific

intent to deceive the PTO. 5

Turning now to SAAT’s pleading, we agree with the district court that the

allegations are deficient with respect to both the particularity of the facts alleged and the

reasonableness of the inference of scienter. We begin with the factual deficiencies, of

which we note three.

First, the pleading refers generally to “Exergen, its agents and/or attorneys,”

Answer ¶¶ 40, 43, but fails to name the specific individual associated with the filing or

prosecution of the application issuing as the ’685 patent, who both knew of the material

information and deliberately withheld or misrepresented it. The pleading thus fails to

identify the “who” of the material omissions and misrepresentation. See 37 C.F.R.

§ 1.56(a) (“Each individual associated with the filing and prosecution of a patent

application has a duty of candor and good faith in dealing with the [PTO] . . . .”

(emphasis added)); id. at § 1.56(c) (identifying classes of individuals); Manual of Patent

5
A reasonable inference is one that is plausible and that flows logically from
the facts alleged, including any objective indications of candor and good faith. See
Greenstone v. Cambex Corp., 975 F.2d 22, 26 (1st Cir. 1992) (Breyer, C.J.) (declining
to infer fraudulent intent where “the complaint makes clear that Cambex publicized its
IBM memory ‘trade-in’ practice with a candor that seems inconsistent with knowledge of
illegality or fear of a lawsuit”), superseded by statute on other grounds, Private
Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-67, 109 Stat. 737. In contrast
to the pleading stage, to prevail on the merits, the accused infringer must prove both
materiality and intent by clear and convincing evidence. See Star Scientific, 537 F.3d at
1365. Whereas an inference of deceptive intent must be reasonable and drawn from a
pleading’s allegations of underlying fact to satisfy Rule 9(b), this inference must be “the
single most reasonable inference able to be drawn from the evidence to meet the clear
and convincing standard.” Id. at 1366 (emphasis added).

2006-1491, 2007-1180 25
Examining Procedures (“MPEP”) § 2001.01 (8th ed., rev.2, May 2004) (explaining that

“the duty applies only to individuals, not to organizations”). 6

Second, the pleading fails to identify which claims, and which limitations in those

claims, the withheld references are relevant to, and where in those references the

material information is found—i.e., the “what” and “where” of the material omissions.

See Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 119 F.3d 1559, 1570 (Fed. Cir. 1997)

(“Information is material if a reasonable examiner would have considered it important to

the patentability of a claim.” (emphasis added)); 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(a) (“The duty to

disclose information exists with respect to each pending claim until the claim is

cancelled or withdrawn from consideration, or the application becomes abandoned.”

(emphasis added)).

Third, the pleading states generally that the withheld references are “material”

and “not cumulative to the information already of record,” Answer ¶¶ 41-42, but does not

identify the particular claim limitations, or combination of claim limitations, that are

supposedly absent from the information of record. Such allegations are necessary to

explain both “why” the withheld information is material and not cumulative, and “how” an

examiner would have used this information in assessing the patentability of the claims.

See Larson Mfg. Co. v. Aluminart Prods. Ltd., 559 F.3d 1317, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2009)

(finding information cumulative to art of record that taught the “same combination” of

6
Because one of the purposes of Rule 9(b) is “to protect those whose
reputation would be harmed as a result of being subject to fraud charges,” Kearns v.
Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1125 (9th Cir. 2009), a district court may require that
filings be made under seal, require redaction of individuals’ names, and impose other
safeguards under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 5.2(d)-(e) and 26(c), or other
sources of protective authority.

2006-1491, 2007-1180 26
claim limitations taught in withheld reference); 37 C.F.R § 1.56(b)(1) (information is

material if it “establishes, by itself or in combination with other information, a prima facie

case of unpatentability of a claim”).

Aside from these factual deficiencies, which themselves are fatal under

Rule 9(b), the facts that are alleged do not give rise to a reasonable inference of

scienter, including both (1) knowledge of the withheld material information or of the

falsity of the material misrepresentation, and (2) specific intent to deceive the PTO.

With regard to the withheld patent references, the pleading states that “Exergen

was aware” of the ’808 and ’998 patents in general, and that Exergen had become

aware of them during prosecution of Exergen’s own prior applications. Answer ¶¶ 41-

42. The pleading, however, provides no factual basis to infer that any specific

individual, who owed a duty of disclosure in prosecuting the ’685 patent, knew of the

specific information in the ’808 and ’998 patents that is alleged to be material to the

claims of the ’685 patent. A reference may be many pages long, and its various

teachings may be relevant to different applications for different reasons. Thus, one

cannot assume that an individual, who generally knew that a reference existed, also

knew of the specific material information contained in that reference. See FMC Corp. v.

Manitowoc Co., Inc., 835 F.2d 1411, 1415 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (requiring actual knowledge

of the existence of the information alleged to be material; discussing “should have

known” standard in connection with the information’s materiality). The pleading here

does not allege facts that would support a reasonable inference that a relevant

individual knew of the allegedly material information contained in the ’808 and ’998

patents.

2006-1491, 2007-1180 27
 As for the alleged misrepresentation, any knowledge of its alleged falsity is

similarly deficient. No facts are alleged from which one can reasonably infer that, at the

time of the allegedly false statement, the individual who made this statement to the PTO

was aware of an allegedly contradictory statement on Exergen’s website. See

Brasseler, U.S.A. I, L.P. v. Stryker Sales Corp., 267 F.3d 1370, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2001)

(“The mere possibility that material information may exist will not suffice to give rise to a

duty to inquire; sufficient information must be presented to the attorney to suggest the

existence of specific information[,] the materiality of which may be ascertained with

reasonable inquiry.” (emphases added)); Am. Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc.,

725 F.2d 1350, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (“Nor does an applicant for patent, who has no

duty to conduct a prior art search, have an obligation to disclose any art of which, in the

[district] court’s words, he ‘reasonably should be aware.’”).

Deceptive intent in this case was pleaded solely on “inform[ation] and belie[f].”

Answer ¶¶ 43, 46. Pleading on “information and belief” is permitted under Rule 9(b)

when essential information lies uniquely within another party’s control, but only if the

pleading sets forth the specific facts upon which the belief is reasonably based. 7 Here,

SAAT’s pleading provides neither the “information” on which it relies nor any plausible

7
See, e.g., See Romani v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, 929 F.2d 875, 878
(1st Cir. 1991) (“Where allegations of fraud are explicitly or . . . implicitly . . . based only
on information and belief, the complaint must set forth the source of the information and
the reasons for the belief.”); Wexner v. First Manhattan Co., 902 F.2d 169, 172 (2d Cir.
1990) (“Where pleading is permitted on information and belief, a complaint must adduce
specific facts supporting a strong inference of fraud or it will not satisfy even a relaxed
pleading standard.”); Kowal v. MCI Commc’n Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1279 n.3 (D.C. Cir.
1994) (“[P]leadings on information and belief require an allegation that the necessary
information lies within the defendant’s control, and . . . such allegations must also be
accompanied by a statement of the facts upon which the allegations are based.”).

2006-1491, 2007-1180 28
reasons for its “belief.” Moreover, the circumstances that SAAT has alleged, even if

true, do not plausibly suggest any “deliberate decision to withhold a known material

reference” or to make a knowingly false misrepresentation—a necessary predicate for

inferring deceptive intent. Molins, 48 F.3d at 1181 (stating that the evidence “must

show that the applicant made a deliberate decision to withhold a known material

reference”). SAAT’s purported basis for inferring deceptive intent is that Exergen had

cited the ’998 patent when prosecuting the ’205 patent but then failed to cite it when

prosecuting the ’685 patent. The mere fact that an applicant disclosed a reference

during prosecution of one application, but did not disclose it during prosecution of a

related application, is insufficient to meet the threshold level of deceptive intent required

to support an allegation of inequitable conduct. Indeed, SAAT’s pleading does not

contain specific factual allegations to show that the individual who had previously cited

the ’998 patent knew of the specific information that is alleged to be material to the

’685 patent and then decided to deliberately withhold it from the relevant examiner. In

the absence of such allegations, the district court was correct not to draw any

permissive inference of deceptive intent with regard to the ’998 patent, lest inequitable

conduct devolve into “a magic incantation to be asserted against every patentee” and its

“allegation established upon a mere showing that art or information having some degree

of materiality was not disclosed.” FMC, 835 F.2d at 1415. See Burlington Coat Factory

Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d at 1418 (Alito, J.) (“To allow plaintiffs and their attorneys to subject

companies to wasteful litigation based on the detection of a few negligently made errors

found subsequent to a drop in stock price would be contrary to the goals of Rule 9(b),

2006-1491, 2007-1180 29
which include the deterrence of frivolous litigation based on accusations that could hurt

the reputations of those being attacked.”).

Because the district court correctly held that SAAT’s proposed allegations of

inequitable conduct were deficient under Rule 9(b), the court did not abuse its discretion

in denying SAAT’s motion for leave to add these allegations to SAAT’s original answer.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the denial of SAAT’s motion for leave to allege inequitable conduct.

We reverse the final judgment that all claims of the ’205 patent are not invalid and that

the ’813 and ’685 patent are infringed. We therefore reverse the damages award.

AFFIRMED-IN-PART and REVERSED-IN-PART

COSTS

Costs to SAAT.

2006-1491, 2007-1180 30