Error: Bad annotation destination
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
05-1524
GARDINER, KAMYA & ASSOCIATES, P.C.,
Appellant,
v.
Alphonso Jackson,
SECRETARY OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT,
Appellee.
Philip M. Musolino, Musolino & Dessel, of Washington, DC, argued for
appellant.
Sean McNamara, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice of Washington, DC, argued for appellee. On the
brief were Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; David M. Cohen, Director;
Mark A. Melnick, Assistant Director; and David A. Harrington, Trial Attorney. Of
counsel were Cristina C. Ashworth and Kenneth M. Dintzer, Attorneys.
Appealed from: United States Board of Contract Appeals Department of Housing and
Urban Development
Administrative Judge H. Chuck Kullberg
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
05-1524
GARDINER, KAMYA & ASSOCIATES, P.C.,
Appellant,
v.
Alphonso Jackson,
SECRETARY OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT,
Appellee.
___________________________
DECIDED: November 8, 2006
___________________________
Before LOURIE, DYK, and PROST, Circuit Judges.
DYK, Circuit Judge.
Gardiner, Kamya & Associates, P.C. (“GKA”) appeals from a decision of the
Board of Contract Appeals (“BCA”) of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (“HUD”), denying GKA’s claim for a retroactive pricing adjustment in its
contract with HUD. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On May 14, 1993, GKA and HUD entered into indefinite delivery/indefinite
quantity contract No. DU100C000018170, under whose terms HUD agreed to purchase
between $2,000,000 and $28,000,000 of various accounting services for the purpose of
“ensur[ing] the integrity of [HUD’s] Single Family Mortgage Insurance Program and []
protect[ing] the insurance fund.” Under the program, HUD guaranteed certain single-
family mortgages. In the event that the mortgagor defaulted, the mortgagee could file a
claim with HUD for payment of the outstanding balance of the mortgage. HUD did not
conduct in-depth reviews of claims as they were filed, and for this reason HUD hired
GKA to further review selected claims, ensure that the mortgagees complied with all
applicable regulations, follow-up with mortgagees concerning any irregularities, provide
technical support to mortgagees and HUD and suggest improvements to HUD’s
processes.
The indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract adopted Federal Acquisition
Regulations governing such contracts. See 48 C.F.R. §§ 52.216-18 to 52.216-22. As
contemplated by the regulations the contract did not provide for any specific work to be
done. Rather, the specific tasks to be performed, pricing and other arrangements were
to be negotiated separately for each task order. The regulations further state that the
contractor is bound to perform all work called for in the task orders. 48 C.F.R. § 52.216-
22 (“The Contractor shall furnish to the Government, when and if ordered, the supplies
or services specified.”).
In March 1996 the parties executed task orders 13 and 14. Under task order 13,
GKA agreed to provide post-claims reviews to ensure that mortgagees did not overbill
HUD and otherwise complied with HUD requirements. The task order provided for a
“fixed unit price” arrangement and required GKA to invoice claims as they were actually
processed. Claims were divided into categories and assigned unit prices per claim
reviewed for each category. The task order stated that “the contractor shall perform”
reviews of 374 claims, which were individually listed and categorized at the end of the
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task order. The task order calculated the price for review of all listed claims to be
$2,186,269 and accordingly allocated a total task order amount “not to exceed (NTE)
$2,186,269.” GKA was not entitled automatically to any of these funds; rather, GKA
was to be paid as it invoiced specific claims after reviewing them. Task order 13
provided for a fifteen month “period of performance” for GKA to perform the reviews,
measured from the task order’s effective date of March 11, 1996. Task order 14 was
similar to task order 13 in its pricing structure and fifteen-month “period of performance.”
It required GKA to perform follow-up reviews of the post-claims reviews. Follow-up
reviews involved reviewing mortgagees’ responses to GKA’s requests for more
information or documentation, made during the post-claim reviews. Like task order 13,
task order 14 categorized claims and provided a fixed price per review of each category.
A task order amount “not to exceed (NTE) $390,353” was allocated for task order 14,
but as with task order 13, GKA had to invoice claims as they were reviewed to be paid.
The fixed unit prices per claim listed in the task orders were calculated by
estimating the number of hours of work required, multiplying them by an hourly rate for
particular types of employees doing the work, and adding the results to obtain a fixed
price for each claim. HUD never independently estimated the number of hours
required; rather, the estimates of number of hours required to perform claims reviews
were derived from estimates used in a prior contract between HUD and another
contractor, Irvin Burton & Associates. During the negotiations for task orders 13 and 14,
GKA sought higher prices per review than those finally adopted in the task orders. GKA
contended that the estimates, which were also used in earlier task orders,
underestimated the time required and that it had to spend many more hours to perform
05-1524 3
the claims reviews. HUD refused to change the prices. Eventually, GKA agreed to
HUD’s proposed prices for task orders 13 and 14.
In the spring of 1997 the end of the fifteen-month period of performance of task
orders 13 and 14 was approaching, but GKA had not finished reviewing the 374 claims
that those task orders originally required. The record does not disclose whether GKA
had a legitimate excuse for failing to perform the required work under task orders 13
and 14 within the allotted period. But whether it did or not, HUD desired GKA to
continue the work beyond the time allotted for completion. HUD decided to seek a six
month “no-cost” extension to allow GKA time to finish the claim reviews at the original
contract prices. Although HUD did not wish to alter the unit prices of the task orders,
GKA again insisted that the fixed prices then in force did not properly reflect the number
of hours that GKA worked. HUD explicitly stated its disagreement.
During these negotiations over the modification, GKA submitted invoices for past
work in amounts in excess of the authorized task order prices. HUD immediately
rejected the invoices and directed GKA not to bill in excess of the fixed prices
established by the task orders.
The BCA found that during negotiations there was no understanding on the
repricing issue. GKA president Chris Gardiner (“Gardiner”) and another GKA official
testified that they had a meeting in July 1997 with a HUD official, who allegedly
promised that adjustments would be retroactive and cover all work, including reviews
already invoiced and paid for, completed under task orders 13 and 14. The BCA found
that HUD did not share this understanding, and it is undisputed that Gardiner did not
advise any of the HUD contracting officers of the alleged conversation. On October 31,
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1997, Gardiner sent a letter to HUD expressing his understanding that “[a]djustments
w[ould] be made to the old rates at the conclusion of this review, if necessary. GKA
w[ould] then be compensated for the difference between the new and old rates, if
necessary.” The BCA found that this letter did not affirmatively convey GKA’s alleged
view that the repricing was to be retroactive.
In November 1997 the parties executed Modification 2 to task order 13 and
Modification 2 to task order 14 (collectively, “Modification 2”). Modification 2 had an
effective date of July 1, 1997. While the parties dispute whether that modification
provided for retroactive pricing of the work already performed, they agree that it
provided that GKA would continue the unfinished work under task orders 13 and 14 and
that the parties would consider adjustment of the pricing for the continuing work. The
modification provided in relevant part:
The purpose of this modification is to: (1) definitize contracting
officer’s verbal authorization of July 1, 1997, to continue the
services under the existing statement of work; and, (2) extend the
performance period of this agreement by additional six (6) months.
...
1. The period of performance is hereby modified to read:
“Twenty one (21) months from the effective date of award”
2. The contractor shall continue performance of the services
required under this task order at the same “Unit Price Per Review”
specified for the respective categories on Page 3 of the task order.
Such prices shall remain in effect pending results of the audit and
subsequent negotiations of the unit prices.
As contemplated by Modification 2, the Defense Contract Audit Agency (“DCAA”)
performed an audit in late 1997. The hours that the DCAA audit found GKA actually
worked were greater than the estimates used to calculate the prices of the original task
orders 13 and 14. Accordingly, HUD permitted adjustment of the prices during the
05-1524 5
extension period (after July 1, 1997).1 On July 15, 1998, GKA wrote to a HUD
contracting officer claiming an entitlement to have task orders 13 and 14 repriced
retroactively to March 1, 1996. HUD promptly refused, in writing, to adjust prices
retroactively to the 1996 date.
GKA appealed the contracting officer’s denial of repricing retroactive to 1996 to
the BCA on January 13, 2000. The BCA conducted a hearing. In its first decision, the
BCA held that GKA was not entitled to a retroactive pricing adjustment because
Modification 2 was unenforceable insofar as it might be construed to give a retroactive
price adjustment. The BCA held that Modification 2 lacked adequate consideration to
reprice task orders 13 and 14 retroactively because GKA was already obligated to
perform the work under the original task orders 13 and 14. GKA appealed the BCA’s
determination to this court. We reversed the BCA’s determination that the modification
lacked consideration because we found that GKA was not obligated to continue the
work after the period specified in the original contract, despite the fact that it had been
obligated to perform that work during the original contract period. Gardiner, Kamya &
Assoc. v. Jackson, 369 F.3d 1318, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2004). We remanded to the BCA to
consider in the first instance whether the language of Modification 2 was ambiguous as
to whether the price adjustment was to be retroactive. Id.
1
The original six-month extension of Modification 2 was subsequently
further extended to late 1998. HUD paid adjusted prices for the entire extension period
of July 1, 1997, to late 1998, but not for the pre-extension period of March 11, 1996, to
July 1, 1997.
After the DCAA audit, HUD drafted Modification 5, whose stated purpose was to
“definitize the negotiated price adjustments.” Modification 5 stated that “[t]he
adjustment in the rates shall be retroactive beginning July 1, 1997 [(the effective date of
Modification 2)].” Gardiner refused to sign Modification 5 because it was not retroactive
to March 1, 1996, the inception date of task orders 13 and 14.
05-1524 6
On June 17, 2005, after remand and without a further hearing, the BCA issued its
decision.2 The BCA held that Modification 2 was ambiguous as to the retroactivity of the
pricing adjustment. Because the ambiguity was latent rather than patent, the contractor
was under no obligation to make an inquiry. However, the BCA rejected GKA’s
argument that Modification 2 should be construed against HUD as the drafter under the
doctrine of contra proferentem because it found that the doctrine was inapplicable under
this court’s test in HPI/GSA-3C, LLC v. Perry, 364 F.3d 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“HPI”),
since there was no evidence that GKA “actually and reasonably” construed the contract
to be retroactive and because “the intent of the parties does appear elsewhere in the
documentary record other than just the text of [M]odification 2.” The BCA concluded
that HUD’s interpretation of Modification 2 was more reasonable than GKA’s and
therefore denied the retroactive pricing adjustment. GKA timely appealed. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(10) (2000).
DISCUSSION
We review the BCA's decision under the standard set out in the Contract
Disputes Act of 1978, 41 U.S.C. §§ 601-613 (2000) (“CDA”). Under the CDA, a board's
conclusions of law are reviewed without deference. 41 U.S.C. § 609(b); White v. Edsall
Constr. Co., 296 F.3d 1081, 1084 (Fed. Cir. 2002). An agency board's findings of fact
will not be set aside unless “fraudulent, or arbitrary, or capricious, or so grossly
erroneous as to necessarily imply bad faith, or if such decision is not supported by
substantial evidence.” 41 U.S.C. § 609(b).
2
The BCA appeared to adopt the findings of fact and conclusions of law of
the first BCA decision to the extent that they survived our first decision.
05-1524 7
The BCA’s approach to construction of the contract language and to the
doctrine of contra proferentem is misplaced. Ascertaining the most reasonable
construction of contract language utilizing other tools of contract interpretation must be
the first priority. In contrast the doctrine of contra proferentem is applied only when
other approaches to contract interpretation have failed. Accordingly, our predecessor
court held that “if an ambiguity cannot be cleared up by reading the contract as a whole
or looking to the circumstances attending the transaction and the conduct of the parties,
the ambiguity should be resolved against the party who drafted the contract.” Chris
Berg, Inc. v. United States, 455 F.2d 1037, 1044 (Ct. Cl. 1972). As our predecessor
court held more pointedly, contra proferentem is a “rule of last resort” that “is applied
only where there is a genuine ambiguity and where, after examining the entire contract,
the relation of the parties and the circumstances under which they executed the
contract, the ambiguity remains unresolved.” Lewis v. United States, 29 C.C.F. ¶
82,470, at *7, 1982 WL 36718, at *7 (recommended decision adopted as the judgment
of the Court of Claims in 231 Ct. Cl. 799, 800 (1982)) (citing United States v. Erickson
Paving Co., 465 F.2d 396, 400 (9th Cir. 1971)).3 We recently recognized that the
doctrine is inapplicable if “the intention of the parties . . . otherwise appear[s].” HPI, 364
F.3d at 1334.
The overwhelming weight of authority in other jurisdictions also recognizes that
contra proferentem is a rule of last resort. See, e.g., Residential Mktg. Group v. Granite
3
To the extent that earlier Court of Claims cases might be read to suggest
a different approach, see, e.g., Tulelake Irrigation Dist. v. United States, 342 F.2d 447,
453 (Ct. Cl. 1965), we must follow the later en banc decision in Berg. See Doe v.
United States, 372 F.3d 1347, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
05-1524 8
Inv. Group, 933 F.2d 546, 549 (7th Cir. 1991); Record Club of Am. v. United Artists
Records, 890 F.2d 1264, 1271 (2d Cir. 1989); see also; 5 Margaret N. Kniffin, Corbin on
Contracts § 24.27 at 297 (Joseph M. Perillo ed., rev. ed. 1993) (describing contra
proferentem as “a tie breaker when there is no other sound basis for choosing one
contract interpretation over another”) (internal quotations omitted); 2 E. Allan
Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contracts § 7.11 at 304 (3d ed. 2004) (contra proferentem
“is often denigrated as a rule of last resort”) (internal quotations omitted); id. n.33 (citing
cases); Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 206, cmt. a (1981).
Thus, before turning to the doctrine of contra proferentem, we must determine
whether the language of the contract itself answers the question of retroactivity. GKA
argues that the language of Modification 2 is ambiguous as to whether the repricing was
to be retroactive or prospective only. Construction of the language of the contract to
determine whether there is an ambiguity is a question of law which we review without
deference. HPI, 364 F.3d at 1333.4 We hold that the language is not ambiguous.
In construing the contract to determine whether it is ambiguous, we keep in mind
this court’s well-settled principles of contract interpretation. We begin with the plain
language of the contract. C. Sanchez and Son, Inc. v. United States, 6 F.3d 1539, 1543
(Fed. Cir. 1993) (“A contract is read in accordance with its express terms and the plain
meaning thereof.”). “We must interpret [a contract] as a whole and ‘in a manner which
gives reasonable meaning to all its parts and avoids conflict or surplusage of its
provisions.’” United Int’l Investigative Serv. v. United States, 109 F.3d 734, 737 (Fed.
4
Since the issue of ambiguity is a legal question, it is irrelevant that various
parties to the negotiations in hindsight might have concluded that the language was
ambiguous.
05-1524 9
Cir. 1997) (citing Granite Constr. Co. v. United States, 962 F.2d 998, 1003 (Fed. Cir.
1992)); see also Dalton v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 98 F.3d 1298, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 1996)
(describing as a “settled principle[] of contract interpretation” that courts “view[] the
contract as a whole”); McAbee Constr., Inc. v. United States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1435 (Fed.
Cir. 1996); 11 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 32:5 at 420 (4th ed. 1999).
Here it is clear that Modification 2, when viewed as a whole, is not ambiguous.
Its language establishes that the modification is directed toward extending the period of
performance and repricing the continuing work, not repricing the work already
performed. The Modification’s stated purpose is “to continue the services under the
existing statement of work” and to “extend the performance period.” (emphasis added)
The choice of words “continue” and “extend” implies that the modification is forward-
looking, not retroactive. The modification’s statement of purpose says nothing about
repricing work already performed for which the contractor had already been paid. The
body of the agreement is equally clear. The second paragraph obligates the contractor
to “continue performance of the services required under [task orders 13 and 14] at the
same ‘Unit Price Per Review’ specified for the respective categories [in the task
orders].” In other words it provides that the work shall continue at the original prices.
Immediately thereafter, it provides that “[s]uch prices shall remain in effect pending
results of the audit and subsequent negotiations of the unit prices.” The reference to
“such prices” is plainly to the prices for the continued work, not to the prices for the work
already performed. The phrase “[s]uch prices shall remain in effect pending results of
the audit and subsequent negotiations of the unit prices” does not in any way state or
suggest a retroactive pricing arrangement, and we may not “convert an agreement's
05-1524 10
utter silence on an issue into contractual ambiguity.” New Jersey v. New York, 523 U.S.
767, 783 n.6 (1998). Finally, the modification has an effective date of July 1, 1997—
another indication that it was not intended to be retroactive. Accordingly, we hold that
the language of Modification 2 is clear on its face; that there is consequently no
ambiguity; and that the modification did not provide for retroactive pricing. See Edward
R. Marden. Corp. v. United States, 803 F.2d 701, 705 (Fed. Cir. 1986).
Even if there were an ambiguity in the contract, the negotiating history of the
contract shows that it was not intended to be retroactive. When a contract is
ambiguous, before resorting to the doctrine of contra proferentem, “we may
appropriately look to extrinsic evidence to aid in our interpretation of the contract.”
Metro. Area Transit, Inc. v. Nicholson, 463 F.3d 1256, 1260 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also
City of Tacoma, Dep't of Pub. Utils. v. United States, 31 F.3d 1130, 1134 (Fed. Cir.
1994); Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2004);
U.C.C. § 2-208 (2003). We see no error in the BCA’s findings that Gardiner’s testimony
regarding various meetings with HUD officials does not establish that the parties agreed
to make Modification 2 retroactive, and that Gardiner’s letter does not reveal any
communications to that effect. The parties had previously had a dispute regarding the
prices for task orders 13 and 14 during the original negotiations for those task orders in
1996, and GKA had reluctantly agreed to the government’s prices. During the period of
performance of those task orders before Modification 2, GKA urged repeatedly that the
prices should be modified.5 There was another dispute on this very issue during
5
GKA states in its brief that “Gardiner met with [HUD] about 20 times over
[a] fifteen month period” regarding the repricing issue.
05-1524 11
negotiations over the extension.6 Against this background, it seems inconceivable that
the parties would have agreed to retroactive pricing without making that intent explicit
either during the negotiations leading to the agreement or in the agreement itself. Since
they did neither, we conclude that even if there were an ambiguity in the language, it
should be resolved in favor of the government’s position.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the decision below is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
No costs.
6
GKA states that “from May 1997 through October 1997, GKA sought to
obtain from HUD retroactive pricing.”
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