Kenneth RENO, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Yung A. CHUNG, M.D., Defendant-Appellee, and
Donald Portice, Mark Tonge, Larry Rushing, and David Johnston, Defendants.
Docket No. 175158.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted March 5, 1996, at Detroit. Decided November 12, 1996, at 9:30 a.m. Released for Publication February 25, 1997.Donald M. Fulkerson, Westland, for plaintiff-appellant.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Wayne County Corporation Counsel, and Ellen E. Mason, Assistant Corporation Counsel, Detroit, for defendant-appellee.
Before MacKENZIE, P.J., and CAVANAGH and T.L. LUDINGTON,[*] JJ.
*309 MacKENZIE, Presiding Judge.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order granting summary disposition for Wayne County Medical Examiner Dr. Yung A. Chung (hereafter defendant). We affirm.
On May 10, 1991, plaintiff came home from a shopping trip and discovered that his wife, Carlynne, and daughter, Robin, had been repeatedly stabbed. Additionally, Robin's throat had been cut. Plaintiff told investigators that Robin's dying words were that an acquaintance, Tommy Collins, was the perpetrator.
The police and the prosecutor's office considered both Collins and plaintiff to be suspects in the murders. Assistant Prosecutor Daniel Less met with defendant medical examiner, who informed Less that the wounds to Robin's neck would have made it impossible for her to talk. On the basis of this information, the authorities believed plaintiff was lying about the events of May 10. On May 11, he was charged with murder, arrested, and held without bond. Plaintiff was bound over following a preliminary examination at which defendant testified that, given the nature of the injuries to her throat, Robin could not possibly have spoken to plaintiff.
Prosecutor Less subsequently consulted with another pathologist and an otolaryngologist, both of whom found incorrect defendant's opinion that Robin would not have been able to talk. This information, along with other evidence, led to the dismissal of the charges against plaintiff the following October. Collins and another individual were eventually convicted of the murders. This suit alleging defendant's gross negligence followed.
The trial court granted summary disposition for defendant in part because, as county medical examiner, she owed no duty to plaintiff when conducting an autopsy. The question whether a duty exists is one of law for the court's resolution. Gazette v. Pontiac, 212 Mich.App. 162, 170, 536 N.W.2d 854 (1995). In a negligence action, summary disposition is properly granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) if it is determined as a matter of law that the defendant owed no duty to the plaintiff. Id. We find that summary disposition was properly granted in this case.
Our Supreme Court has recently held that the public-duty doctrine applies in Michigan. White v. Beasley, 453 Mich. 308, 552 N.W.2d 1 (1996). Under the public-duty doctrine, a public official owes a duty to the general public and not to any one individual unless a special relationship exists between the official and the individual. Jones v. Wilcox, 190 Mich.App. 564, 568, 476 N.W.2d 473 (1991). See also Simonds v. Tibbitts, 165 Mich.App. 480, 483, 419 N.W.2d 5 (1987). At a minimum, the existence of a special relationship requires some contact between the official involved and the victim and reliance by the victim upon the promises or actions of the official. Gazette, supra, pp. 170-171, 536 N.W.2d 854. A county medical examiner is a public official. See, generally, Burse v. Wayne Co Medical Examiner, 151 Mich.App. 761, 391 N.W.2d 479 (1986); O'Toole v. Fortino, 97 Mich.App. 797, 295 N.W.2d 867 (1980); Allinger v. Kell, 102 Mich.App. 798, 302 N.W.2d 576 (1981), reversed and remanded in part on other grounds 411 Mich. 1053, 309 N.W.2d 547 (1981).
In this case, there was no special relationship between plaintiff and defendant. The parties never had direct contact with one another, and plaintiff never relied on defendant's actions. Gazette, supra. Instead, as part of her public duty to detect crime and obtain evidence, Allinger, supra, p. 818, 302 N.W.2d 576 (opinion of MacKenzie, P.J.), defendant's relationship was with plaintiff's adversary, the prosecutor's office. Defendant owed a duty to the general public to make an investigation into the cause and manner of Robin's death, M.C.L. § 52.202; M.S.A. § 5.953(2), by performing the autopsy and "carefully reduc[ing] ... to writing every fact and circumstance tending to show the condition of the body," M.C.L. § 52.205(3); M.S.A. § 5.953(5)(3). While defendant's incorrect autopsy findings may have breached the duty she owed the general public, in the absence of a duty owed to plaintiff individually, plaintiff failed to set forth a cognizable claim of negligence. Jones, supra, p. 568, 476 N.W.2d 473.
*310 To the extent that plaintiff's claim was also premised on the theory that defendant was negligent in testifying at plaintiff's preliminary examination, summary disposition was also proper. It is well settled in Michigan that statements made by a witness in the course of a judicial proceeding are absolutely privileged provided they were relevant, material, or pertinent to the issues being tried. Meyer v. Hubbell, 117 Mich. App. 699, 709, 324 N.W.2d 139 (1982), citing Sanders v. Leeson Air Conditioning Corp., 362 Mich. 692, 695, 108 N.W.2d 761 (1961), and Pagoto v. Hancock, 41 Mich.App. 622, 623, 200 N.W.2d 777 (1972). See also Couch v. Schultz, 193 Mich.App. 292, 294-295, 483 N.W.2d 684 (1992). Defendant therefore may not be held liable for any "negligent" testimony given at plaintiff's preliminary examination.
Our disposition of the above issues makes it unnecessary to address plaintiff's remaining claims on appeal.
Affirmed.
CAVANAGH, J., concurred.
THOMAS L. LUDINGTON, Judge (dissenting).
I respectfully disagree with the opinion authored by the majority. I would find that Dr. Yung A. Chung, a Wayne County Medical Examiner, did have a duty to plaintiff that was unique or special from the duty that she owed to the public in general as a public employee. In addition, I would find that plaintiff has demonstrated the existence of an issue that should be resolved by the jury with respect to Dr. Chung's breach of the standard of care.
FACTS
The majority opinion succinctly explains the facts. However, several factual matters should be emphasized because they directly relate to the legal issues framed for this Court's consideration.
First, the importance of Dr. Chung's medical opinion with regard to Assistant Prosecutor Less' decision to charge plaintiff with the murder of his wife and daughter cannot be overstated. Dr. Chung's opinion that Robin Reno was unable to talk after receiving her throat wounds was integral to Less' conclusion that plaintiff was lying. As Less testified in deposition, Dr. Chung's medical opinion was "the most important part of my decisionmaking process."
Second, in preparation for trial, Less sought the opinions of a respected pathologist and otolaryngologist to corroborate Dr. Chung's expected trial testimony. Less consulted with Robert Mathog, M.D., who was the Chairman of Otolaryngology at Wayne State University, and Laurence R. Simson, Jr., M.D., the Ingham County Medical Examiner. Dr. Chung was unwilling to voluntarily share any of the medical evidence concerning Robin Reno's wounds. The prosecutor acquired the necessary evidence for independent review only after the issuance of a court order.
Third, Dr. Mathog and Dr. Simson agreed not only that Dr. Chung's physical findings in the autopsy of Robin Reno were erroneous, but also, as stated in an affidavit by Dr. Simson, that there was "no anatomic or physiologic basis for her assertion that Robin Reno would have been unable to speak because of her laryngeal injuries." Dr. Simson's affidavit concluded with his opinion that "[s]ince Robin Reno's ability or inability to speak was such an important issue in the case of People v. Reno, it would have been prudent for the medical examiner to have sought consultation if she did not have confidence in her own ability to interpret such laryngeal injuries."
Dr. Mathog furnished a similar affidavit replete with criticism of Dr. Chung's analysis and concluding with his opinion that Dr. Chung's conduct was "a breach of her duty to perform her duties as medical examiner as a reasonably prudent medical examiner would have, and was gross negligence defined as conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury was likely to result, resulting in the imprisonment of Mr. Reno based on her testimony."
PUBLIC-DUTY DOCTRINE
The trial court and my appellate colleagues believe that application of the public-duty *311 doctrine to the facts of this case is dispositive. While I agree that our Supreme Court's decision in White v. Beasley, 453 Mich. 308, 552 N.W.2d 1 (1996), reversing White v. Humbert, 206 Mich.App. 459, 522 N.W.2d 681 (1994), is controlling, I do not agree that application of the principles enunciated in White is dispositive. However, before outlining my understanding of the special-relationship exception applied in White, I must acknowledge that I concur with the comments of Justice Levin in his dissenting opinion related to the public-duty doctrine.
The lead opinion in White, authored by Chief Justice Brickley, accurately observes that the public-duty doctrine has not been expressed as a doctrine of governmental immunity but one of tort, based on the initial question applicable to any negligence action, that is, whether the defendant owes the plaintiff any judicially cognizable duty.
The question whether a legal duty exists in a negligence action historically has been a question for the court to resolve on the basis of its balancing of the societal interest involved, the severity of the risk to the plaintiff, the burden of imposing a duty upon the defendant, the likelihood of the occurrence, and the relationship of the parties. Dumka v. Quaderer, 151 Mich.App. 68, 390 N.W.2d 200 (1986); Swartz v. Huffmaster Alarms Systems, Inc., 145 Mich.App. 431, 377 N.W.2d 393 (1985). The question whether a duty should be imposed is, as it has been described, an exercise of judicial policy making based not only on logic and science but also on resolution of the competing public policy considerations. 57A Am.Jur.2d, § 87, p. 143.
Notwithstanding the analytically separate points of departure, the public-duty doctrine and the doctrine of governmental immunity have more in common than merely arising in similar factual settings and always, when applicable, being dispositive of the case. Both doctrines have developed as a result of judicial efforts to balance public-policy interests, on the one hand promoting the vigorous and effective administration of governmental policy, while on the other hand deterring arbitrary or negligent conduct on the part of government employees.
A survey of the development of the public-duty doctrine reflects the fact that courts in many jurisdictions apply the public-duty doctrine when, as part of determining whether immunity is appropriate, they are classifying a governmental actor's actions as either ministerial or discretionary. Anno: Modern status of rule excusing governmental unit from tort liability on theory that only general, not particular, duty was owed under circumstances, 38 A.L.R.4th 1194. Indeed, Justice Cavanagh makes this point persuasively in White, supra at 331, n. 2, 552 N.W.2d 1, where he observes that the Legislature has chosen to disregard any distinction between discretionary or ministerial acts with respect to the tort liability of governmental individuals. However, he then explains that "the distinction remains useful for explaining the policy reasons behind the public-duty doctrine."
Moreover, Justice Cavanagh's observation that the public-duty doctrine is justified because "[t]he legal tort system is ill-equipped to second-guess" decisions in the public sector is one of the primary arguments historically advanced to justify the doctrine of governmental immunity. White, supra at 331, 552 N.W.2d 1. I find it difficult to accept the notion that juries are unable to evaluate such decisions, for example, the assignment of priority to distress calls received by a police station. We routinely ask juries to evaluate far more complex private-sector problems in the fields of professional negligence, products liability, construction, and pharmacology, just to name a few. Nevertheless, the point remains that the public-policy argument, whatever its merit, is one of the same primary arguments advanced to justify the doctrine of governmental immunity.
More importantly, the Legislature has given careful attention to the policy considerations underlying both doctrines in conjunction with the Legislature's attention to the doctrine of governmental immunity. In Ross v. Consumers Power Co. (On Rehearing), 420 Mich. 567, 363 N.W.2d 641 (1984), our Supreme Court addressed immunity for "lower level" governmental employees and held as follows:
*312 Lower level officials, employees, and agents are immune from tort liability only when they are
a) acting during the course of their employment and are acting, or reasonably believe they are acting, within the scope of their authority;
b) acting in good faith; and
c) performing discretionary-decisional, as opposed to ministerial-operational, acts. [420 Mich. 567, 363 N.W.2d 641.]
Subsequently, the Legislature addressed this field, culminating with the passage of 1986 P.A. 175, M.C.L. § 691.1407; M.S.A. § 3.996(107). The statutory grant of immunity created a new standard for individual government employee immunity in response to the Supreme Court's decision in Ross. Pursuant to the statute, an individual is immune from tort liability if the following three conditions are met:
(a) The officer, employee, member, or volunteer is acting or reasonably believes he or she is acting within the scope of his or her authority.
(b) The governmental agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.
(c) The officer's, employee's, member's, or volunteer's conduct does not amount to gross negligence that is the proximate cause of the injury or damage. As used in this subdivision, "gross negligence" means conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results. [M.C.L. § 691.1407(2); M.S.A. § 3.996(107)(2).]
Because the public-duty doctrine and the governmental immunity doctrine address and seek to advance the same public-policy interests, and because the Legislature gave express attention to those interests in its passage of M.C.L. § 691.1407; M.S.A. § 3.996(107), I see no reason to fail to comply with the Legislature's directive or to substitute judicial policy choices for the Legislature's policy choice.
THE SPECIAL-RELATIONSHIP EXCEPTION
While I agree with the majority that the public-duty doctrine applies to this case, I do not agree that the special-relationship test enunciated in the lead opinion in White and defining the limits of the public-duty doctrine applies to this case.
Justice Brickley, when articulating the Court's adoption of the Cuffy[1] special-relationship test, is careful to explain that the test is applicable only in situations where one alleges that the police have failed to provide protection. Justice Brickley makes this point in no fewer than four separate instances within the lead opinion. Most importantly, Justice Brickley expressly indicates that the Court is not deciding whether the Cuffy special-relationship test, or a separate test, should be applied to governmental employees who are not police officers. White, supra at 315, n. 3, 552 N.W.2d 1.
Justice Boyle, in her concurring opinion in White, outlines her belief that the public-duty doctrine as well as the Cuffy special-relationship test apply only "in cases of nonfeasance." White, supra at 329, 552 N.W.2d 1. Indeed, she emphasizes that the Cuffy test is inherently inapplicable to cases where "an officer assumes an affirmative duty to act." White, supra at 329, 552 N.W.2d 1.
Justice Cavanagh's opinion expresses his agreement "that the public-duty doctrine serves a useful function and should be continued" with respect to a police officer's alleged failure to protect an individual from the actions of a third party, but expressly dissents from "the lead opinion's definition of the special-relationship exception." Id. at 330, 552 N.W.2d 1. Indeed, Justice Cavanagh expresses his conclusion that the public-duty doctrine is applicable only to "governmental safety professionals." Id. at 330, n. 1, 552 N.W.2d 1. Finally, Justice Cavanagh expresses the modifications he believes are warranted to the Cuffy test, but limits these modifications to the unique circumstances of a police officer's alleged "grossly negligent response" to a citizen's peril. Id. at 333, 552 N.W.2d 1.
*313 In the case before this Court, we are faced with a defendant who is not a police officer and not a governmental safety professional. Further, plaintiff does not allege that Dr. Chung failed to protect an individual from the actions of a third party. Plaintiff does allege, however, that Dr. Chung assumed a duty in connection with rendering her professional opinion and that her conduct caused harm.
In other words, according to each of the referenced opinions rendered in White, the Cuffy test is inapplicable to the immediate case. The test articulated by the Court of Appeals in White appears to provide the best guidance available.
In that opinion, the Court of Appeals observed that "the cases in which claims were dismissed on the basis of the public duty doctrine have the common thread of involving the speculative possibility of a tortfeasor's injuring an unidentifiable member of the general public." White, supra at 462-463, 522 N.W.2d 681. The Court of Appeals then proceeded to state:
The point made by Harrison [v. Director of Dep't of Corrections, 194 Mich. App. 446, 487 N.W.2d 799 (1992)], and other cases cited by defendants, is that while the defendants in those cases might have had some reason to believe that members of the general public might be endangered by the actions of a third party, there was no identifiable person who was being endangered. That is, the potential for injury and the identification of the victim remain hypothetical until such time as the crime has occurred. [White, supra at 463, 522 N.W.2d 681.]
Clearly, on the facts of this case, the effect of Dr. Chung's medical opinion was not only to identify plaintiff as a liar but also to subject him to immediate prosecution for the murders of his wife and daughter. The potential for injury was evident at the time Dr. Chung rendered her opinion, and the identification of the party directly affected by Dr. Chung's opinion was neither hypothetical nor general; it was real and it was specific.
WITNESS PRIVILEGE
The majority also observes, and I agree, that the law is well settled that statements made by a witness in the course of a judicial proceeding are absolutely privileged. However, plaintiff's allegations in this case relate to Dr. Chung's opinion, which she rendered to the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office long before she was called as a witness in a judicial proceeding.
Dr. Chung rendered her opinion before Mr. Reno was charged, and that opinion was "the most important part" of the prosecutor's "decisionmaking process." The privilege is simply inapplicable factually to Dr. Chung's opinion.
GROSS NEGLIGENCE
The trial court also concluded that plaintiff failed to present a material question of fact concerning whether Dr. Chung's conduct constituted gross negligence under the statute. A court may grant summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) only when the court is satisfied that reasonable jurors could not honestly reach different conclusions with regard to an issue of fact. Vermilya v. Dunham, 195 Mich.App. 79, 489 N.W.2d 496 (1992). The two doctors who furnished affidavits in this case concluded that there was no anatomic or physiologic basis for Dr. Chung's opinion that Robin Reno could not have spoken to Kenneth Reno before she died. Dr. Mathog furnished his very specific and detailed opinion that Dr. Chung's conduct was "gross negligence." Given these opinions, I am persuaded that plaintiff has a case that should be resolved by a jury, and I would remand for trial.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] Cuffy v. City of New York, 69 N.Y.2d 255, 513 N.Y.S.2d 372, 505 N.E.2d 937 (1987).