NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0226n.06
No. 08-6365 FILED
Apr 12, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES
) DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN
GRADY STITTIAMS, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
)
)
)
BEFORE: KEITH, MERRITT, and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. This case arises out of defendant Grady Stittiams’ stop and subsequent
arrest by Officer Raoul Gonzalez for being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g). At issue before the court is Stittiams’ appeal of the trial court’s denial of his
motion to suppress all evidence arising from the allegedly unlawful stop, notably the gun he was
carrying and his statements admitting such. For the reasons discussed below, we AFFIRM the
district court’s denial of Stittiams’ motion to suppress.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On October 9, 2007, Stittiams left his home and proceeded to the residence of a friend who
lived at 6235 Arctic Cove in Millington, Tennessee. Stittiams arrived there with the intention of
having his hair braided and cut. Approximately ten other individuals had also gathered in a common
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area outside the residence. Some of these individuals were having their hair braided and cut while
others had gathered to play cards. At some point, a dispute broke out amongst five of the
individuals. Four of the individuals allegedly began to physically assault the fifth individual.
Stittiams played no role in the altercation. Shortly thereafter, an unnamed individual called the
police reporting an armed altercation at 6235 Arctic Cove.
Approximately twenty-five minutes after the call had been placed, three police cars arrived
at the residence on Arctic Cove. Officer Raoul Gonzalez, one of the officers present, had responded
to disturbance calls from the area on at least three prior occasions. Gonzalez, along with a number
of other officers stepped out of his vehicle and began to approach the group of gathered individuals.
In response, some of the individuals began to approach the officers while others remained standing
or sitting. Stittiams at or about this time began to walk away from the group. He specifically alleges
that he did so at the request of a friend who needed a guard for the clippers that were being used to
cut hair. According to both Stittiams and the government, Stittiams was the sole individual to walk
away from the group.
Gonzalez, seeing Stittiams walk away from the group, began to follow and call after him.
The parties dispute exactly what Gonzalez said, but it is undisputed that Gonzalez asked him to stop.
Stittiams ignored Gonzalez’s initial call and continued walking towards the trailer. Upon arriving
at the trailer, he began to walk up the trailer’s stairs. At this point, Gonzalez called out to Stittiams
a second time. The parties again dispute exactly what Gonzalez said. Stittiams alleges that
Gonzalez stated: “You better not open that door or I am going to shoot you.” [Tr. 44]. Conversely,
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No. 08-6365, United States of America v. Grady Stittiams
Gonzalez alleges that he yelled: “Hey man, come here.” [Tr. 9]. In response, Stittiams turned
around, put his hands up in the air and began walking towards Gonzalez.
Once Stittiams reached Gonzalez, Gonzalez asked him if there was anything he (the officer)
should know about. At this point, Stittiams admitted that he had a pistol in his waistband. While
Stittiams kept his hands in place, Gonzalez walked Stittiams over to his squad car. Once they
reached Gonzalez’s squad car, Gonzalez handcuffed Stittiams – thereby arresting him – and removed
the gun from his waistband.
On January 21, 2008, a federal grand jury in the Western District of Tennessee returned an
indictment charging Stittiams with being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g). On May 15, 2008, Stittiams filed a motion to suppress the pistol and his statements
disclosing the presence of the pistol. During an evidentiary hearing, on July 10, 2008, the district
court heard arguments on the motion. The court concluded that Gonzalez’s initial stop of Stittiams
was supported by reasonable suspicion and, thus, was lawful. The court specifically cited the facts
that the officers were responding to a call reporting an armed altercation, Stittiams was the only one
of the persons gathered who began to walk away when the police approached, and he ignored the
police officer’s request to stop.
On July 25, 2008, Stittiams pled guilty to the underlying offense. However, as a condition
of his plea agreement, he reserved the right to appeal the court’s ruling as to his motion to suppress.
Thereafter, Stittiams timely appealed the district court’s ruling.
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STANDARD OF REVIEW
When reviewing a district court's denial of a motion to suppress evidence, the district court's
factual findings are examined for clear error, and its conclusions of law are subject to de novo
review. United States v. Jenkins, 124 F.3d 768, 771-72 (6th Cir. 1997). The evidence is reviewed
in the light most favorable to the district court's conclusions. Id. at 772. "A factual finding is clearly
erroneous when, although there may be evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire
evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed." United
States v. Blair, 524 F.3d 740, 747 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
ANALYSIS
The Fourth Amendment prohibits "unreasonable searches and seizures." U.S. Const. amend.
IV. Evidence recovered from an illegal search is inadmissible. Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S.
383, 398 (1914). For the same reason, evidence recovered indirectly from an illegal search or seizure
is also inadmissible as "fruit of the poisonous tree." Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 804
(1984) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471,
484-85 (1963); Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385, 392 (1920).
As noted, the sole issue before the court is whether Gonzalez lawfully stopped Stittiams. The
parties devote the entirety of their briefs towards arguing whether reasonable suspicion supported
the stop. However, implicit in each party’s argument is an assumption as to when, in fact, the stop
occurred. This is important as the facts Gonzalez was aware of differ depending upon when the stop
happened. Accordingly, before we can address whether the stop was lawful, we must determine at
what point Stittiams was seized for Fourth Amendment purposes.
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No. 08-6365, United States of America v. Grady Stittiams
I. The Stop Occurred When Stittiams Acceded to Gonzalez’s Demand.
In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the Supreme Court explained that an investigatory stop
occurs when police use some form of coercion: "Obviously, not all personal intercourse between
policemen and citizens involve seizures of persons. Only when the officer, by means of physical
force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen may we conclude that
a seizure has occurred." Id. at 20 n.16 (internal quotation marks omitted). The test is whether,
considering all of the circumstances, "a reasonable person would feel free to decline the officers'
requests or otherwise terminate the encounter." Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 436 (1991).
Additionally, in those circumstances in which a suspect is stopped absent the intentional application
of physical force, there must also be submission to the show of authority: "[T]here is no seizure
without actual submission; otherwise, there is at most an attempted seizure, so far as the Fourth
Amendment is concerned." Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 254 (2007); see also California
v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626 n.2 (1991)
It is clear that Gonzalez’s stop of Stittiams occurred when Gonzalez, chasing after Stittiams,
demanded that Stittiams stop and not when Gonzalez handcuffed Stittiams, as the government
assumes.1 Courts have repeatedly found that when an officer gives chase to a suspect while
demanding that the suspect stop and the suspect does stop, the suspect has been subjected to a stop
1
The district court found more credible the officer’s testimony that he simply asked Stittiams to
approach him as opposed to Stittiams’ testimony that Gonzalez threatened to shoot. Although we
need not decide who was correct as a stop occurred under either circumstance, it seems at least
questionable that Stittiams would have turned around and put his hands in the air if Gonzalez did
not threaten to shoot. This suspicion is heightened by the fact that Stittiams ignored Gonzalez’s first
request to simply stop.
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for the purposes of the Fourth Amendment. United States v. Smith, 594 F.3d 530, 539 (6th Cir. 2010)
(“Once Officer Putnick asked Smith to stop, a reasonable person would not have felt free to leave
and the interaction turned into a Terry stop.”); Northrop v. Trippett, 265 F.3d 372, 380 (6th Cir.
2001) (finding that the defendant had been subjected to a Fourth Amendment seizure where he
sought to leave the area, one officer directed another officer to stop him, and the officers asked him
to produce identification); Manley v. Paramount's Kings Island, 299 F. App’x 524, 527 (6th Cir.
2008) ("Even if the shining of the flashlight did not constitute a ‘show of authority,’ chasing [the
defendant] through the parking lot arguably did. And Manley acquiesced in stopping in the course
of the guard's pursuit to answer questions.").
Accordingly, the only relevant circumstances we may consider in assessing the
reasonableness of the stop were those of which Gonzalez was aware when he called to Stittiams for
the second time.
II. The Stop Was Supported by Reasonable Suspicion.
In order for an investigatory stop and search to be valid, the officer's stop must be based on
specific, articulable facts creating reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed. Terry, 392
U.S. at 21; see also United States v. Garza, 10 F.3d 1241, 1245 (6th Cir. 1993) (stating that an
officer can conduct an investigatory detention or “Terry stop” if they can “point to ‘specific and
articulable facts’ which justify reasonable suspicion that a suspect has been or is about to be involved
in criminal activity" (quoting United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 12 (1989)). “Under Terry . . .
where a law enforcement officer lacks probable cause, but possesses a reasonable and articulable
suspicion that a person has been involved in criminal activity, he may detain the suspect briefly to
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investigate the suspicious circumstances." United States v. Bentley, 29 F.3d 1073, 1075 (6th Cir.
1994) (internal citation omitted).
It is undisputed that Gonzalez was aware of the following facts when he called after Stittiams
for the second time asking him to stop: 1) the area was a high-crime area to which Gonzalez had
been called on at least three prior occasions; 2) the police had received a call regarding an armed
disturbance occurring at the area in question; 3) upon arriving at the scene, every individual
remained where they were or approached the arrived officers, but Stittiams began to walk away
towards the trailer; and 4) Stittiams, rather than stopping when Gonzalez asked him to stop, looked
back towards Gonzalez and kept walking away from him.
This case presents circumstances similar to those the Supreme Court considered in Illinois
v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119 (2000). In Wardlow, the Supreme Court held that a defendant's evasive
and unprovoked flight, along with his presence in a high-crime area, aroused sufficient, reasonable
suspicion to lawfully stop the individual and conduct a pat-down. Id. at 124.
Stittiams attempts to distinguish Wardlow on two grounds. First, Stittiams argues that the
sole circumstances supporting his stop were the armed disturbance call and Stittiams’ choice to walk
away from the officers towards the trailer home. As noted above, this argument overlooks a number
of other significant facts, notably Stittiams’ refusal to respond to the officer's call and the area's
dangerous history. Second, and more importantly, Stittiams posits that we should pay little attention
to the fact Stittiams walked away from Gonzalez and then subsequently ignored his request to stop
as Stittiams was simply going to the home to retrieve a guard for the clippers; i.e. Stittiams was
simply carrying on with non-crime related affairs as opposed to fleeing from the scene. Stittiams
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misinterprets the appropriate question when determining whether Gonzalez had a reasonable,
articulable suspicion. While a defendant can create any number of innocent explanations to justify
his actions, the appropriate question is not what he actually intended to do, but rather whether his
actions, viewed from a reasonable officer's viewpoint, indicated flight from a crime scene, criminal
activity or some other suspicious circumstance. United States v. Luqman, 522 F.3d 613, 617 (6th
Cir. 2008). Given the fact that Stittiams was the sole individual to leave the area, he did so only after
the police arrived and that he ignored Gonzalez's initial request to stop, instead looking back and
continuing to walk away, Gonzalez could have reasonably concluded that Stittiams was fleeing from
the police. See United States v. Davis, 331 F. App’x 356, 361 (6th Cir. 2009) (concluding that the
defendant attempted to flee from the police because even though he did not run, he picked up his
pace in a manner consistent with flight and did not respond to the officer's commands to stop).
Although this case is closer than many, the Sixth Circuit has found that similar circumstances
support a finding of reasonable suspicion. See Smith, 594 F.3d at 539 (“[T]he officers were justified
in making an investigatory Terry stop . . . under the totality of the circumstances, which included:
(1) the emergency 911 call; (2) Smith's efforts, with his head down, to push past the officers and exit
the building as the officers entered; (3) that these events took place in a high-crime area, whose
history the officer was personally aware of; (4) the very early hours of the morning; and (5) Smith's
vague responses to the officers' questions); Lee v. Hefner, 136 F. App’x 807, 811 (6th Cir. 2005)
(“Officer Hefner was . . . patrolling in a high crime area . . . . Although [the defendant] did not
immediately break into a run when he first saw Hefner's vehicle . . . [he] ‘turned about twice’ when
Hefner approached in his vehicle. At this point Officer Hefner likely had reasonable suspicion . .
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. .”); United States v. Helm, 85 F. App’x 475, 477 (6th Cir. 2004) (finding reasonable suspicion
where the defendant “was parked next to [a closed building], it was 9:00 p.m. at night, [the officer]
could tell that the car was occupied, there had been many burglar-alarm runs to the . . . building in
the previous six months, [the suspect] departed the parking lot as soon as [the officer] drove by, the
suspect drove in a manner that struck the officer as attempting to avoid her.”); United States v.
Connally, Nos. 91-6401, 6440, 6441, 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 1090 *1, *5-7 (6th Cir. Jan. 15, 1993)
(finding the following facts sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion: "the officers knew this was
a high drug trafficking area; that they had seen drug dealing taking place here before; that the
pedestrian had thrown something in the van upon seeing the police; and that the pedestrian quickly
walked away and the van quickly pulled away.").
Stittiams, in response, cites this Court’s recent ruling in United States v. Johnson, 620 F.3d
685 (6th Cir. 2010). In Johnson, we rejected an officer’s claim that he had reasonable suspicion to
stop the defendant where: 1) the defendant was in a high crime area; 2) it was 4:00 a.m.; 3) the
officers were responding to a 911 call; 4) upon arriving the officers saw the defendant already
walking away from the scene; 5) when called out to, the defendant did not stop; and 6) he was
carrying a bag, which he threw into a white car. In rejecting the government’s claim we emphasized
two points. First, we noted that the initial 911 call, while alleging suspicious activity, did not report
any criminal behavior. Id. at 693. Second, we emphasized that the defendant had already begun to
walk in a particular direction before the police’s arrival and merely continued to walk in that
direction, away from the police, after their arrival, notwithstanding their approach and call to him.
Id. at 694. This case is clearly distinguishable on both grounds. Here, the 911 call specifically
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reported illegal activity – a fight in which one of the individuals had a weapon. Additionally,
Stittiams began to walk away only after the officers arrived, thereby, in part, creating the reasonable
belief that he was evading the officers.2
Our holding in Johnson, as well as Stittiams’ basic assertion that a person does not create
reasonable suspicion by simply walking away from an officer or refusing to respond to an officer’s
request to converse in the absence of specific allegations of criminal activity are both undeniably
correct. Johnson, 620 F.3d at 694 (“[T]here was nothing independently suspicious about [the
defendant] continuing to walk toward the white car when [the officers] approached.” (emphasis
added)); United States v. See, 574 F.3d 309 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that two individuals sitting in
a car in a parking lot at night was not by itself sufficient to create reasonable suspicion); Jacobs v.
Village of Ottawa Hills, 5 F. App’x 390 (6th Cir. 2001). However, where the officer is in an area
where crime is prevalent, he is personally aware of this history, the officer is responding to a specific
call reporting a crime involving a weapon, and an individual is seen taking evasive behavior in
response to the police’s arrival, the circumstances together establish reasonable suspicion. Thus,
Stittiams arguments fall short when applied to the facts of his case.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we, hereby, AFFIRM the district court’s denial of defendant Grady Stittiams’
motion to suppress.
2
The lack of either: 1) a call reporting criminal activity or 2) the suspect’s movement away from the
scene in response to the police’s arrival would likely undercut a finding of reasonable suspicion.
That said, as both are present in the instant case, we need not address the matter fully here.
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