MARY ROE[1]
vs.
EDWARD J. LAWN & others[2]; AETNA CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY & others,[3] third-party defendants.
No. 92-P-44.
Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Norfolk.
February 9, 1993. July 8, 1993.Present: DREBEN, SMITH, & GILLERMAN, JJ.
J. Michael Conley (Paul F. Kenney with him) for the plaintiff.
*727 John P. Graceffa for Aetna Casualty and Surety Company.
Beth S. Stomberg, for Edward Lee McDermott, was present but did not argue.
GILLERMAN, J.
The plaintiff, a minor and a special needs student at St. Coletta's School in Braintree, was sexually assaulted by the defendant Lawn, the driver of a school bus owned by defendant Braintree Town Taxi, Inc. ("Taxi"),[4] while Lawn was driving her to school.
The issue to be decided relates only to Taxi's third-party action against Aetna Casualty and Surety Company (Aetna). Taxi seeks to invoke Aetna's duty to indemnify and defend Taxi pursuant to a business motor vehicle policy Aetna issued to Taxi. Aetna responds that it has no duty either to defend or to indemnify Taxi.[5] Aetna's motion for summary judgment was allowed, and a judgment dismissing the third-party complaint as to Aetna was entered under Mass.R.Civ.P. 54(b), 365 Mass. 821 (1974).
Under the policy's optional[6] bodily injury coverage, Aetna agrees to pay "all sums which the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury, sustained by any person, caused by accident and arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use including loading and unloading, of the insured motor vehicle" (emphasis added). The policy provides that assault and battery shall be deemed an accident "unless committed by or at the direction of the insured."
*728 In the proceedings in the Superior Court, it was undisputed that Taxi did not direct or commit the assault and battery, and thus the injury sustained by the victim was an "accident" within the terms of the policy. More to the point is the fact that the optional provision defining "accident" to include assault and battery has the effect of extending coverage to acts of deliberate wrongdoing. See J. D'Amico, Inc. v. Boston, 345 Mass. 218, 224 n. 6 (1962) (pointing out that similar "assault and battery" provision was "probably designed" to avoid the principle of cases such as Sontag v. Galer, 279 Mass. 309, 312-313 [1932], which held that "accident" does not include deliberately wrongful conduct of the insured).
There remains the central issue of this case whether the assault by Lawn, while an "accident," was an act "arising out of" the "ownership, maintenance or use" of Taxi's school bus. We hold that it was.
Relying principally upon Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 806 F.2d 302 (1st Cir.1986), Aetna in this case argues that the plain meaning of the policy requires that there be a causal connection between the "vehicle itself" and the injuries and that here the vehicle was "merely the incidental situs" of the victim's injuries. On facts similar to this case rape of a child by a school bus driver the Aetna court held that there was no coverage under the motor vehicle policy in that case. Citing Lapointe v. Shelby Mut. Ins. Co., 361 Mass. 558, 563-564 (1972), for the proposition that there must be a causal connection between the use of the automobile and the accident, the court reasoned that the policy provision with regard to the "use" of an automobile "ensures that the risk spread is the risk of automobile accidents, and not all accidents, or more accurately, incidents, to which an automobile can be tied, however remotely" (emphasis in original). Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 806 F.2d at 303.
Lapointe held that the negligent installation of a propane gas tank by the driver of the vehicle delivering the tanks was within the "loading and unloading" coverage of the automobile *729 policy because the required causal connection "is not a question of `proximate cause' in the ordinary sense, but is a question of interpretation of the extent of coverage intended by the words of the insurance contract." Id. at 564. On that basis the court concluded that the negligent installation was "a part of [the] delivery." Ibid. We do not read Lapointe as support for the conclusion reached in Aetna. Moreover, it does not appear that the policy in Aetna included the provision contained in the contract in the present case which defined "accident" to include assault and battery. We do not, for these reasons, regard Aetna as persuasive authority for the case before us.
Our task, as Lapointe emphasizes, is to interpret the coverage intended by the words of the provisions of the contract. In this case, coverage was extended to a school bus and to any assault and battery not committed by or at the direction of the insured arising out of the use of the school bus. Here, Taxi's school bus was being put to the special use of driving the victim to school when she was assaulted, and her injuries would not have occurred but for that use. The victim was using the bus in order to attend school, Taxi was using the bus to fulfil its corresponding obligation to drive her to school safely,[7] and the assault occurred within the bus while being so used by the victim and Taxi. We decline to construe this policy to include, as Aetna argues, only those cases where the motor vehicle is used as a weapon that produces personal injuries. This policy covered deliberately wrongful conduct which is "intrinsically related," see Mullen v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 287 Mass. 262, 264 (1934), to the use of the school bus. Within the context of a policy that defines "accident" to include deliberately wrongful conduct, and within the context of a case involving a passenger in a school bus, we hold that an "accident" arises out of the use of the motor vehicle when an assault by the driver on the passenger occurs *730 within the bus and in the course of the performance of Taxi's duty to transport the passenger to an agreed destination.
Our reading of the policy has support elsewhere. The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia in Dotts v. Taressa J.A., 182 W. Va. 586, 592-593 (1990), on similar facts sexual assault of a passenger by a driver of a bus held for the plaintiff. "This crime was committed on the bus while the driver was using the vehicle to transport the passenger against whom the sexual offense was committed." Id. at 592.[8]
The West Virginia court relied on an earlier decision, Huntington Cab Co. v. American Fid. & Cas. Co., 155 F.2d 117 (4th Cir.1946). In that case, the court wrote, "These terms [ownership, maintenance or use] do not in our opinion require that the automobile itself produce the injury.... They are equally satisfied if the injury is incidental to or grows out of the relationship of carrier and passenger which in this form of transportation necessitates personal dealings and contact between the driver and the passenger in the use of the cab." Id. at 120. See 6C Appleman & Appleman, Insurance Law & Practice § 4468, at 639 (1979) ("Assaults committed on passengers by employees of a bus or taxicab company are usually considered as arising out of ownership, maintenance or use of the vehicle") (footnote to citations omitted). See also Green Bus Lines, Inc. v. Ocean Accid. & Guar. Corp., 287 N.Y. 309, 314-316 (1942); Nassau Ins. Co. v. Mel Jo-Jo Cab Corp., 102 Misc.2d 455 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.), aff'd, 78 A.D.2d 549 (N.Y. 1980).
Sabatinelli v. Travelers Ins. Co., 369 Mass. 674, 677 (1976), upon which Aetna also relies, is materially different from this case. There the plaintiff, a pedestrian, was deliberately shot by the insured while the insured was sitting in his *731 automobile. The court held for the insurer because there was no causal relationship between the use of the motor vehicle and the injury sustained by the plaintiff. In the present case, unlike Sabatinelli, the insured's vehicle was being used to transport the student victim between home and school when the incident occurred. In Sabatinelli there was no such relationship between the plaintiff and the owner and operator of the vehicle; the victim was a total stranger whom the shooter had picked out at random and who had made no use of the vehicle and was not inside the vehicle when injured. Sabatinelli does not control the outcome of this case.
We conclude that the motion for summary judgment in favor of Aetna should not have been allowed. The judgment dismissing the third-party complaint as to Aetna is reversed.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1] By her mother and next friend. The name Mary Roe is fictitious.
[2] Braintree Veteran's Taxi, Inc.; Braintree Town Taxi, Inc.; Braintree Livery Service, Inc.; Eugene F. Maloney, individually, and Eugene F. Maloney and Dorothy M.L. Maloney, as trustees of the Malvet Trust.
[3] Edward Lee McDermott and National Casualty Co.
[4] For the purposes of this appeal only, we treat all defendants as a single party, as requested by the plaintiff.
[5] The severability clause in the policy requires that the question of coverage of Taxi be viewed separately from coverage of Lawn. See Worcester Mut. Ins. Co. v. Marnell, 398 Mass. 240, 244-245 (1986). If the policy is available to Taxi, Aetna is obliged in any event to defend Taxi quite apart from its indemnification of Taxi in the event Taxi is held liable by reason of its status as a common carrier. See Gilmore v. Acme Taxi Co., 349 Mass. 651, 653 (1965); Worcester Ins. Co. v. Fells Acres Day School, Inc., 408 Mass. 393, 406 (1990).
[6] The plaintiff's claim does not rest on those provisions of the contract provided pursuant to the compulsory motor vehicle liability insurance statute. See G.L.c. 90, §§ 34A-34O.
[7] See Gilmore v. Acme Taxi Co., 349 Mass. 651, 653 (1965); Worcester Ins. Co. v. Fells Acres Day School, Inc., 408 Mass. 393, 406 (1990) (the standard of care binding on a common carrier is the "very highest, approaching that of an insurer").
[8] There is authority to the contrary. See, e.g., Tart v. American Natl. Fire Ins. Co., 576 A.2d 1353 (D.C. 1990); Washington v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 161 Ga. App. 431 (1982); Hicks v. Walker County Sch. Dist., 172 Ga. App. 428 (1984) (assault on handicapped child between home and school); Lucey v. Harris, 490 So.2d 416 (La. Ct. App. 1986). See also Annot., Automobile Liability Insurance, 15 A.L.R.4th 10, 81-85 (1982).