FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS April 13, 2011
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff–Appellee,
No. 10-2154
v. (D.C. No. 1:08-CR-01539)
(D. N.M.)
MANUEL ORTIZ,
Defendant–Appellant.
ORDER GRANTING APPELLEE’S MOTION TO AMEND ORDER AND
JUDGMENT
Before LUCERO, ANDERSON, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
This matter is before the court on the motion of the United States to amend
our original judgment. The motion is GRANTED. The original order and
judgment is withdrawn and an amended order and judgment is attached to this
order.
Entered for the Court
Carlos Lucero
Circuit Judge
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
March 25, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff–Appellee,
No. 10-2154
v. (D.C. No. 1:08-CR-01539-MV-2)
(D. N.M.)
MANUEL ORTIZ,
Defendant–Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before LUCERO, ANDERSON, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
Manuel Ortiz was found guilty of possession with intent to distribute five
kilograms or more of cocaine, and aiding and abetting, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(A), and 18 U.S.C. § 2, possession with intent to distribute ecstasy, and
aiding and abetting, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) and 18 U.S.C. § 2, and
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute the same controlled substances,
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
21 U.S.C. § 846. Following trial, the district court granted co-defendant Felipe
Canela’s motion for acquittal on all counts, granted Ortiz’s motion for acquittal
only as to the conspiracy count, and denied Ortiz’s motion for new trial. Ortiz
now appeals, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction
on the two possession-with-intent counts, and that his motion for new trial should
have been granted to remedy the government’s violation of Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83 (1963), and its prosecutorial misconduct. Exercising jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I
We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing “the facts in
evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” United States v. Sells,
477 F.3d 1226, 1235 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). But “our role is
limited to determining whether a reasonable jury could find guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt, based on the direct and circumstantial evidence, together with
the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. ” Id. (quotation omitted).
Consistent with our standard of review, we summarize the facts in the light most
favorable to the Government.
Ortiz owned and operated a refrigerated tractor trailer. In June 2008, he
obtained a job transporting produce from a shipping facility in Guadalupe,
California, run by Apio, Inc. The load was designated for the East Coast. Given
-2-
the distance and perishable cargo, the job required a two-man team, to allow for
extended travel each day and compliance with regulations of truck drivers’ hours.
Ortiz recruited Canela to share the driving duties. On June 16, 2008, while
Canela slept in the cab, Ortiz oversaw the loading of the trailer and then drove out
of the Apio facility early in the morning of June 17.
Canela arrived in Phoenix, Arizona, around 1:00 p.m., at which point,
regulations required he spend ten hours off-duty before driving again. Although
Ortiz was free to begin an eleven-hour shift, he did not. Instead, the pair stayed
in Phoenix for some nineteen hours. Canela testified that they spent the time
watching movies in the cab through the afternoon, watching a basketball game on
television in the truck stop lounge during the evening, and sleeping overnight in
the cab.
They fueled up and drove out of Phoenix on Interstate 40 the next morning.
With Canela driving, they approached the port of entry for Gallup, New Mexico,
where they were pulled over for an inspection. Problems with their logbooks and
the suspension of Canela’s commercial vehicle license led to further inquiries and
a visual inspection of the truck. Inspectors opened the trailer, which had been
sealed and padlocked by Ortiz sometime after leaving the Apio facility. Behind
pallets that had shifted during the drive, an inspector saw a paper gift bag
-3-
containing kilo-sized packages of cocaine. Below that, he found a larger duffle
bag stuffed with more cocaine and a package of ecstacy pills.
The crux of Ortiz’s defense at trial was that he did not know the drugs were
inside the trailer. The government’s case rested on several lines of circumstantial
evidence converging on the reasonable inference that Ortiz put the drugs in the
trailer sometime after leaving the Apio facility, most likely during the lengthy
stopover in Phoenix, including: (1) evidence that the loading area where Ortiz
loaded the truck was very secure; (2) testimony that the drugs were not present
when the truck was initially loaded; (3) Ortiz’s exclusive physical control of the
padlocked trailer and his control of the route; (4) the lengthy stop in Phoenix; (5)
temperature recordings taken from the truck showing a spike in the temperature
during the Phoenix stop; and (6) Ortiz’s attempt to avoid inspection at the border
crossing.
This type of circumstantial evidence lends support to the jury’s inference
that Ortiz had knowledge of the drugs. See United States v. Gwathney, 465 F.3d
1133, 1143 (10th Cir. 2006). And the sheer quantity of drugs, with an estimated
wholesale value of nearly $400,000, “might also, and legitimately, lead a jury to
consider it less likely that the drugs would be transported without the driver’s
knowledge.” Id. The evidence was more than sufficient to permit a rational jury
to find that Ortiz knowingly transported the drugs found in his trailer.
-4-
II
At the trial, Doug Larose, general manager of the Apio loading facility,
revealed that he had a list of employees who worked at the loading dock while
Ortiz’s truck was loaded. Neither party knew of the list before Larose’s
testimony.
“The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment requires the prosecution
to disclose all evidence that favors the defendant and is material either to guilt or
to punishment.” United States v. Ford, 550 F.3d 975, 981 (10th Cir. 2008)
(quotation omitted); see also Brady, 373 U.S. at 87.
A defendant who seeks a new trial based on an alleged Brady
violation must show by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the
prosecution suppressed evidence, (2) the evidence was favorable to
the defendant, and (3) the evidence was material. For the evidence to
be material, there must be a reasonable probability that the result of
the trial would have been different if [it] had been disclosed to the
defense.
Ford, 550 F.3d 981 (quotations and citations omitted). We review de novo the
denial of a motion for new trial on this ground. Id. at 992.
The Brady claim fails on the first element. The evidence in question was
not suppressed, as the prosecution—including any agents working on the
prosecutor’s behalf—did not know the list existed. See United States v. Erickson,
561 F.3d 1150, 1163 (10th Cir. 2009) (explaining that a Brady violation is not
-5-
established unless the prosecution knew of, and had some measure of possession
or control over, evidence allegedly suppressed).
“The prosecutor herself need not have, or even know of, the evidence if one
of her agents has it.” Id. The duty to disclose “extends to prosecutors, police,
and other government investigators.” United States v. Velarde, 485 F.3d 553, 559
(10th Cir. 2007). But Larose was clearly none of these. He was simply a lay
witness asked to explain operations at the private commercial facility where he
worked. Because Larose was not a member of the prosecution, there was no
Brady violation.
III
During Ortiz’s trial, the prosecutor During Ortiz's trial, the prosecutor
asked an improper question that Ortiz alleges rose to the level of prosecutorial
misconduct. On cross-examination of a transportation expert presented by the
defense, who had explained industry practices relevant to various events in the
case, the prosecutor attempted to elicit testimony that the expert had testified for
the defense in another case in which a defendant was acquitted, then promptly
arrested again. The implication was that the expert helped exonerate guilty
people.
When prosecutorial misconduct is the basis of a motion for mistrial or new
trial, we review the denial of relief for abuse of discretion. United States v.
-6-
Maynard, 236 F.3d 601, 605 (10th Cir. 2000). We reverse only upon a showing
of prejudice from the misconduct. Id. at 606. In assessing the impact of the
misconduct, “we consider the trial as a whole, including the curative acts of the
district court, the extent of the misconduct, and the role of the misconduct within
the case.” Id. (quotation omitted).
The district court recognized the improper thrust of the prosecutor’s
questioning, but held that a new trial was not warranted because: (1) this was a
singular, isolated incident of the sort that ordinarily would not warrant a mistrial;
and (2) the court acted promptly and effectively to mitigate any prejudice by
sustaining defense counsel’s objection, striking the offending questions and
responses, and issuing a curative instruction to the jury. We do not find any
abuse of discretion.
IV
AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Carlos F. Lucero
Circuit Judge
-7-