FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAR 28 2011
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ZURICH SPECIALTIES LONDON No. 09-56884
LIMITED,
D.C. No. 2:08-cv-07066-SJO-FFM
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. MEMORANDUM *
BICKERSTAFF, WHATLEY, RYAN &
BURKHALTER, INC., a California
Corporation,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
S. James Otero, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 11, 2011
Pasadena, California
Before: B. FLETCHER, WARDLAW, and KAVANAUGH, Circuit Judges.**
Bickerstaff, Whatley, Ryan & Burkhalter, Inc. appeals the district court’s
grant of partial summary judgment in favor of Zurich Specialties London Limited.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The Honorable Brett M. Kavanaugh, Circuit Judge for the District of
Columbia Circuit, sitting by designation.
The district court concluded that Zurich has no duty to defend or indemnify
Bickerstaff in a third-party contribution action filed by Spear, Safer, Harmon &
Co. (the “underlying action”). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
and we affirm.
1. The professional liability policy Zurich issued to Bickerstaff
unambiguously excludes “claims or ‘costs, charges and expenses’ for or arising out
of . . . the insolvency or bankruptcy of the Insured or any other person, firm or
organization.” Under California law, the phrase “arising out of” does “not import
any particular standard of causation or theory of liability into an insurance policy.
Rather, it broadly links a factual situation with the event creating liability, and
connotes only a minimal causal connection or incidental relationship.” Acceptance
Ins. Co. v. Syufy Enterprises, 69 Cal. App. 4th 321, 328 (1999).
The underlying action arises from the insolvency of Caduceus, a medical
malpractice self-insurance fund. The Florida Department of Insurance, acting as
Caduceus’ receiver, initially sued Spear Safer (the “receiver action”). The receiver
action set forth allegations that Spear Safer’s “unqualified opinions on Caduceus’
financial statements, among other things, enabled Caduceus to continue to rewrite
existing policies, write new insurance policies and leverage its capital well in
excess of that allowed under Florida law and past the point of insolvency to the
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detriment of Caduceus, its policyholders and claimants.” Spear Safer then filed the
underlying action against Bickerstaff, seeking contribution and alleging that
Bickerstaff’s “reserve reviews and rate level recommendations . . . directly
impacted and caused the insolvency of Caduceus.”
Bickerstaff’s reliance on Marquez Knolls Property Owners Ass’n, Inc. v.
Executive Risk Indem., Inc., 153 Cal. App. 4th 228 (2007) is misplaced. The
Marquez Knolls court concluded that, in the context of the particular insurance
policy at issue, an exclusion applied only to claims stemming from the plaintiff’s
own activities. Id. at 235. By contrast, the exclusion in Bickerstaff’s policy covers
“the insolvency or bankruptcy of the Insured or any other person, firm or
organization.” (emphasis added). As a general matter, the Marquez Knolls court
reinforced California’s broad interpretation of “arising out of” language in
insurance policy exclusions. Id. at 236. Therefore, the receiver and underlying
actions, which together allege that Bickerstaff played a causal role in Caduceus’
insolvency, satisfy California’s definition of the term “arising out of,” and trigger
the exclusion. See Syufy, 69 Cal. App. 4th at 328.
Bickerstaff argues that the complaint in the receiver action alleges that
Caduceus’ insolvency occurred in 1993, before Bickerstaff was retained. Thus it
characterizes the underlying action as a standard malpractice claim based on work
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performed for an already insolvent client. Bickerstaff misreads the allegation in
the receiver action; it in fact alleges that Caduceus was either “statutorily impaired
or insolvent” by 1993. (emphasis added). Moreover, the legal definition of
insolvency describes an ongoing process in which an entity is unable to meet its
liabilities “as they mature.” Berg & Berg Enterprises, LLC v. Boyle, 178 Cal. App.
4th 1020, 1042 n.23 (2009) (quoting Cal. Corp. Code § 501); see also In re Dill,
731 F.2d 629, 632 (9th Cir. 1984); Black’s Law Dictionary at 867 (9th ed. 2009)
(defining insolvency as the “condition of being unable to pay debts as they fall due
or in the usual course of business” or the “inability to pay debts as they mature”).
Therefore, even if Caduceus were insolvent in 1993, the exclusionary provision
would still apply because the allegation is that Bickerstaff contributed to
Caduceus’ worsening financial condition.
2. The doctrine of concurrent causation does not apply because the alleged
conduct excluded by the policy was the same as, and not independent of, the
covered conduct. Under the doctrine, “[c]overage cannot be defeated simply
because a separate excluded risk constitutes an additional cause of the injury”
independent of the covered risk. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Partridge, 514
P.2d 123, 125 (Cal. 1973). Here the receiver and underlying actions both allege
that Bickerstaff’s work contributed to Caduceus’ insolvency, and therefore the
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covered risk of malpractice “did not exist independently of the other risk[] not
covered by the policy” but rather was “directly connected to the excluded risk[]” of
insolvency. Medill v. Westport Ins. Corp., 143 Cal. App. 4th 819, 835 (2006).
Bickerstaff erroneously relies on Conestoga Servs. Corp. v. Exec. Risk Indemnity,
Inc., 312 F.3d 976, 983 (9th Cir. 2002), which applied the doctrine where the
excluded risk of bankruptcy and the insured risk of malpractice both independently
contributed to a third party’s damages, but distinguished a scenario similar to
Bickerstaff’s in which the insured is sued “because [the third party] went
bankrupt.”
3. While an insurer’s duty to defend is broader than its duty to indemnify,
neither the allegations in the complaints nor any extrinsic facts known to Zurich
“give rise to the potential of liability under the policy.” Gray v. Zurich Ins. Co.,
419 P.2d 168, 177 (Cal. 1966). The potential of liability that would trigger the
duty to defend can be found based on either a comparison of the allegations of the
complaint with the terms of the policy, or consideration of extrinsic facts that
“reveal a possibility that the claim may be covered by the policy.” Montrose
Chemical Corp. v. Superior Court, 861 P.2d 1153, 1157 (Cal. 1993). Here, the
complaints in the receiver and underlying actions together allege that Bickerstaff’s
conduct contributed to Caduceus’ insolvency, thus squarely falling under the terms
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of the policy exclusion. Bickerstaff suggests that there is a potential of liability
under the policy because Caduceus’ financial situation might improve, and
therefore the pleadings could be amended to reflect that it is no longer insolvent.
However, an “insured may not trigger the duty to defend by speculating about
extraneous ‘facts’ regarding potential liability or ways in which the third party
claimant might amend its complaint at some future date.” Gunderson v. Fire Ins.
Exchange, 37 Cal. App. 4th 1106, 1114 (1995).
Because we conclude that the policy excludes coverage for Spear Safer’s
contribution action, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that Zurich did not
have a duty to indemnify Bickerstaff, or to provide it with a defense.
AFFIRMED.
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