Seachange International, Inc. v. C-Cor, Inc.

Error: Bad annotation destination
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

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SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

C-COR INC.,

Defendant-Appellant.

Robert E. Hillman, Fish & Richardson P.C., of Boston, Massachusetts, argued for
plaintiff-appellee. With him on the brief were Lawrence K. Kolodney and Steven R.
Katz.

Robert J. Gunther, Jr., Latham & Watkins LLP, of New York, New York, argued
for defendant-appellant. With him on the brief were David A. Nelson and Israel Sasha
Mayergoyz, of Chicago, Illinois. Of counsel was Mary B. Graham, Morris Nichols Arsht
& Tunnel, of Wilmington, Delaware.

Appealed from: United States District Court for the District of Delaware

Judge Joseph J. Farnan, Jr.
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

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SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

C-COR INC.,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

DECIDED: June 29, 2005
__________________________

Before BRYSON, GAJARSA, and LINN, Circuit Judges.

LINN, Circuit Judge.

C-COR Inc. (“C-COR”)1 appeals from a final judgment of the U.S. District Court

for the District of Delaware (“district court”) in favor of Seachange International, Inc.

(“Seachange”) on Seachange’s claim for infringement of its U.S. Patent No. 5,862,312

(“the ’312 patent”). Seachange Int’l, Inc. v. nCUBE Corp., No. 00-568-JJF (D. Del.

June 30, 2004). On C-COR’s challenge to the district court’s claim construction rulings,

we conclude that the district court erred in construing the limitations “network for data

communications,” “distributed computer system,” and “processor systems.” Based on

our revised claim construction, we conclude that C-COR does not infringe as a matter of

1
Formerly known as nCUBE, Inc. For consistency, we refer to the
defendant-appellant as C-COR throughout the opinion.
law, and affirm the denial of C-COR’s motion for judgment as a matter of law (“JMOL”)

on invalidity for lack of written description. Because the district court correctly denied C-

COR’s motion for JMOL on anticipation as to the Frey and Mendelsohn references, we

affirm that ruling. However, we vacate the denial of the JMOL motion as to anticipation

by Gardner and remand. Because C-COR was prejudiced by the district court’s failure

to properly instruct the jury on the construction of the “distributed computer system”

limitation, we reverse the denial of C-COR’s alternative motion for new trial on

anticipation and remand. Thus, we affirm-in-part, reverse-in-part, vacate-in-part, and

remand.

I. BACKGROUND

Seachange and C-COR are competitors in the video server industry. Seachange

is the assignee of the ’312 patent, which is directed to a method and apparatus for

redundantly storing data—in particular, video data—for video-on-demand. The prior art

“RAID-5” (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) storage protocol provides redundant

storage of video data by splitting a data file into segments and “striping” the segments

across multiple disk drives within a single “processor system.” The system retrieves the

data by accessing the segments in round-robin fashion. In addition, it stores and strips

“parity data,” which enables recovery of video data if a drive crashes. See ’312 patent,

col. 1, ll. 11-62.

The ’312 patent expands the RAID-5 concept to a “distributed computer system.”

The distributed computer system includes at least three processor systems, yielding

redundant data storage at both the processor-system level (within the processor

system) and the computer-system level (across processor systems). Id., col. 2, ll. 16-

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32. This “RAID Squared” system results in increased fault tolerance over the RAID-5

system. Id., ll. 6-14, 33-43. Furthermore, the ’312 patent teaches that connecting every

processor system to every other processor system using point-to-point, two-way

channel interconnections makes more efficient use of the read and write bandwidth, an

object of the invention. Id., ll. 7-9; col. 7, ll. 63-67. Thus, “the invention relates generally

to mass storage device interconnections and in particular, to a method and apparatus

for increasing delivery bandwidth, providing fault tolerance, and input/output load

balancing in a multiprocessor computer cluster.” Id., col. 1, ll. 4-8.

On June 13, 2000, Seachange filed suit against C-COR alleging that C-COR’s

technology infringed claims 37-38, 40-42, 52-53, and 57-58 of the ’312 patent. C-COR

asserted affirmative defenses and counterclaims on invalidity. The district court

bifurcated the trial of liability and damages. On August 29, 2000, the district court

issued its claim construction order. Seachange Int’l, Inc. v. nCUBE Corp., 115 F. Supp.

2d 473 (D. Del. 2000). The district court construed the limitation “interconnecting each

of said processor systems through a network for data communications with each other

one of said processor systems” to mean “establishing data communications between

every pair of processor systems in the distributed computer system using any kind of

network.” Id. at 482. The district court construed the limitation “processor systems” to

require that each system have “at least one central processing unit [“CPU”] capable of

running application type software, and at least one mass storage subsystem.” Id. at

483. In light of the claim construction order, C-COR stipulated to infringement.

In September 2000, the invalidity issues were tried to a jury. At the pre-trial

conference and during trial, C-COR requested that the district court construe the

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preamble phrase “distributed computer system.” The district court declined. The jury

found the claims not invalid for inadequate written description, not invalid due to

anticipation, and not invalid due to obviousness. C-COR appealed, and we dismissed

for lack of jurisdiction because final judgment was not entered. Seachange Int’l, Inc. v.

nCUBE Corp, No. 03-1070, 2003 WL 22718163 (Fed. Cir. Nov. 3, 2003).

On April 7, 2004, the district court issued an opinion denying C-COR’s motion, in

the alternative, for new trial on written description, anticipation, and non-obviousness.

Seachange Int’l, Inc. v. nCUBE Corp., 313 F. Supp. 2d 393 (D. Del. 2004). The district

court admitted that it had erred when it did not construe the limitation “distributed

computer system.” Id. at 397. The district court found the error to be harmless because

it had explained to the jury that “essentially [the phrase] would require a stand-alone

computer in each processor system.” Id. at 398. The district court explained that if the

Federal Circuit decides that C-COR’s proposed construction was correct, then C-COR

would be entitled to a new trial. Id. The district court rejected C-COR’s argument that

under the district court’s construction of the “network for data communications”

limitation, the asserted claims were invalid for failure to comply with the written

description requirement. Id. at 400. Finally, the district court reviewed the evidence

presented at trial as it related to anticipation, addressing several references, three of

which are discussed on appeal. The district court concluded that the jury’s finding that

Gardner et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,583,995 (“Gardner”), did not disclose “processor

systems” was not against the weight of the evidence, Seachange, 313 F. Supp. 2d at

401; that the jury’s findings that Frey, Jr. et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,130,992 (“Frey”), did

not disclose either a “distributed computer system” or “processor systems” were not

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against the weight of the evidence, id. at 401-02; and that the jury’s finding that

Mendelsohn et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,488,731 (“Mendelsohn”), did not disclose “at least

three processor systems” was not against the weight of the evidence, id. at 402-03.

On April 29, 2004, the district court denied C-COR’s motion for JMOL on the

invalidity issues for the same reasons discussed in the April 7, 2004 opinion. On June

30, 2004, the district court entered final judgment. C-COR timely appealed. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).

II. ANALYSIS

A. The Parties’ Arguments

C-COR argues that the “network for data communications” limitation does not

cover a system using any type of network other than a network that interconnects every

processor system to every other processor system using direct, point-to-point two-way

channel interconnections. C-COR argues that under this construction, it is entitled to a

judgment of non-infringement as a matter of law. Alternatively, C-COR argues that

under the district court’s broader construction, it is entitled to JMOL that the asserted

claims are invalid for inadequate written description. C-COR asserts that under the

district court’s construction of “distributed computer system” and “processor systems,” it

is entitled to JMOL that the asserted claims are invalid as anticipated by Gardner, Frey,

and Mendelsohn. C-COR alternatively challenges the district court’s construction of

these limitations and argues that under the correct construction it is entitled to a new

trial on anticipation. C-COR argues that “distributed computer system” does not require

“stand-alone” computers in every processor system. C-COR argues that each

“processor system” need not have a CPU capable of running application software.

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 Seachange asserts that the district court did not err in its claim construction

rulings or in denying C-COR’s motions for JMOL and a new trial. Seachange asserts

that even if C-COR’s construction of “network for data communications” is correct, this

court should remand the case to the district court to consider infringement under the

doctrine of equivalents. Seachange adds that even if the district court erred in its

construction of the “distributed computer system” and “processor systems” limitations,

we should not grant C-COR a new trial on anticipation because C-COR did not establish

that the references disclosed the “storing data input” limitation.

B. Standard of Review

Claim construction is a question of law reviewed de novo. Cybor Corp. v. FAS

Techs., Inc., 138 F.3d 1448, 1451 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (en banc). This court applies

regional circuit law in reviewing the denial of a motion for JMOL, Summit Tech., Inc. v.

Nidek Co., 363 F.3d 1219, 1223 (Fed. Cir. 2004), and the denial of a motion for a new

trial, Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Mustek Sys., Inc., 340 F.3d 1314, 1318 & 1323 (Fed. Cir.

2003). The Third Circuit reviews a denial of a motion for JMOL de novo by reapplying

the JMOL standard. See Rinehimer v. Cemcolift, Inc., 292 F.3d 375, 383 (3d Cir. 2002).

Thus, we must “determine whether viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the nonmovant and giving [the nonmovant] the advantage of every fair and reasonable

inference, there is insufficient evidence from which a jury reasonably could reach the

conclusions that it did.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). The Third Circuit reviews a

denial of a motion for new trial for abuse of discretion. Id. at 383-84. “[A] new trial

should be granted only when the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence . . . .”

Brennan v. Norton, 350 F.3d 399, 430 (3d Cir. 2003).

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 C. Claim Construction

We turn first to C-COR’s challenges to the district court’s claim construction

rulings. The parties treat the disputed phrases appearing in claim 37 as representative:

37. A method for redundantly storing data in a distributed computer
system having at least three processor systems, each processor system
comprising at least one central processing unit and at least one mass
storage sub-system, comprising the steps of:
interconnecting each one of said processor systems through a
network for data communications with each other one of said
processor systems; and
storing data input at any one of said processor systems according
to a distributed, redundant storage process with data stored at
each of said processor systems and a portion of a redundant
representation of the data is stored at each of said processors.

’312 patent, col. 22, ll. 17-29 (emphases added).

1. “network for data communications”

The district court construed the phrase “network for data communications” to

mean “establishing data communications between every pair of processor systems in

the distributed computer system using any kind of network.” Seachange, 115 F. Supp.

2d at 482. The district court reasoned that the claim language does not command a

specific type of network, that claim differentiation doctrine favors a broad interpretation,

that the written description does not require a narrow construction, and that the

prosecution history does not show clear disavowal. Id. at 478-81.

Claim 37 does not suggest that the claimed “network” is limited to networks

employing direct, point-to-point interconnections. The language specifies only that each

processor system be interconnected to each other processor system. Moreover, the

technical dictionary definition of “network” does not suggest the point-to-point limitation;

indeed, it implies that a “network for data communications” can employ direct or indirect

04-1375, -1498 7
interconnections. See The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics

Terms 842 (5th ed. 1993) (hereinafter “IEEE”).

Seachange agrees with this assessment and asks that we apply the doctrine of

claim differentiation. The doctrine of claim differentiation stems from “the common

sense notion that different words or phrases used in separate claims are presumed to

indicate that the claims have different meanings and scope.” Karlin Tech. Inc. v.

Surgical Dynamics, Inc., 177 F.3d 968, 971-72 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Although the doctrine

is at its strongest “where the limitation sought to be ‘read into’ an independent claim

already appears in a dependent claim,” Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 358 F.3d

898, 910 (Fed. Cir. 2004), there is still a presumption that two independent claims have

different scope when different words or phrases are used in those claims, Kraft Foods,

Inc. v. Int’l Trading Co., 203 F.3d 1362, 1365-69 (Fed. Cir. 2000); see also Tandon

Corp. v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 831 F.2d 1017, 1023 (Fed. Cir. 1987). However, the

doctrine “only creates a presumption that each claim in a patent has a different scope; it

is not a hard and fast rule of construction.” Kraft, 203 F.3d at 1368 (internal quotations

omitted). “[T]he doctrine of claim differentiation can not broaden claims beyond their

correct scope, determined in light of the specification and the prosecution history and

any relevant extrinsic evidence. . . . [C]laims that are written in different words may

ultimately cover substantially the same subject matter.” Multiform Desiccants, Inc. v.

Medzam, Ltd., 133 F.3d 1473, 1480 (Fed. Cir. 1998).

Claim 1 of the ’312 patent requires “interconnecting each one of said processor

systems in a point-to-point two way channel interconnection with each other one of said

processor systems.” ’312 patent, col. 17, ll. 54-56. Claim 37 is identical to claim 1,

04-1375, -1498 8
except that claim 37 requires only that the interconnection be through a “network for

data communications.” The doctrine of claim differentiation creates a presumption that

these limitations in claim 1 and claim 37 are of different scope and suggests that claim

37 does not require point-to-point, two-way channel interconnections. However, that

presumption is not a hard and fast rule and will be overcome by a contrary construction

dictated by the written description or prosecution history. Kraft, 203 F.3d at 1368.

As to the written description, C-COR argues that Seachange limited the scope of

“network for data communications” to point-to-point networks by implication. C-COR

asserts that the written description discloses only point-to-point interconnections and

establishes that the point-to-point interconnections achieve a necessary objective of the

invention. C-COR adds that the written description eliminates embodiments

incompatible with point-to-point wiring. C-COR cites several cases in support of its

arguments. E.g., Microsoft Corp. v. Multi-Tech Sys., Inc., 357 F.3d 1340, 1351-52 (Fed.

Cir. 2004) (construing claim to require feature that was “central to the functioning of the

claimed invention[]”); Alloc, Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 342 F.3d 1361, 1369-70 (Fed.

Cir. 2003) (construing claim to include limitation because “very character of the

invention” required that the limitation be part of every embodiment); Watts v. XL Sys.,

Inc., 232 F.3d 877, 882-83 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (construing claim to include limitation, in

part, because specification limited invention to embodiments with that feature); Bell Atl.

Network Servs., Inc. v. Covad Communications Group, Inc., 262 F.3d 1258, 1271 (Fed.

Cir. 2001) (construing claim to reflect inventor’s consistent usage of claim term in

specification); Toro Co. v. White Consol. Indus., 199 F.3d 1295, 1300-01 (Fed. Cir.

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1999) (construing claim to require a particular configuration where specification

described the importance of the configuration and did not disclose others).

Seachange responds that the written description does not show a clear

disavowal or a redefinition. Seachange argues that the type of network connection

used is not important to the invention and that the invention resides in RAID Squared.

Seachange explains that the text of the specification contains little disclosure of the

types of network interconnections covered by the patent because that was not

significant. Seachange asserts that a patentee is entitled to claims that are broader

than embodiments described and that C-COR seeks to erroneously import a limitation

from a preferred embodiment.

We agree with C-COR that the written description consistently refers to the

network interconnections as point-to-point, e.g., ’312 patent, col. 3, ll. 30-34; col. 4, ll.

36-43; col. 2, ll. 15-25; Abstract; col. 5, ll. 1-4, 52-58; col. 6, ll. 7-9, and suggests an

upper limit on the number of processor systems compatible with point-to-point wiring,

id., col. 5, ll. 58-61; col. 8, ll. 30-38 (“[M]ore or less processor systems can be used,

although a practical upper limit may be between nine and thirteen. . . . When more

cluster members are employed, the point to point wiring becomes progressively more

difficult and expensive. Indeed, nine cluster members would require thirty-six

interconnecting channels while thirteen cluster volumes would have 78 interconnecting

channels.”). Furthermore, point-to-point interconnections achieve an object of the

invention in that they increase read and write bandwidth. See id., col. 2, ll. 7-9; col. 7, ll.

63-67. However, it is unclear whether these references to point-to-point are simply the

consistent description of one possible embodiment or a description of the invention

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itself. In all of the cases cited by C-COR, the conclusion compelled by the written

description is that the limitation in issue is a limitation on the invention, not just a feature

of a possible embodiment. The issue is unresolved with certainty from the written

description in this case. We turn next to the prosecution history for guidance.

On October 24, 1995, Mann et al. (“Applicant”) filed the application which

matured into the ’312 patent. In a September 30, 1996, Preliminary Amendment

(“Preliminary Amendment”), Applicant added thirty-six claims, including claim 37, which

was numbered as claim 40 throughout examination (“claim 37 (40)”). Applicant also

added claims 68-72, and 74, which included a limitation directed to an “interconnecting

data communications network.” Id. at 11-13. Applicant stated that it added claims “to

more fully cover the scope of the invention.” Preliminary Amendment at 13.

In a December 12, 1996, Office Action (“First Action”), the Examiner rejected

claims 1-75. The Examiner grouped claims 1, 37 (40), and others, and rejected them

under 35 U.S.C. § 103 as unpatentable over Morita et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,502,980

(“Morita”), in view of Benner et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,072,371 (“Benner”). First Action at

3. In a June 12, 1997, Amendment (“Amendment”), Applicant’s attorney stated:

With respect to the various prior art rejections, the Examiner
grouped various claims and rejected the grouped claims. Applicant
submits that with respect to each group of claims that certain of the claims
in the group add further patentably distinct features to the invention and
thus are further patentably distinct over the applied references. For
simplicity, however, Applicant will in general treat a single claim as being
representative of the group of claims but reserves its right to later argue
that additional ones of the claims are patentably distinct over the
combination of references.

Amendment at 29-30. Applicant’s attorney then argued:

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 The Examiner rejected claims 1, 9-12, 19, 20, 23-27, 40, 48-51, 53-
55, 63-66 under 35 U.S.C. § 103 as being unpatentable over [Morita] in
view of [Benner].
As an illustrative claim in this grouping, Applicant’s claim
1 . . . . recites a method in which at least three processor systems are
interconnected using a point-to-point two-way channel interconnection with
each one of the other processor systems. That is, any one processor
system can communicate directly with any one of the other processor
systems. The claim also recites that data is stored at each of the
processor systems which also stores a portion of a redundant
representation of the data. Neither the point to point two-way channel
interconnection nor the arrangement of stored data and redundant data is
suggested by the combination of Morita and Benner.
....
Morita, as the Examiner, [sic] admits does not describe at least
three processor systems in a distributed computing system and also does
not describe a point to point interconnection. Applicant submits that
Morita also does not describe or suggest that the processor system stores
data in the manner recited in claim 1. . . .
....
Benner describes a parallel computing system of the hypercube
type. As such, although Benner does describe more than two processor
systems, Benner does not describe that each of the processor systems
are interconnected in a point to point two-way channel interconnection
with each other one of the processor systems as recited in Applicant’s
claim 1. The Examiner indicates, however, that Benner suggests such an
arrangement. . . . Although Benner . . . describes his connections as
“point to point” paths, Benner does not suggest that each of the
processors in the hypercube arrangement are coupled to each one of the
other processors in the hypercube arrangement as recited in claim 1.
Rather, Benner teaches away from such an interconnection scheme . . . .
....
. . . Accordingly, in view of the fact that neither Morita nor Benner
whether taken separately or in combination suggest the above-mentioned
elements of Applicant’s invention and furthermore since the combination
of Morita and Benner does not appear to be suggested from the
references nor appear to be logical, it is submitted that the rejection has
been overcome by argument.
Therefore, claim 1 and claims 9-12, 19, 20, 23-27, 40, 48-51, 53-55
and 63-66 are all patentably distinct over Morita in view of Benner.

Id. at 29-35. In this amendment, Applicant did not separately argue that claim 37 (40)

was patentably distinct on any other basis.

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 In the same December 12, 1996, First Action, the Examiner also grouped claims

68-72 and 74 and rejected them under 35 U.S.C. § 103 as unpatentable over Morita in

view of Benner and Madonna, U.S. Patent No. 5,544,163 (“Madonna”). First Action at

14. The Examiner employed reasoning similar to what he employed in rejecting the

grouping that included claim 37 (40), except that the Examiner relied on Madonna for

disclosure of a “switching system” which was not a limitation in claim 37 (40). Id. at 14-

15. In response, applicant’s attorney argued:

Applicant’s claim 68 which is representative of this group of claims
is patentably distinguished over the art of record since the references
neither describe nor suggest . . . at least three processor
systems . . . interconnecting data communications network . . . and data
storage control as recited in claim 68 as argued previously with respect to
the Morita and Benner references.

Amendment at 46-47.

In a September 16, 1997, Office Action (“Allowance”), the Examiner allowed

claims 1-28 and claims 32-75. Allowance at 1. His statement of reasons for allowance

noted that “the prior [art] of record fail to teach ‘storing data input at any one of the

processor systems according to a distributed redundant storage process with data

stored at each of the processor systems and a portion of the redundant representation

of the data stored at each of said processor system[s].” Id. at 3.

On November 26, 1997, after the Examiner had concluded his examination and

issued his notice of allowance, a protest petition (“Protest”) was filed. In that Protest,

the protester argued that Gardner anticipated claims 1-28, 36-67, and 72-75. Protest at

2. The protester asserted that claims 29-35 and 68-71 were obvious over Gardner in

view of Madonna and other references. Id. at 3. The protester emphasized that

Gardner taught the use of RAID-5 at the system level and asserted that such feature

04-1375, -1498 13
could not be the point of novelty. However, the protester conceded that “[i]f there exists

a difference between [Gardner] and [Seachange’s application], the difference may relate

to the selected network.” Id. at 3-4.

In a January 1998 Office Action, the Examiner requested that Applicant respond

to the protest. On May 4, 1998, Applicant responded by asserting that “[n]owhere in

[Gardner] does the patentee describe or suggest a store/retrieve two-way point-to-point

configuration.” Protest Response at 2 (internal citation omitted). The response further

argued that Gardner “actually recites . . . a network which may, for example, comprise

an EthernetTM, Fiber Distributed Data Interchange (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode

(ATM), a small computer system interface (SCSI) or any other network used for

transporting data amongst the media service.” Id. (internal quotation omitted).

Applicant’s attorney added that Gardner “relates to an allocation scheme for a plurality

of media servers connected in a conventional client-server computer network.” Id. at 3.

The attorney said that Gardner does not suggest “interconnecting each of the

processors in a point to point configuration (claims 1-15); . . . . [or] interconnecting each

one of said processor systems through a network for data communications with each

other one of said processor systems (claims 40-54) . . . .” Id. at 3-4. The Examiner

then allowed the claims to issue.

C-COR argues that Applicant’s arguments made during prosecution narrowed

the scope of the “network for data communications” limitation in claim 37 (40) to cover

only a point-to-point network. Seachange counters that Applicant’s arguments did not

amount to a clear and unambiguous disclaimer of claim scope. We agree with C-COR.

04-1375, -1498 14
 “The prosecution history constitutes a public record of the patentee’s

representations concerning the scope and meaning of the claims, and competitors are

entitled to rely on those representations when ascertaining the degree of lawful conduct,

such as designing around the claimed invention.” Hockerson-Halberstadt, Inc. v. Avia

Group Int’l, Inc., 222 F.3d 951, 957 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Thus, in construing the claim, we

consider the prosecution history to determine “whether the patentee disclaimed or

disavowed subject matter, narrowing the scope of the claim terms.” Nystrom v. Trex

Co., 374 F.3d 1105, 1113 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (internal quotation omitted). In doing so, we

examine the entire prosecution history, which includes amendments to claims and all

arguments to overcome and distinguish references. Rheox, Inc. v. Entact, Inc., 276

F.3d 1319, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Elkay Mfg. Co. v. Ebco Mfg. Co., 192 F.3d 973, 979

(Fed. Cir. 1999). Where an applicant argues that a claim possesses a feature that the

prior art does not possess in order to overcome a prior art rejection, the argument may

serve to narrow the scope of otherwise broad claim language. Rheox, Inc., 276 F.3d at

1325 (“Explicit arguments made during prosecution to overcome prior art can lead to

narrow claim interpretations . . . .”); Ekchian v. Home Depot, Inc., 104 F.3d 1299, 1304

(Fed. Cir. 1997) (“[S]ince, by distinguishing the claimed invention over the prior art, an

applicant is indicating what the claims do not cover, he is by implication surrendering

such protection.”). A disclaimer must be clear and unambiguous. Omega Eng’g, Inc. v.

Raytek Corp., 334 F.3d 1314, 1323-25 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

The Examiner grouped several claims together, including claims 1 and 37 (40),

and rejected them as a group as being obvious over Morita in view of Benner. First

Action at 4. Applicant responded, stating, inter alia, that applicant will in general treat a

04-1375, -1498 15
single claim as being representative of the group. Amendment at 29. Applicant then

selected claim 1 as “an illustrative claim” and argued that Morita and Benner do not

suggest connecting each processor to each other processor via point-to-point, two-way

channel interconnections. Id. at 30-32. Applicant also argued that Morita and Benner

do not disclose “the arrangement of stored data and redundant data” required by

claim 1. Id. at 30-31. Applicant concluded that “in view of the fact that neither Morita

nor Benner . . . suggest the above-mentioned elements of Applicant’s invention . . . , it is

submitted that the rejection has been overcome by argument. Id. at 35. Even though

Applicant “reserve[d] its right to later argue that additional ones of the claims are

patentably distinct over the combination of references,” id. at 29-30, Applicant made no

separate patentability argument for claim 37 (40). Because Applicant provided “clear

notice of th[e] linkage” between claim 1 and claim 37 (40) for the purpose of its

argument to overcome the prior art rejection on the basis of the “point-to-point” and

“redundant storage” limitations, it would be improper to now broadly construe claim 37

(40) not to contain those limitations. See Elkay, 192 F.3d at 980 (holding that

arguments made with respect to a claim during the prosecution of an earlier patent

applied to a claim in a later patent where the claims were “affirmatively linked” by the

applicant); Digital Biometrics, Inc. v. Identix, Inc., 149 F.3d 1335, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 1998)

(holding that a general statement distinguishing prior art applied to all claims linked to

the statement).

Seachange argues that Applicant made two arguments to overcome Morita and

Benner, and because the “point-to-point” argument relates directly to the “point-to-point”

language of claim 1 rather than the “network for data communications” language of

04-1375, -1498 16
claim 37 (40), and because the “redundant storage” argument relates to all claims of the

grouping, the public was on notice that claim 37 (40) did not necessarily contain the

“point-to-point” feature. Seachange buttresses this argument by citing the notice of

allowance in which the Examiner allowed all claims based only on the “redundant

storage” feature. However, the conclusion that Seachange would have us reach—that

Applicant responded to the First Action and distinguished claim 37 (40) over Morita and

Benner based only on the “redundant storage” feature, and not based on the point-to-

point feature—is unwarranted. Nothing in the prosecution history suggests that the

point-to-point argument did not apply to all of the grouped claims. Applicant did not

indicate that the “point-to-point” argument applied only to claim 1. Instead, the natural

reading of Applicant’s statements suggests that the “point-to-point” argument applied to

each claim in the grouping.

The conclusion that Applicant narrowed the meaning of the word “network” as

used in claim 37 (40) to require point-to-point interconnections is consistent with similar

treatment of claims 68-72 and 74. Claims 68-72 and 74 each recite an “interconnecting

data communications network” in language that Seachange admits is “almost identical”

to the “network for data communications” language of claim 37 (40). In arguing for

patentability of claims 68-72 and 74 (of which claim 68 was representative), Applicant

stated that “the references neither describe nor suggest . . . interconnecting data

communications network . . . and data storage control as recited in claim 68 as argued

previously with respect to the Morita and Benner references.” Amendment at 46-47.

Applicant’s only previous argument relevant to the “data communications network”

limitation was the argument in response to the rejection of the group of claims including

04-1375, -1498 17
claims 1 and 37 (40) that Morita and Benner did not disclose that each of the processor

systems are interconnected in a point-to-point two-way channel interconnection with

each other one of the processor systems. See id. at 28-48. By arguing for patentability

in both groups of claims based upon an interpretation of “network” as requiring point-to-

point interconnections, the “inescapable conclusion” is that claims 68-72 and 74, and

likewise, claim 37 (40), must be so limited. See SciMed Life Sys., Inc. v. Advanced

Cardiovascular Sys., Inc., 242 F.3d 1337, 1342-45 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (drawing the

“inescapable conclusion,” from reading together portions of the intrinsic record, that the

inventor disavowed claim scope and that a claim term has a narrow meaning).

We find unpersuasive Seachange’s argument that the Examiner cited the

“redundant storage” feature as the reason for allowance. The fact that the Examiner did

not indicate reliance on the point-to-point distinction is of no consequence. An

applicant’s argument made during prosecution may lead to a disavowal of claim scope

even if the Examiner did not rely on the argument. Microsoft, 357 F.3d at 1350.

Seachange further argues that to distinguish Benner, Applicant needed only to

argue that claim 1 requires each processor be interconnected to each other processor,

and did not need to argue that each processor be interconnected to each other

processor by point-to-point connections. Seachange asserts that Applicant’s “as argued

previously” statement referred only to the argument that Benner did not disclose a

system in which each processor system was interconnected to each other processor

system. However, Applicant did not argue that claim 1 was patentable merely because

it featured a system in which each processor system was interconnected to each other

processor system. Applicant argued that Benner does not describe that each of the

04-1375, -1498 18
processor systems are interconnected in a point-to-point two-way channel

interconnection with each other one of the processor systems as recited in Applicant’s

claim 1. Amendment at 32. Applicant made no separate patentability argument for

claim 37 (40) at that time. Consequently, Seachange cannot now rewrite the

prosecution history to distinguish claims 37 (40), 68-72 and 74, based only on the

limitation that each processor be interconnected to each other processor, and thereby

erase the requirement that all connections be point-to-point. Hockerson-Halberstadt,

222 F.3d at 957 (explaining that an argument “that would erase from the prosecution

history the inventor’s disavowal of a particular aspect of a claim term’s meaning” is

“inimical to the public notice function provided by the prosecution history”).

Seachange also argues that the file wrapper shows that Applicant added claim

37 (40) “to more fully cover the scope of the invention,” Preliminary Amendment at 13,

and that Applicant would not have added claim 37 (40) if it was of the same scope as

claim 1. However, Seachange inappropriately emphasizes Applicant’s subjective intent.

Courts must “view[] the prosecution history not for . . . applicant’s subjective intent, but

as an official record that is created in the knowledge that its audience is not only the

patent examining officials and the applicant, but the interested public.” Biogen, Inc. v.

Berlex Labs., Inc., 318 F.3d 1132, 1139 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

Seachange’s final argument is that Applicant’s response to the protest shows

that claim 1 is of different scope than claim 37 (40). Protest Response at 3-4. On the

one hand, Applicant stated that Gardner did not disclose either a point-to-point network

as in claim 1 or a network for data communications as in claim 37 (40), implying a

difference in the scope of claim 1 and claim 37 (40). On the other hand, Applicant

04-1375, -1498 19
distinguished over Gardner based on the “network” element and contended that

Gardner disclosed a number of different types of networks—EthernetTM, FDDI, ATM,

and SCSI networks used for transporting data among the media—but did not disclose “a

store/retrieve two-way point-to-point configuration.” Id. at 2. C-COR cites to Digital

Biometrics for the proposition that this global statement limits claim 37 (40) to point-to-

point networks. In Digital Biometrics, the applicant made a global statement

distinguishing its invention from the prior art and applying specifically the remarks to “all

of the pending claims [that] stand rejected under 35 USC 102(b) or 35 USC 103.” 149

F.3d at 1347 (internal quotation omitted). Although the applicant then distinguished

each claim on narrower grounds, we held that the argument with respect to individual

claims did not “eliminate [the import] of global comments made to distinguish applicants’

‘claimed invention’ from the prior art.” Id.

In the final analysis, the Protest Response does not alter our conclusion that the

statements Applicant made in responding to the First Action and in distinguishing over

Morita and Benner inescapably narrowed the meaning of the data communications

network in claim 37 (40) to a point-to-point network. Applicant’s response to the First

Action was “a deliberate surrender of claim scope, unmistakable in its effect because it

is not suitable to multiple interpretations.” Omega Eng’g, 334 F.3d at 1327. The Protest

Response addressed Gardner, did not alter the bases upon which the Applicant

distinguished Morita and Benner, and did not undo this disclaimer already made. See

Hockerson-Halberstadt, 222 F.3d at 957.

The district court erred in construing the “network for data communications”

element of claim 37 (40) and the claims dependent therefrom. The presumption

04-1375, -1498 20
attendant to claim differentiation doctrine is rebutted. The phrase “network for data

communications” is limited to networks in which every processor system is connected to

every other processor system via direct, point-to-point, two-way channel

interconnections.

2. “distributed computer system”

The district court construed “distributed computer system” to require that there be

“a stand alone computer in each processor system.” Seachange, 313 F. Supp. 2d at

398. The phrase “distributed computer system” appears in the preamble of method

claim 37. Thus, a preliminary question exists as to whether “distributed computer

system” is a claim limitation. See Catalina Mktg. Int’l v. Coolsavings.com, Inc., 289 F.3d

801, 807-08 (Fed. Cir. 2002). “In general, a preamble limits the invention if it recites

essential structure or steps, or if it is ‘necessary to give life, meaning, and vitality’ to the

claim.” Id. at 808 (quoting Pitney Bowes, Inc. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 182 F.3d 1298,

1305 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). “[I]f the preamble helps to determine the scope of the patent

claim, then it is construed as part of the claimed invention.” NTP, Inc. v. Research In

Motion, Ltd., 392 F.3d 1336, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

In this case, the preamble notes that the claimed method is for storing data in a

“distributed computer system” which has “at least three processor systems.” ’312

patent, col. 22, ll. 17-18. The preamble further describes the components of a

“processor system” to be “at least one central processing unit” and “at least one mass

storage subsystem.” Id., col. 22, ll. 19-20. The body outlines the claimed method, the

steps of which repeatedly involve “said processor systems.” Id., col. 22, ll. 22-29

(emphasis added). The preamble provides the only antecedent basis and thus the

04-1375, -1498 21
context essential to understand the meaning of “processor system”; therefore, the

preamble, including the phrase “distributed computer system,” limits the scope of the

claimed invention. NTP, 392 F.3d at 1358-59 (relying on preamble of method claim to

define scope of limitations that derived their antecedent basis from preamble).

The issue then is how, if at all, the preamble phrase “distributed computer

system” impacts the scope of “processor system.” The parties agree that the ordinary

meaning of “distributed computer system” is a “computer system in which several

interconnected computers share the computing tasks assigned to the system.” IEEE

375 (defining “distributed system”). The parties dispute whether a “distributed computer

system” requires that each processor within the system operate on its own power

supply and clock, i.e., that each processor “stand-alone.” Seachange argues that the

IEEE definition implies multiple “stand-alone” computers and that “stand-alone”

computers are necessary to implement RAID-5 at the system level. However, the IEEE

definition does not say that computers must have a separate clock and power supply.

Furthermore, Seachange points to nothing in the specification to suggest that the

processors must “stand-alone” in order to achieve redundancy at the system level.

Indeed, neither the claim nor the written description states such a requirement. See,

e.g., ’312 patent, col. 22, ll. 17-29; col. 2, ll. 17-23; col. 3, ll. 27-35; col. 4, ll. 36-44; col.

5, ll. 52-58. The written description describes a system where if one processor fails,

another can perform the task that the failed processor was performing. See, e.g., id.,

col. 16, ll. 23-27. Such a system is consistent with the requirement that the processors

“share computing tasks.”

04-1375, -1498 22
 Because it is improper to import a limitation into a claim where the limitation has

no basis in the intrinsic record, Ecolab, Inc. v. Envirochem, Inc., 264 F.3d 1358, 1366

(Fed. Cir. 2001), we conclude that the district court erred in requiring that each

processor system “stand-alone,” i.e., have a separate clock and power supply.

“Distributed computer system” should be given its ordinary meaning, which both parties

agree is “a computer system in which several interconnected computers share

computing tasks assigned to the system.”

3. “processor systems”

The district court construed “processor systems” to require that each system

have “at least one [CPU] capable of running application type software, and at least one

mass storage subsystem.” Seachange, 115 F. Supp. 2d at 483. C-COR argues that

the district court erroneously imported the “capable of running application type software”

limitation from a preferred embodiment. Seachange counters that C-COR’s position is

inconsistent with the patent’s objective of applying RAID-5 at the system level.

Seachange asserts that because the system runs application software, if each

processor system did not run the application software, then the claims would simply

cover a prior art RAID-5 arrangement. Seachange points us to the language that a

component of a “single processor system” is a “remote file provider,” ’312 patent, col. 8,

ll. 39-42, that “[t]he remote file provider represents any third party application or device

driver that might use the cluster technology,” id., col. 9, ll. 7-9, and that “[e]xamples

include Lotus Notes, medical applications, or database systems,” id., ll. 9-11. C-COR

responds by noting that nothing in the ordinary meaning of CPU or in the intrinsic record

requires that the claimed processor system be capable of running application software.

04-1375, -1498 23
C-COR adds that Seachange’s citation to the written description bolster’s C-COR’s own

position because the citation suggests that processors can simply execute device driver

instructions.

The claim states that “each processor system compris[es] at least one [CPU] and

at least one mass storage sub-system.” ’312 patent, col. 22, ll. 19-20. The claim

requires that “data [be] stored at each of [the] processor systems,” id., col. 22, ll. 25-28,

presumably within the mass storage sub-system. However, the claim provides no more

detail about the CPU and does not state that it must be capable of running application-

type software. The ordinary meaning of CPU is “[t]he unit of a computing system that

includes the circuits controlling the interpretation of instructions and their execution.”

IEEE 171. That definition likewise says nothing about a CPU being capable of running

application-type software. Moreover, although the written description teaches an

embodiment in which the CPU runs a “third party application,” that is not the only

embodiment. The written description says that the remote file provider can be any third-

party application or device driver. ’312 patent, col. 9, ll. 7-9. A device driver need not

be the same as application-type software. See IEEE 387 (defining “driver”). Thus, C-

COR is correct that the written description supports a broader construction. Because

we do not import limitations from a preferred embodiment, Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. v.

Int’l Trade Comm’n, 386 F.3d 1095, 1106 (Fed. Cir. 2004), each “processor system”

need not have a CPU capable of running application software.

Seachange’s final argument is a plea for the import of a limitation to help

preserve the validity of the asserted claims. However, we must decline Seachange’s

invitation to import a limitation to preserve validity because this is not a case in which

04-1375, -1498 24
“the court concludes, after applying all the available tools of claim construction, that the

claim is still ambiguous.” Liebel-Flarsheim, 358 F.3d at 911. The limitation finds no

support in the claims, written description, prosecution history, or technical dictionary.

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the district court erred in its construction

of the “processor system” limitation. A “processor system” must have a CPU but it need

not be capable of running application-type software.

D. Infringement

“A determination of infringement is a two-step process. The court must first

correctly construe the asserted claims, and then compare the properly construed claims

to the allegedly infringing devices, systems, or methods.” NTP, 392 F.3d at 1364. “To

prove infringement, the patentee must show that the accused device meets each claim

limitation either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents.” Catalina Mktg., 289 F.3d

at 812.

In its post-argument brief, Seachange conceded that literal infringement would be

precluded if we were to construe “network for data communications” to require that

every processor be connected to every other processor point-to-point because C-COR’s

hypercube connects only certain pairs of nodes point-to-point. However, Seachange

argues that the prosecution history does not preclude application of the doctrine of

equivalents as a matter of law and seeks a remand. Seachange asserts that in

distinguishing over Benner, the only thing that Applicant disclaimed was Benner’s

partially interconnected hypercube. Seachange argues that Applicant did not disclaim

coverage of a system in which only some of the interconnections are point-to-point so

04-1375, -1498 25
long as each processor interconnects to each other processor, with those channels that

are not point-to-point passing through intermediate nodes.

C-COR counters that prosecution history estoppel precludes a patentee from

asserting as an equivalent subject matter that was disclaimed during prosecution. C-

COR argues that because Seachange disclaimed coverage of all networks except those

in which every processor is connected to every other processor with a point-to-point

interconnection, Seachange cannot recapture through doctrine of equivalents coverage

of a network that employs indirect connections. Alternatively, C-COR asserts that a

finding of equivalents where only some processors are interconnected via point-to-point

interconnections would “vitiate” the limitation that every processor be connected to

every other processor by point-to-point interconnection.

Because Seachange concedes that C-COR does not literally infringe, there can

only be infringement under doctrine of equivalents. “[T]he determination of infringement

under the doctrine of equivalents is limited by two primary legal doctrines: (1)

prosecution history estoppel and (2) the ‘all elements’ rule.” Lockheed Martin Corp. v.

Space Sys./Loral, Inc., 324 F.3d 1308, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2003). The application of these

doctrines is a question of law. Id. “[T]he ‘all elements rule’ provides that the doctrine of

equivalents does not apply if applying the doctrine would vitiate an entire claim

limitation.” Asyst Techs., Inc. v. Emtrak, Inc., 402 F.3d 1188, 1195 (Fed. Cir. 2005). As

noted supra Part II.B.1, we construed “network for data communications” to cover only

“those networks in which every processor system is connected to every other processor

system via direct, point-to-point, two-way channel interconnections.” Seachange’s

equivalents theory implies that a network in which every processor is connected to

04-1375, -1498 26
every other processor through indirect interconnections can be equivalent to a network

in which every processor is connected to every other processor by direct, point-to-point

interconnections. However, equivalents under such a theory would vitiate the

requirement that every processor be connected to every other processor point-to-point,

and therefore must fail as a matter of law. See Asyst, 402 F.3d at 1195 (explaining that

finding “unmounted” equivalent to “mounted on” would vitiate the limitation).

Because there is no infringement either literally or under doctrine of equivalents,

C-COR is entitled to judgment of non-infringement as a matter of law. Because there is

no need to remand, we reverse the judgment of infringement. CVI/Beta Ventures, Inc.

v. Tura LP, 112 F.3d 1146, 1161-62 (Fed. Cir. 1997); see Exxon Chem. Patents, Inc. v.

Lubrizol Corp., 64 F.3d 1553, 1560-61 (Fed. Cir. 1995). However, we must now

consider C-COR’s invalidity counterclaims. Cardinal Chem. Co. v. Morton Int’l, Inc., 508

U.S. 83, 95-103 (1993).

E. Written Description

C-COR’s challenge to the denial of JMOL was premised on the district court’s

construction of “network for data communications.” Because we adopted C-COR’s

alternative argument that “network” in the asserted claims is limited to point-to-point

networks, the premise of C-COR’s written description challenge no longer exists. We

thus affirm the district court’s denial of C-COR’s motion for JMOL.

04-1375, -1498 27
 F. Anticipation

“[A] claim is anticipated if each and every limitation is found either expressly or

inherently in a single prior art reference.” Celeritas Tech., Ltd., v. Rockwell Int’l Corp.,

150 F.3d 1354, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Whether a prior art reference anticipates a

claimed invention is a question of fact. Advanced Display Sys., Inc. v. Kent State Univ.,

212 F.3d 1272, 1281 (Fed. Cir. 2000).

1. JMOL

When we determine on appeal that a trial judge has misinterpreted a patent

claim, we independently construe the claim to determine its correct meaning, and then

determine if the facts presented at trial can support the judgment as a matter of law.

See Exxon, 64 F.3d at 1559-60. The jury in this case found the claims in issue, as

construed by the district court, not anticipated or rendered obvious by Gardner, Frey,

and Mendelsohn. C-COR filed a motion for JMOL, and the district court denied the

motion. C-COR appeals the denial of its motion as to anticipation based on each of

these references. We review the district court’s decision in light of our claim

construction rulings.

We have broadened both the “distributed computer system” and the “processor

systems” limitations. If these were the only limitations at issue and C-COR were

properly entitled to JMOL of anticipation under the district court’s narrower construction,

our broader construction of those limitations would not change the outcome. See

Teleflex, Inc. v. Ficosa N. Am. Corp., 299 F.3d 1313, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2002). However,

we have more narrowly construed the “network for data communications” limitation to

cover only point-to-point interconnections. If the jury was not presented with any

04-1375, -1498 28
evidence that the references disclosed point-to-point interconnections, JMOL would be

precluded. See Exxon, 64 F.3d at 1561.

The district court’s opinion does not discuss the details of the evidence before

the jury on the “network for data communications” limitation, nor do the parties in their

briefs in this appeal elucidate the evidence presented to the jury to establish that this

limitation was disclosed by Gardner, Frey, or Mendelsohn. However, the district court

did explain that

Gardner does not disclose the ’312 Patent’s claimed “processor systems”
as the court has defined it. Specifically, the Court concludes that Gardner
does not teach or suggest a system in which each computer of the
distributed computer system runs both client applications and has disks.
Therefore, the Court concludes that the jury’s rejection of [the] anticipation
claim was not against the weight of the evidence.

Seachange, 313 F. Supp. 2d at 401.

C-COR argues on appeal, as it did in the district court, that Gardner discloses the

“processor systems” limitation, as evidenced by the following passage:

each client [application] may be a process running on any CPU, and need
not be limited to executing on a CPU different from that of the media
server. Although such a “combined” configuration could have potential
drawbacks, it is of course possible to have a media client [application] and
media server executing on the same machine.

Gardner, col. 15, ll. 16-21. C-COR asserts that Seachange’s own expert, Dr. Rhyne,

admitted at trial that “if you had one computer serving as the client and the server, you

would be running an application on a processor that had a disk. You would meet the

processor requirement.” (Rhyne Test. of Sept. 21, 2000, at 826, ll. 13-17.) Seachange

responds that Dr. Rhyne explained that Gardner also teaches a system in which a

computer runs only the “media portion” (the application), with the “disk interface server”

located elsewhere. (Id. at 837, ll. 14-16.)

04-1375, -1498 29
 Figure 1 of Gardner discloses a system employing a plurality of media servers,

with the media clients located elsewhere. Gardner, Figure 1. The text of Gardner at

column 15, lines 16-21, discloses that a media client could be combined with a media

server on one machine. According to Dr. Rhyne, such an embodiment would meet the

“processor requirement.” To be anticipating, Gardner need not disclose a separate

figure depicting a plurality of machines with the combined media client and media

server; disclosing the embodiment in textual form is enough. The fact that another

embodiment is disclosed does not detract from the remainder of the disclosure. See

Hewlett-Packard, 340 F.3d at 1324 & n.6 (“The anticipation analysis asks solely whether

the prior art reference discloses and enables the claimed invention, and not . . . whether

alternatives are also disclosed.”). Indeed, Seachange acknowledges that Gardner

discloses that “a single client could combine a client and a server,” but argues that the

reference “teaches away” from the combination of a client and a server, and that the

testimony of C-COR’s expert, Dr. Wilkes, was unclear. Seachange’s argument that

Gardner teaches away from a computer with a combined media client and media server

is misplaced. Teaching away is irrelevant to anticipation. Celeritas, 150 F.3d at 1361;

Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Ben Venue Labs., Inc., 246 F.3d 1368, 1378 (Fed. Cir.

2001).

In addition, Seachange’s challenge to Dr. Wilkes’ testimony lacks support in the

record. In response to Dr. Rhyne’s testimony suggesting that the “processor system”

limitation, as construed by the district court, was the only limitation missing in Gardner

and that an embodiment showed a separated media client and server (see Rhyne Test.

of Sept. 21, 2000, at 835, l. 10–838, l. 6), Dr. Wilkes testified:

04-1375, -1498 30
 Figure 1, which is the one [Dr. Rhyne] used to talk about a client server
picture . . . does indeed have separate clients and servers connected by a
network. So yes, from that figure, you might conclude that client server
was the only thing that was taught. And given that the way this stuff is put
together, Claim 37 requires, that’s a no, no, fails that test.
But if you turn to Column 15, Lines 16 through 21, you find some
interesting text. Line 16. It should be noted that each client may be a
process running on any CPU. It’s just the software thing that matters and
need not be limited to executing on a CPU different from that of a media
server.
That’s what it says. Although such a combined configuration could
have potential drawbacks. It is, of course, possible to have a media client
and a media server executing on the same machine.
The claim here merely requires that it be possible, not that it be
necessary [sic], the best thing to do in the world.

(Wilkes’ Test. of Sept. 22, 2000, at 1063, l. 3–1064, l. 5.).

Seachange, in the alternative, argues that C-COR did not prove that Gardner

disclosed either the “distributed computer system” or the “storing data input” limitations.

As to the “distributed computer system” limitation, Dr. Rhyne twice testified that Gardner

“is a distributed computer system.” (Rhyne Test. of Sept. 21, 2000, at 837, ll. 9-11, ll.

20-22.) As to the “storing data input” limitation, Dr. Wilkes testified that “[Gardner] also

talk[s] about using RAID-5 across the media servers, plural, in order to provide

redundancy in case one of the media servers breaks . . . . They talk about using

RAID-5 in each of the media servers for extra redundancy.” (Wilkes’ Test. of Sept. 20,

2000, at 606, ll. 3-8). Indeed, Gardner describes a system with redundancy within a

media server, Gardner, col. 2, ll. 24-26, and across media servers, id., ll. 34-37.

Because we have concluded that the district court’s claim constructions of both

the “distributed computer system” and “processor systems” limitations were in error,

because several of the district court’s conclusions on the evidence presented on

anticipation by Gardner are contrary to the record, and because the evidentiary record

04-1375, -1498 31
as to the disclosure of Gardner on the “network for data communications” limitation has

not been fully presented in this appeal, we vacate the district court’s denial of C-COR’s

motion for JMOL on anticipation. We remand the issue for reconsideration in light of our

claim construction rulings and the foregoing discussion of the evidence. If the district

court determines that, on the basis of clear and convincing evidence in the record

presented to the jury, no reasonable juror could not find anticipation based on Gardner,

the district court should grant JMOL to C-COR on that ground. If not, JMOL based on

Gardner should be denied.

As for the Frey and Mendelsohn references, the district court reviewed the

evidence and concluded that C-COR had failed to establish that the weight of the

evidence proved that the claims were anticipated. We have considered the parties’

arguments and agree with the district court’s assessment that substantial evidence

supported the jury’s verdict with regard to the Frey and Mendelsohn references. The

denial of JMOL based on the lack of anticipation by Frey or Mendelsohn is affirmed.

2. New Trial

An erroneous instruction on claim interpretation that affects the jury’s decision on

anticipation is grounds for a new trial. See Advanced Display, 212 F.3d at 1281-82; cf.

Ecolab, Inc. v. Paraclipse, Inc., 285 F.3d 1362, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2002). A party seeking

to set aside a judgment based on erroneous jury instructions must establish that “(1) it

made a proper and timely objection to the jury instructions, (2) those instructions were

legally erroneous, (3) the errors had prejudicial effect, and (4) it requested alternative

instructions that would have remedied the error.” NTP, 392 F.3d at 1365. “[W]hen the

error in a jury instruction ‘could not have changed the result, the erroneous instruction is

04-1375, -1498 32
harmless.’” Id. (quoting Environ Prods., Inc. v. Furon Co., 215 F.3d 1261, 1266-67

(Fed. Cir. 2000)). For prejudicial error to exist, there must have been sufficient

evidence proffered below to support anticipation under a correct construction. See id. at

1365-66; Ecolab, 285 F.3d at 1374.

Over C-COR’s timely objection, see Seachange, 313 F. Supp. 2d at 393-99, the

district court instructed the jury based upon its claim construction rulings but refused C-

COR’s request for an instruction on the construction of the “distributed computer

system” limitation. We have now agreed with C-COR’s proposed construction of that

limitation. Because the district court has already held that its failure to instruct the jury

on the “distributed computer system” limitation was error, and because the district court

also has held that such error would be prejudicial and would require a new trial if we

decide, as we have, that it should have adopted C-COR’s proposed construction, we

reverse the denial of C-COR’s motion in the alternative for new trial and remand for

such further proceedings as may be deemed appropriate by the district court consistent

with this opinion.

III. CONCLUSION

Because the district court erred in interpreting “network for data communications”

and C-COR does not infringe as a matter of law, we reverse the judgment of

infringement. Because we have construed the “network” limitation to be limited to point-

to-point interconnections, we affirm the denial of C-COR’s motion for JMOL on

inadequate written description. Because the district court correctly denied C-COR’s

motion for JMOL on anticipation as to the Frey and Mendelsohn references, we affirm

that ruling. For the reasons stated in this opinion, we vacate the denial of the JMOL

04-1375, -1498 33
motion as to anticipation by Gardner and remand the same to the district court for

reconsideration. Because the district court erred in its interpretation of “distributed

computer system” and because C-COR was prejudiced by the court’s failure to properly

instruct the jury on the construction of the “distributed computer system” limitation, we

reverse the district court’s denial of C-COR’s motion in the alternative for new trial and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

IV. COSTS

Each party shall bear its own costs.

AFFIRMED-IN-PART, REVERSED-IN-PART, VACATED-IN-PART, AND REMANDED.

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