South Yuba River Citizens League v. National Marine Fisheries Service

804 F.Supp.2d 1045 (2011)

SOUTH YUBA RIVER CITIZENS LEAGUE and Friends of the River, Plaintiffs,
v.
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, et al., Defendants.

No. CIV. S-06-2845 LKK/JFM.

United States District Court, E.D. California.

July 26, 2011.

Brian Orion, Christopher Alan Sproul, Environmental Advocates, San Francisco, CA, Patricia Lynn Weisselberg, Law Offices of Patricia Weisselberg, Mill Valley, CA, for Plaintiffs.

Bradley H. Oliphant, Lawson Fite, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, Yoshinori H. T. Himel, United States Attorney's Office, Sacramento, CA, for Defendants.

ORDER

LAWRENCE K. KARLTON, Senior District Judge.

This order addresses whether any interim measures are appropriate during the remand period where the federal defendants were found to have violated the Endangered Species Act ("ESA"). In an order issued on July 8, 2010, 723 F.Supp.2d 1247 (E.D.Cal.2010), (the "July Order") this court held that the National Marine Fishery Service acted arbitrarily and capriciously in issuing a 2007 Biological Opinion ("BiOp") that concluded that operations associated with the Englebright and Daguerre dams on the Yuba River posed no jeopardy to the survival of spring-run Chinook salmon ("chinook"), Central Valley Steelhead ("steelhead"), and green sturgeon, all of which are on the threatened species list. In an order issued on April 29, 2011, 2011 WL 1636235 this court remanded the matter back to the National Marine Fishery Service ("NMFS") to prepare a new BiOp consistent with the court's July Order. The April order requires the NMFS to complete the BiOp by December 12, 2011. See ECF No. 378.

Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief in the form of nine interim measures to protect the species until a new BiOp is prepared by the agency. Defendants argue that the only appropriate remedy is to remand the matter to the NMFS. For the reasons stated below, the plaintiffs' motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

I. Procedural Background

This court's July Order addressed claims by plaintiff that the National Marine Fishery Service acted arbitrarily and capriciously in adopting the BiOp, in violation of Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. This court held that the BiOp was arbitrary and capricious because it concluded that the operation of the dams would pose "no jeopardy" to the threatened fish, when that conclusion was not supported by the record. Upon a finding that a project poses no jeopardy to the survival or recovery of a threatened species, an agency may operate the project pursuant to an Incidental Take Statement ("ITS"). The ITS specifies (1) what incidental "takings" of individual species will result from the project, (2) the mitigation measures that are necessary to minimize the takings, and (3) the terms and conditions that must be complied with to implement those mitigation measures. The court held that the NMFS had not sufficiently supported its no-jeopardy conclusion, "but not that a jeopardy conclusion was inescapable." July 8 Order 16:18. In particular, the court found the following defects in the BiOp:

(1) The BiOp did not conclude that the populations of the three listed fish are stable, yet it concluded that the project's unmitigated effects would not jeopardize the species. Any conclusion about the effects of the project must take the current status of the population into account. Without a finding that the three listed fish populations are stable, the BiOp cannot rationally conclude that the unmitigated effects of the project would not jeopardize the species. July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1258.

(2) The BiOp concludes that the project will continue to impose stressors on listed species without explaining why these stressors will not jeopardize the species. Those stressors are: migration barriers caused by Daguerre Point Dam and Englebright Dam; irregular flow regimes and temperature, leading to pre-spawning mortality and reduced reproductive success; interference with gravel accumulation and compromised spawning habitat below Englebright Dam; and entrainment and impingement.^[1] Because the BiOp failed "to discuss (through some method) the magnitude of the stressors' impact, the populations' ability to tolerate this impact, and the reason why any decline will not reduce the overall likelihood of survival or recovery," it could not properly determine that the stressors will not cause a decline in reproduction, population, distribution, or diversity—the factors necessary for the species to survive. July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1267.

(3) The BiOp omits any analysis of the possibility of a period of increased entrainment due to the cumulative effect of the challenged project and the Wheatland project. Additionally, the BiOp did not support its conclusion that the Corps' operations, when considered in the context of the Wheatland project, will not jeopardize the green sturgeon population.

(4) The BiOp does not discuss other stressors that might jeopardize the listed species. Those stressors are: hatcheries, the San Francisco Bay Delta, the species' overall depressed conditions, global warming, and poaching. Even if the agency determined these factors to be unimportant, it must provide a reasoned explanation for that conclusion.

(5) With respect to critical habitat for the listed species, the BiOp does not support its conclusion that the restoration measures described in the BiOp will provide benefits whose magnitude outweighs the project's impacts.

The court ordered additional briefing on the issue of whether the Corps violated the terms and conditions of the ITS, and whether the plaintiffs would be entitled to preliminary relief if such a violation had occurred. On November 16, 2010, 2010 WL 4746187 after supplemental briefing on the issue the court dismissed as prudentially moot plaintiffs' claim that the Corps had violated the ITS, and denied plaintiffs' motions for a preliminary injunction. On November 23, 2010, this court entered an order approving a stipulation by the parties. In that stipulation, the parties agreed, inter alia, that the BiOp and ITS should not be vacated during remand. Thus, the project is currently operating pursuant to the 2007 BiOp and the ITS.

In April 2011, the court remanded the matter back to the NMFS to complete a new BiOp consistent with the July Order by December 12, 2011.

II. Analysis

Plaintiffs propose an injunction requiring the defendants to comply with nine measures, which plaintiffs argue are necessary to prevent the project from jeopardizing the survival or recovery of the listed species while a new BiOp is prepared. Plaintiffs' proposed interim measures are:

(1) developing and implementing a written operation plan for optimum operation and maintenance of the Daguerre fish ladders, (2) developing and implementing a plan for optimum placement of movable flash boards on the Daguerre dam spillway to try to concentrate flows over the spillway toward the dam's center, away from the fish ladders which are to either side of the dam, (3) installing and operating devices to alert the Corps of debris blockages in the Daguerre fish ladders, (4) promptly clearing debris blockages from the Daguerre fish ladders, (5) adopting a revised plan for managing sediment build-up above Daguerre and a plan for re-engineering the south bank of the Yuba River and the main channel of the Yuba River as needed to improve flows to the Daguerre south fish ladder, (6) installing grates over the Daguerre fish ladders to prevent fish from jumping out of these ladders and to prevent poaching, (7) installing a temporary, seasonal artificial segregation weir within the Yuba River below Englebright to create a temporary, impassable barrier segregating spring Chinook from fall run Chinook and allowing the former to spawn without competition from the fall-run Chinook, (8) adopting and commencing implementation of an improved, comprehensive final long-term gravel augmentation plan for creating new spawning habitat in the Yuba River below Englebright, and (9) developing and implementing a plan for securing better wood-related structures and native riparian vegetation in the Yuba River reach from Englebright to Daguerre.

Pls.' Final Remedy Brief ("Pls.' Remedy Brief") 3:13-4:4, ECF No 363. Plaintiffs also request that defendants file quarterly status reports describing compliance with these measures.

Defendants argue that remand is the only appropriate remedy.

A. Standard of Review for Injunctive Relief under the ESA

As a preliminary matter, the parties disagree sharply as to the standard of review to be applied for issuing an injunction under the Endangered Species Act. In particular, the parties have differing views with respect to the necessity of showing irreparable harm. Plaintiffs argue that under the ESA, an injunction may issue absent a showing of irreparable harm if there is a substantial violation of ESA's procedural requirements. Pls.' Remedy Brief 6. Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that if a showing of irreparable harm is required, the burden is on the defendants to show that no irreparable harm will occur absent the injunction. Pls.' Remedy Brief 7. Additionally, plaintiffs argue that the listed species will suffer irreparable harm absent injunctive relief. Id. at 7. Defendants argue that a showing of irreparable harm is always required in order to obtain an injunction, including under the ESA.

The parties discuss the standard for granting injunctive relief under the ESA without distinguishing between the standard for preliminary versus permanent relief. Typically, "a preliminary injunction is effective pendente lite until a decision has been reached on the merits," whereas "a permanent injunction will issue only after a right thereto has been established at a trial on the merits." 11A WRIGHT & MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2941 (2d ed.1995). Courts evaluating injunctive relief in environmental cases have also conflated the two types of injunctions. In Monsanto, the Court reviewed the preliminary injunction granted by the district court in Geertson Farms, Inc. v. Johanns, 2007 WL 776146, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21491 (N.D.Cal. 2007), but recited the four-factor test for permanent injunctions: "A plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction must satisfy a four-factor test before a court may grant such relief. A plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that it has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are in adequate to compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction." Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2743, 2756, 177 L.Ed.2d 461 (2010) (emphasis added) (quoting eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391, 126 S.Ct. 1837, 164 L.Ed.2d 641 (2006)). The Court went on to state, "the traditional four-factor test applies when a plaintiff seeks a permanent injunction to remedy a NEPA violation," (emphasis added) citing Winter v. NRDC, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 129 S.Ct. 365, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (U.S.2008), for this proposition even though Winter involved preliminary injunctive relief. In Winter, the Court set forth a different four-factor test to determine whether to grant a preliminary injunction. "A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest." Winter, 555 U.S. at 20, 129 S.Ct. 365. Admittedly, the tests are quite similar. Indeed, "[t]he standard for a preliminary injunction is essentially the same as for a permanent injunction with the exception that the plaintiff must show a likelihood of success on the merits rather than actual success." Amoco Prod. Co. v. Vill. of Gambell, 480 U.S. 531, 546, 107 S.Ct. 1396, 94 L.Ed.2d 542 (U.S.1987).^[2] This court nonetheless finds it necessary to set forth precisely the standard to apply to plaintiffs' motion.

In this case, plaintiffs seek nine interim measures that would remain in place until the defendants have remedied their ESA violation by completing a new BiOp. The requested measures are not preliminary in the conventional sense in that the court has already decided the merits of this case. However, the measures are not permanent in the conventional sense in that they may be lifted once the defendants comply with this courts remand order by preparing a new BiOp. Additionally, the circumstances of this case differ from a typical permanent injunction request in that plaintiffs request measures to prevent future irreparable harm, even if they have not proven that irreparable harm has already resulted from defendants' liable conduct. Having already determined that the defendants are liable for a violation of the ESA, there is no need for the court to evaluate plaintiffs' likelihood of success on the merits. The court will therefore look at the following factors to determine whether interim injunctive measures are appropriate in this case: whether the measures are necessary to prevent irreparable injury; whether remedies available at law are inadequate to compensate for that injury; whether the balance of hardships weigh in favor of injunctive relief; and whether the public interest would be served by the injunction.

i. The Balance of Hardships and the Public Interest

Under the Endangered Species Act, the third and fourth factors always tip in favor of protecting the species. Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 98 S.Ct. 2279, 57 L.Ed.2d 117 (1978) ("Congress has spoken in the plainest of words, making it abundantly clear that the balance has been struck in favor of affording endangered species the highest of priorities."). Thus, "the balance of hardships and the public interest tip heavily in favor of endangered species. We may not use equity's scales to strike a different balance." Sierra Club v. Marsh, 816 F.2d 1376, 1383 (9th Cir.1987). In this case, the parties agree that Monsanto's holding that the four-factor test applies to injunctions issued to remedy violations of the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA") does not undo Congress' conclusion that, under the ESA, the balance of hardships and the public interest factors tip towards protecting the species. Fed. Defs.' Remedy Brief 7:3-5; Pls.' Remedy Brief 5:26-6:3. Indeed, the Court could not undo Congress' command in this regard.

Accordingly, the court finds that the balance of hardships and the public interest factors support granting injunctive relief in this case.

ii. Irreparable Injury

Plaintiffs, however, take their argument a step further by urging that the standard of review under ESA also differs from the traditional analysis for injunctions in that no showing of irreparable harm is required when there is a substantial procedural violation of the ESA in connection with a federal project. Pls.' Remedy Brief 6-7. Prior to Monsanto, the Ninth Circuit had held that a substantial procedural violation of the ESA could warrant issuance of an injunction. In Thomas v. Peterson, 753 F.2d 754 (9th Cir.1985), the Ninth Circuit found that defendants' complete failure to prepare a BiOp under the circumstances was a substantial procedural violation, for which "the remedy must be an injunction of the project pending compliance with the ESA." Id. at 764. This holding was rooted in prior Ninth Circuit cases decided under the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA"): "Our cases repeatedly have held that, absent `unusual circumstances,' an injunction is the appropriate remedy for a violation of NEPA's procedural requirements. Irreparable damage is presumed to flow from a failure properly to evaluate the environmental impact of a major federal action. We see no reason that the same principle should not apply to procedural violations of the ESA." Id. (internal citations omitted). The Thomas court's reliance on earlier NEPA cases undercuts plaintiffs' assertion that Monsanto, a NEPA case, "does not alter the law governing injunctions under the ESA." Pls.' Brief 6:4-5. In Monsanto, the Court rejected lower court holdings insofar as they "presume[d] than an injunction is the proper remedy for a NEPA violation except in unusual circumstances." 130 S.Ct. at 2757. Instead of a presumption in favor of issuing an injunction, "a court must determine that an injunction should issue under the traditional four-factor test set out above." Id. The Court went on to conclude that the test had not been satisfied in the case before it, because "[m]ost importantly, respondents cannot show that they will suffer irreparable injury if [defendant] APHIS is allowed to proceed with any partial deregulation." Id. at 2760.

Plaintiffs' argument is not completely defeated by Monsanto, since in Thomas, the Ninth Circuit distinguished between ESA's and NEPA's procedural provisions, holding that "the strict substantive provisions of the ESA justify more stringent enforcement of its procedural requirements [than NEPA's procedural requirements], because [ESA's] procedural requirements are designed to ensure compliance with the substantive provisions," whereas NEPA does not contain substantive provisions. Thomas 753 F.2d at 764. The court went on to conclude that where a project is allowed to proceed without compliance with procedural requirements, "there can be no assurance that a violation of the ESA's substantive provisions will not result." Id. Since ESA's substantive provisions prohibit jeopardizing the survival or recovery of a species-clearly an irreparable injury-plaintiffs here argue that no independent showing of irreparable injury is required once a substantial procedural violation is shown. Absent other Ninth Circuit precedent to the contrary, the court might be convinced of plaintiffs' position.

However, in Nat'l Wildlife Fed'n v. Nat'l Marine Fisheries Serv., 422 F.3d 782 (9th Cir.2005), the Ninth Circuit held that rejection by the district court of a BiOp and a finding of irreparable harm were "precisely the circumstances in which our precedent indicates that the issuance of an injunction is appropriate." Id. at 796. Further, in National Wildlife Fed'n v. Burlington N. R.R., 23 F.3d 1508 (9th Cir.1994), the court held "these [Tennessee Valley Authority line of] cases do not stand for the proposition that courts no longer must look at the likelihood of future harm before deciding whether to grant an injunction under the ESA." Id. at 1511 (internal citations omitted).

In addition to these precedents, reason dictates that plaintiffs make a showing that the particular injunction they request is necessary to prevent irreparable harm caused by the defendants' violation of the ESA. It could not be the case that any time defendants are found liable for a significant violation of the ESA's procedural provisions, the plaintiffs are entitled to any form of injunctive relief that they request. Indeed, "injunctive relief must be tailored to remedy the specific harm alleged." NRDC v. Winter 508 F.3d 885, 886 (9th Cir.2007). As a practical matter, the court must decide what irreparable harms are likely to occur to the species in order to craft an appropriately tailored injunction. Here, plaintiff is only entitled to an injunction that prevents irreparable harm caused by defendants' violation of the Endangered Species Act. Thus, even if a showing of irreparable harm was not necessary for an injunction to issue, such a showing is required in order to justify the specific measures that plaintiffs' request. Accordingly, the court holds that plaintiff must show that irreparable harm to the listed species will result from defendants' violation of the ESA in the absence of each measure plaintiffs request.

iii. Adequacy of Remedies at Law

In environmental cases, it is presumed that remedies at law are inadequate. "Environmental injury, by its nature, can seldom be adequately remedied by money damages and is often permanent or at least of long duration, i.e., irreparable." Cal. ex rel. Lockyer v. United States Dep't of Agric., 575 F.3d 999 (9th Cir. 2009).

B. Plaintiffs' Requested Relief

Plaintiffs argue that, given the current degraded condition of the population of the three protected species of fish, injunctive relief is necessary to prevent irreparable harm to those species. A species' condition is measured using four criteria: abundance, productivity, spatial structure, and genetic or life history diversity. Plaintiffs provide evidence that the population of all three fish at issue suffer from low abundance. In addition, the chinook population's productivity is in decline, and its spatial distribution is low. Plaintiffs argue that against this backdrop, the Englebright and Daguerre dams and related operations put the species in jeopardy of extinction while the new BiOp is being produced. This position is consistent with the July Order, which held that the BiOp was arbitrary and capricious because it concluded that the project's unmitigated effects would not jeopardize the species, without first concluding that the species was in a stable condition. Plaintiff argues that nine remedial measures are necessary to improve the species' chances of survival while a new BiOp is prepared.

The defendants argue generally that the measures are unnecessary to prevent irreparable harm.

Because plaintiff is entitled to injunctive relief only insofar as it prevents irreparable harm caused by defendants' violation of the ESA, the court analyzes each of the plaintiffs' requested measures in relation to the deficiencies that the court found in the BiOp. Although the court did not reach any conclusions as to what findings a properly conducted BiOp might reach, the court did note some areas of deficiency upon which it based its conclusion that the issuance of the BiOp was arbitrary and capricious. The court analyzes the plaintiffs' requested measures in that context. That is, the measures must bear some relation to the deficiencies in the BiOp for which the court held that the defendants were liable for a violation of the ESA.

However, because of the BiOp's failure to produce the data and analysis necessary to determine what measures, precisely, are needed in order to avoid jeopardizing the listed species, it is impossible for the court to tailor a remedy that goes no further than the bare minimum needed to protect the species. Since the irreparable harm that the court is obligated to prevent is jeopardy to the very survival of the species, the court will err on the side of a more protective injunction.

Plaintiffs' burden is also slightly diminished since the project is currently operating pursuant to a BiOp that this court found to be inadequate. Under the ESA, "take" of listed species is prohibited, ESA § 9(a); 16 U.S.C § 1538(a), and a project may not operate if it will result in take. Once a valid BiOp determines that the project poses no jeopardy to the survival, "incidental take" is permitted if it is "in compliance with the terms and conditions specified in a written incidental take statement." ESA § 7(o)(2); 16 U.S.C § 1536(o)(2). The ITS functions to immunize the Corps for otherwise-prohibited take of listed species. In this case the Corps already determined that the project was likely to affect the three listed species. This determination triggered an obligation on the part of the Corps to seek a BiOp and ITS. In cases where a BiOp relating to a new project has been found to be inadequate, a court could enjoin the new project entirely. See e.g., Thomas v. Peterson, 753 F.2d 754 (9th Cir.1985). In this case, plaintiffs do not seek to enjoin operation of the South Yuba dams entirely. Without suggesting that such an injunction would have been granted, the court notes that absent the stipulation by the parties that allows the project to continue to operate pursuant to the 2007 BiOp and ITS, the Corps might not be shielded from liability for take resulting from the operation of Englebright and Daguerre dams.

The court analyzes plaintiffs' proposed measures in turn.

1. Measures 1-6 Designed to Correct Upstream Migration Problems

(i) Measure 1: Reduce the impediment to spring Chinook and steelhead passage by developing and implementing a written operation plan for optimum operation and maintenance of the Daguerre fish ladders.

Plaintiffs request that the Corps be required to install flow meters to measure the volume of water passing through the Daguerre fish ladders, and to use information collected from the meters and from an existing VAKI device (a device that records the number of fish using the ladders) to develop data and conclusions as to the optimum flow for promoting fish passage. Plaintiffs request that the Corps complete and implement a written operation plan by no later than December 31, 2011.

The July Order recognized deficiencies in the BiOp's discussion of upstream migration through the Daguerre Dam. Specifically, the July Order noted that the BiOp states that four impediments to upstream migration through Daguerre are not mitigated and constitute a `stressor' on the Chinook and steelhead, but that the BiOp concluded nonetheless that the stressor posed no jeopardy to the species. This conclusion was not supported by the record:

In order to determine that the stressors will not cause a decline in the reproduction, population, distribution, or diversity, the BiOp must discuss (through some method) the magnitude of the stressors' impact, the populations' ability to tolerate this impact, and the reason why a decline will not reduce the overall likelihood of survival or recovery ... Because the BiOp concludes that the project will continue to impose stressors on listed species without explaining why these stressors will not jeopardize the species, the BiOp's no-jeopardy conclusion is arbitrary and capricious.

July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1267.

While the July Order noted the defendants' failure to support its conclusion that the stressors imposed by Daguerre did not pose jeopardy to the species, plaintiffs have submitted evidence showing that the populations of the listed fish species are unstable or in decline, and that against that backdrop, impassable fish ladders at Daguerre do indeed jeopardize the survival and/or recovery of the species.

In her declaration, Dr. Christine Swanson stated that the extinction risk for spring chinook is increasing. The abundance, productivity, spatial structure, and diversity for spring chinook have all declined over the past six years. For example, in 2009, a total of less than 2500 spring chinook returned to three streams that support genetically distinct spring chinook. This was a 78% decline from the average number of spring Chinook returning to those streams each year from 1998 to 2005. 2010 Swanson Decl., ¶ 13, 14, ECF No. 362. Impassable dams in the Sacramento-San Joaquin watershed contribute to the decline in the viability of steelhead and spring chinook because those two species depend on access to freshwater rivers for spawning and rearing. Impassable dams restrict access to spawning and rearing habitat.

Defendants' cited expert declaration does little to rebut this evidence. Defendant argues that, although the conditions are not optimal, spring Chinook and steelhead are able to use the fish ladders at Daguerre to migrate upstream. However, defendants' opposition and evidence submitted therewith suffer from the same flaw as the BiOp: they fail to address the effects of Daguerre given the already-unstable condition of the fish population at issue. Mr. Sprague's declaration, perhaps unintentionally, highlights this point: "the level of adverse impact associated with the operation of Daguerre Point Dam would not in and of itself result in irreparable harm to the species during the interim period." Decl. Gary Sprague ¶ 13, ECF No. 372-2 (emphasis added). Moreover, Mr. Sprague's declaration assumes what it concludes: "for the purposes of this declaration, I assumed that the Yuba River populations of spring-run Chinook and steelhead will not experience an increase in their risk of extinction during the interim period." Id. ¶ 9. This assumption is contrary to evidence submitted by Dr. Swanson, which shows that spring chinook populations are in sharp decline in the Sacramento-San Joaquin river basin.^[3] Additionally, Mr. Cavallo notes that the assumption is unreasonable, given the fluctuation in chinook and steelhead populations in the Yuba River over the last ten years, and the likelihood of factors that would cause a downward fluctuation in the species' population levels of viability characteristics to occur. Cavallo Reply Decl. ¶ 6. For example, oceanic up-swelling, drought, wildfires, and disease outbreaks are factors that have some likelihood of occurring in the interim period, and would increase the risk of extinction of the species. Id.

Defendants' argument about Measure 1's feasibility has more merit. Defendants assert that drawing conclusions about the correlation between flow and passage would require assessment over several spawning runs, and that it is not feasible to develop a new flow plan prior to the issuance of the BiOp. Ellrott Decl., 6, ECF. No. 321-2. Declaration testimony from plaintiffs' witness, Brad Cavallo, supports this assertion. Cavallo described a schedule in which flow meter data gathered throughout 2011 would render a conclusion, "no later than December 31, 2011." Cavallo Decl. 6, ECF. No. 363-2. This is much later than the plaintiffs' proposed BiOp deadline, and shortly after the December 12, 2011 BiOp completion date ordered by this court. Defendants argue that since a completed study and plan for optimum fish passage is not likely to be implemented prior to the release of the new BiOp, this remedy would not prevent the harm that occurs in the interim period.

Plaintiffs argue that the data collected in the interim period is still likely to prevent harm caused by the defendants' ESA violation. It may well be that the new BiOp and incidental take statement are very likely to require that the Corps collect data and implement a program for maintaining optimal flow levels over the ladders in order to facilitate upstream migration. Absent the interim measure proposed by plaintiff, data collection would not begin until after completion of the new BiOp and incidental take statement, and implementation of the program would not occur until sufficient data has been collected. According to plaintiff, it would take approximately one year to collect the data, complete a study, and implement a plan. See Cavallo Decl. ¶ 18. Data collected in the interim period will shorten the amount of time overall that less-than-optimal flow levels impede chinook and steelhead migration over the Daguerre fish ladders. As put by plaintiffs' expert, even after "the new biological opinion is issued there necessarily will be a substantial lag (perhaps years) before any of the remedial terms and conditions it specifies will be implemented and begin to have benefits for promoting survival and recovery of spring Chinook and steelhead. Accordingly, in terms of avoiding harms that could jeopardize these fishes' survival and recovery, it makes more sense to focus on the time between now and when these new biological measures are likely to be implemented." Cavallo Reply Decl. ¶ 5.

Nonetheless, the court declines to order an interim measure that will provide no benefit to the listed species in the interim period. Accordingly, plaintiffs request for Measure 1 is DENIED.

ii. Measure 2: Develop a written plan for systematic use of moveable flash boards on Daguerre to manipulate the flows through the fish ladder in order to optimize conditions.

Measure 2 is closely related to Measure 1. Flash boards can be used to manipulate the flow levels in the fish ladders. Flash boards can divert more water to flow over the ladders or can divert water away from the ladders. Plaintiffs argue that no systematic criteria is presently used to govern the use of flash boards to optimize flow levels. With proper use, flash boards can contribute to optimal conditions for fish passage through the Daguerre fish ladders by "reducing the tendency of the spillway flow to confuse the fish and preclude them from finding the fish ladders and ... increasing the head behind the dam, thereby forcing more water into the fish ladders during dry conditions and improving fish attraction to and passage through the ladders." Cavallo Decl. ¶ 21. When not managed properly, flash boards can cause "collection of debris that traps fish attempting to migrate past the flash boards, the impingement of juveniles on the flash boards, and the promotion of predation." Id. ¶ 22.

As discussed above, the July Order held that impediments to upstream migration through Daguerre constitute a stressor on the protected species, and that stressor was not properly accounted for in the BiOp. Accordingly, Measure 2 is related to an arbitrary and capricious conclusion adopted in the BiOp, because proper utilization of flash boards would reduce impediments to migration through Daguerre.

Plaintiffs have submitted evidence, discussed under Measure 1 above, showing that the populations of spring chinook and steelhead are on the decline and are vulnerable to further population degredation because of impediments to upstream migration to spawning and rearing habitat. Plaintiffs have also submitted an expert declaration showing that the proper use of flash boards would ease the stressor caused by Daguerre, but that improper placement of the flash boards increases the risk that the listed species will get trapped in debris, impinged on the flash boards, or preyed upon thus jeopardizing the survival and recovery of the species.

Defendants proffer two arguments against implementation of Measure 2. First, defendants argue that it is unnecessary because fish passage at Daguerre is adequate. To support that proposition, defendants cite a paragraph of the Sprague declaration which reads, "improved management for fish passage will reduce adverse impacts, and benefit federally listed Chinook and steelhead, but it is not a measure that is likely to avoid irreparable harm to these species during the interim period. Take associated with poor management of the dam flash boards is likely to result through delays in upstream migration, and potentially through increase predation on juveniles." Sprague Decl. ¶ 15. In short, the paragraph cited does not stand for defendants' proposition that fish passage is already adequate. Rather, Mr. Sprague appears to agree with plaintiffs that poor management of the flash boards results in take of the listed species, and that the species would benefit from proper management. Additionally, this court, in its July Order, rejected the BiOp's conclusion that fish passage through Daguerre was adequate, holding that the BiOp did not take into account the compromised condition of the listed species when reaching that conclusion.

Defendants' second argument is that this measure is impractical because the placement of the flash boards is controlled 23 by an entity outside of the Corps' control. The declaration that defendants submit to support this assertion, however, states that the entity, Cordua Irrigation District ("CID"), installs the flash boards pursuant to a license issued to it by the Corp. According to the declaration, the license requires CID to coordinate its activities with the Corps and other defendant agencies. Decl. Grothe 8:25-9:1. The court is therefore unconvinced that Measure 2 is impractical for the reasons stated by the defendant.

It appears to the court that the parties' experts are in agreement that improved management of the flash boards at Daguerre would benefit the listed species by improving the ability of the fish to migrate upstream to spawning and rearing habitats. Currently, impediments to upstream migration threaten the survival and recovery of the species. Accordingly, the court concludes that better management of the flash boards is necessary to prevent irreparable harm in the interim period.

The court therefore ORDERS the Corps to develop a written plan within six weeks of the issuance of this order that specifies how the flash boards can be used to maximize fish passage at Daguerre, what Yuba River flow conditions will prompt the placement or removal of the flash board, where the flash boards will be placed under different river flow scenarios, and any other pertinent criteria related to operating the flash boards in the way that best facilitates fish passage at Daguerre. Additionally, the plan shall specify that the Corps will monitor the flash boards at least once per week to make sure that they have not collected debris that might contribute to juvenile fish mortality, and that the Corps will continually adjust the plan for operation and maintenance of flash boards based upon the information generated through monitoring efforts.

iii. Measures 3 and 4: Monitoring and Removal of Debris in Daguerre

These measures are requested by plaintiff in order to prevent debris from accumulating in the Daguerre fish ladders, causing low flow levels in the ladders and acting as an impediment to fish using the ladders. Measure 3 is to install "pressure transducers" in the ladders, which would record the water pressure in the ladders in order to alert the dam operator that debris in the ladder was causing reduced water pressure. Measure 4 would require the Corps to promptly clear debris blockages from the ladders.

The BiOp acknowledged that upstream migration through Daguerre is hampered when woody debris collects in the fish ladders, see July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1259, and that due to debris and other impediments, "upstream passage conditions at Daguerre Point Dam are ... considered inadequate for Chinook salmon and steelhead throughout much of the year." BiOp at 26, 31. The accumulation of debris in the Daguerre ladders is one of the impediments to upstream migration that the July Order concluded the BiOp did not sufficiently account for in reaching its no-jeopardy conclusion.

Defendants argue that plaintiffs have no evidentiary basis for the assertion that debris causes blockages for extended periods of time, and that in the absence of such evidence, "there is no need for inflexible debris removal timelines, which could require unsafe entry into the river at high flows." Def's Remedy Brief 23. Plaintiffs' primary offered evidence is a Corps inspection log with a September 16, 2009 entry that states "Both sides flowing well. Dome debris at intake of the south side ladder. Appears to have been placed by beavers, chew marks on sticks. Checked all warning lights ..." Ex. 1 to Weisselberg Decl., ECF No. 350-1. The same inspection log states that on September 23, 2009, the inspector observed, "both sides flowing well. Debris at intake ladder is gone, probably removed by Fish & Game." Id. Plaintiffs characterize the chewed-upon sticks as a "beaver dam within the presence of the fish ladder," that the Corps "for some reason failed to clear." Pls.' Remedy Brief at 17. While the court agrees that plaintiffs have mischaracterized the evidence somewhat, the inspection log does indicate that the Corps did not promptly remove debris that was discovered during inspections. In addition, inspection logs submitted by defendants show similar incidents of debris being discovered during inspections, but not removed.^[4] Ex. 2 of Groethe Decl., ECF No. 372-4.

Moreover, the declaration of defendants' expert Brian J. Ellrott provides that: "What is necessary is that the ladders are maintained clear of surface and subsurface debris ... Frequent inspections of the ladders for surface and sub-surface debris and the prompt removal of any ladder blockages would be beneficial to spring-run and steelhead during the interim period... Consistent with the operations stated in the 2007 biological opinion, any removal of small debris loads should be done immediately," and large debris should be removed as soon as equipment can be mobilized to the site. Ellrott Decl. at 5-6.

Despite their own expert's testimony, defendants maintain that the debris in the ladders is not a problem so long as there is sufficient flow through the ladders. Defs.' Remedy Brief 23. However, defendants' submitted expert report calls for immediate removal of debris, flow levels notwithstanding.

In light of the BiOp's finding that migration is hampered by debris in the ladders, plaintiffs' submitted evidence showing that discovered but not removed by the Corps on several and defendants' expert's testimony stating that the ladders clear of surface and subsurface debris is necessary, the court finds that Measures 3 and 4 are warranted, with two modifications.

The first modification is in response to defendants' assertion that installing pressure transducers is impracticable because there is no hard-wired electrical source on top of the dam. Perhaps anticipating this argument, plaintiffs have requested, in the alternative, that the Corps be required to inspect the ladders for surface and subsurface debris weekly during routine flows, and daily during flows of 4,200 cfs or greater. The court finds the defendants' impracticability argument convincing, and that manual inspections of debris in the Daguerre fish ladders is a prudent alternative.

The second modification of plaintiffs' proposed measure is that the court declines to adopt strict time limits on removal of the debris, and leaves that matter, which implicates the safety of Corps employees, to the discretion of the Corps, so long as the debris is removed as promptly as feasible, given any safety concerns.

Accordingly, the court orders as follows: the Corps SHALL conduct weekly manual inspections of the ladders for surface and subsurface debris during routine flows. During flows of 4,200 cfs or greater, the Corps SHALL conduct daily manual inspections. Upon discovering debris in the ladders, the Corps SHALL remove it within twelve (12) hours, even if the Corps determines that flow levels are adequate for fish passage. If conditions do not allow for safe immediate removal of the debris, the Corps SHALL remove the debris within twelve (12) hours after flows have returned to safe levels.

iv. Measure 5: Adoption of a revised sediment management plan to improve flows to the south fish ladder.

The July Order identifies the formation of a gravel sediment bar upstream from Daguerre as a barrier to upstream migration. Chinook and steelhead require an adequately spacious channel through which to migrate once they pass upstream through the Daguerre fish ladders. Sediment buildup can also block the flow of water that attracts fish to the ladders. July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1259-60. Measure 5 is intended to address that impediment. Plaintiffs seek an order that would require the Corps to adopt a revised plan to manage the sediment, including inspection of the area twice per year, and after all major winter storm events and to dredge the area as necessary. Measure 5 also calls for the Corps to adopt a plan to re-engineer the south bank of the Yuba River. Finally, Measure 5 would require the Corps to place back into the Yuba River any gravel-containing sediments that it dredges in locations to ensure maximum benefits to the River's substrate.

a. Inspection and Dredging

Plaintiffs contend that this measure is necessary because the Corps' current plan only requires annual inspections, and the channel could be too shallow, or even blocked, for a considerable time in between the inspections. Plaintiffs also argue that the "plan lacks provisions to ensure that the dredging is conducted to minimize impacts on the listed species." Pls' Remedy Brief 18. Currently, the sediment management plan required by the operative BiOp calls for the Corps to inspect the channel upstream from Daguerre in June, and to dredge the channel if necessary. Id. The channel is inadequate for passage if it is less than three feet deep and thirty feet wide. 2010 Cavallo Decl. ¶ 13.

Defendants argue that this measure is redundant, since a sediment management plan is in place, and the Corps has dredged the area in August 2009 and August 2010. Defendants' expert Mr. Sprague state that, given the Corps' plan to address sediment management in a manner to provide fish passage above Daguerre Point, he does "not expect impacts associated with sediment management to rise to the level of irreparable harm to the Chinook and steelhead stocks in the Yuba River during the interim period." Sprague Decl. ¶ 21.

It appears that at least one of defendants' experts is in agreement with plaintiff that inspection of the channel after a "high flow event," and dredging to restore clear passage channels is necessary. Defendants' expert Ellrott stated "inspecting and keeping the river channels immediately upstream of DPD [Daguerre Point Dam] sufficiently deep to allow unimpeded passage for fish to exit the ladders is necessary in the longer term and could benefit steelhead during the interim period if a high flow event this winter clogged the river channels with sediment, necessitating the Corps to restore clear passage channels by implementing a dredging operation as soon as flows recede enough to do so." Ellrott Decl. VI. 8 (emphasis added). A high flow event is defined as a storm "that generates Yuba River flow exceeding 20,000 cubic feet per second as measured at the Marysville flow gauge or flow that is sufficient to move sediment loads into the bed of the river. Cavallo Decl. ¶ 29.

The court finds that inspections following high flow events as defined above, in addition to the annual inspections required by the current sediment management plan, are necessary to prevent irreparable harm to the listed species. Accordingly, the Corps SHALL inspect the channel immediately following a high flow event, as defined above. If the inspections reveal significant sediment buildup that risks impairing fish passage, the Corps SHALL dredge the channel in a manner that minimizes adverse impact risks to the fish. This order does not obviate the Corps' inspection and dredging obligations under the existing sediment management plan pursuant to the 2007 BiOp and ITS.

b. Plan for Re-engineering the South Bank of the River

Plaintiff argues that a more fundamental problem with upstream sediment is that the river has shifted northward in the area near Daguerre, causing the area upstream of the south fish ladder to be perpetually shallow and inadequate for passage and attraction. To remedy this problem, plaintiffs seek an order requiring defendants to create a plan to re-engineer the river channel upstream of Daguerre to improve flows through the south ladder.

The court's July Order makes no mention of this issue in its discussion of the deficiencies of the BiOp. Therefore, there is no finding of liability on the part of the Corps for failing to address, in the BiOp, the impact of any morphological changes in the river near Daguerre. Moreover, although plaintiffs' expert states that flows to the south ladder are perpetually low due to these changes and that a "fundamental change to the geomorphology of the river" would improve flows to the south ladder he does not explain whether passage through only the north ladder at Daguerre is inadequate in the interim period. See Cavallo Decl. ¶ 30. Accordingly, the court declines to adopt this component of Measure 5.

c. Placing Dredged Gravel back into the Yuba River

Gravel substrate provides spawning and rearing habitat for salmonids, but the quality of gravel substrate is diminished in the Yuba River. Cavallo Decl. ¶ 32. Plaintiffs request that the Corps be required to place back into the river, or on the river's bank any gravel-containing sediments that it dredges from the river. Defendants make no argument, in their brief or in their submitted expert reports, against a requirement that they be required to place dredged gravel-containing sediment back into the river or on the river's bank.

The parties' briefing on this component of Measure 5 is nonexistent. Mr. Cavallo is the only expert to address it, he does not expressly state that it is necessary to prevent irreparable harm. Instead he states only that absent this component, the problem of diminished gravel substrate quality would be exacerbated. Moreover the July Order did not discuss the diminished quality of gravel substrate around Daguerre as a stressor that was inadequately addressed in the BiOp. To the contrary, the order stated that while "Englebright limits recruitment of gravel and large woody material [required for salmonid spawing] ... the BiOp does not indicate that Daguerre separately interferes with gravel, and plaintiffs do not contend that this is the case." July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1262. Although defendants did not provide any statements or arguments in opposition to plaintiffs' request to have gravel-containing sediment placed back into the river or on its banks, the court concludes that plaintiff did not carry its burden of showing that irreparable harm will occur in the absence of an injunction requiring this component.

vi. Measure 6: Installation of locked grates to prevent poaching from the Daguerre fish ladders.

Defendants' failure to discuss in the BiOp the problem of poaching was one of the bases upon which this court concluded that the BiOp was arbitrary and capricious. July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1275. The court held that "poaching is not insignificant... and not discountable." Id. To prevent poaching, as well as to prevent fish from jumping from the ladders and perishing on dry land, plaintiffs request an order requiring the installation of locked grates over the Daguerre ladders.

In their Final Remedy Brief, plaintiffs do not assert or provide any evidence about the quantity of poaching or its impact on the survival of the species. The evidence that plaintiffs offer to support their request for Measure 6 pertains to fish jumping from the ladders onto dry land, and not to poaching. For example, Mr. Cavallo stated that six chinook were found on dry land near the south ladder at Daguerre in September and October 2010. Cavallo Decl. ¶ 33. Mr. Reedy's declaration and attached exhibits describe chinook carcasses found on dry land near the south ladder, which Mr. Reedy states are likely to be those spring Chinook having leapt from the ladder. Reedy Decl. ¶ 36-37. Although poaching is purportedly the problem underlying the need for locked gates over the ladders, plaintiffs do not offer any evidence that poaching is a threat to the recovery or survival of the species. Despite this lack of evidence, plaintiffs argue "the Federal Defendants have done nothing to counter the evidence presented by plaintiffs." Reply Brief 12.

Plaintiffs' lack of evidence is understandable, since poaching necessarily takes place unobserved. Although it is plaintiffs' burden to present evidence to the court that irreparable harm is likely to occur absent this measure, the court finds that in this case, the July Order, combined with statements in the 2007 BiOp and statements by defendants' experts lead to a conclusion that locked grates are necessary to prevent irreparable harm due to poaching. In the July Order, the court noted that poaching was an ongoing problem at Daguerre in 1998 and 2001. July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1274. In 1998, the Spring Run Chinook Status report stated that poaching was an ongoing problem at Daguerre. In 2001, the Corps determined that poaching of salmon from the ladders at Daguerre was "a persistent problem." Id. Without explanation as to how the problem of poaching was diminished from 2001, the 2007 BiOp failed to explain the impact of poaching on the survival and recovery of the species. Statements by defendants' expert indicate that the problem of poaching has not been diminished, potentially causing irreparable harm to the species. In his declaration, Mr. Sprague stated: "Poaching, if in large numbers, does have the potential to cause irreparable harm to a species because listed stocks by the very nature of being listed are already at low abundance. Poaching can potentially significantly reduce a population's abundance." Sprague Decl. ¶ 23. Abundance (along with productivity, spatial structure, and genetic diversity) is one of the factors used to determine a species' viability.

Given Mr. Sprague's acknowledgment that poaching can cause irreparable harm to a species, coupled with the July Order's conclusion based on the evidence that poaching is likely to continue, July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1275, the court concludes that poaching from the Daguerre fish ladders is likely to cause irreparable harm absent an injunctive measure to prevent poaching.

Defendants argue that the installation of locked grates may cause injury to the fish due to sharp edges on the grates themselves. Defs.' Remedy Brief 25; Grothe Decl. 11. In response, plaintiffs offer expert testimony stating "metal grates currently exist over the upper bays of both ladders where fish counting equipment is located and I am aware of no evidence that these grates have harmed fish." Reedy Decl. ¶ 26. Photographs attached to Mr. Reedy's declaration indicate that there are no sharp exposed edges. Ex. 9 to Reedy Decl. Accordingly, the court concludes that installation of locked metal grates over the Daguerre fish ladders is necessary to prevent irreparable harm to the survival and recovery of the species during the interim period.^[5] Defendants are ORDERED to install locking metal grates over the Daguerre fish ladders within six (6) weeks of the issuance of this order.

2. Measures to correct loss of genetic diversity, reproductive success, and suitable habitat of the listed species.

i. Measure 7: Study and develop a plan to promote secure physical segregation of spring Chinook from fall Chinook, to prevent crossbreeding.

Measure 7 is intended to preserve the genetic diversity of spring Chinook. Genetic diversity is one of the four factors that contribute to a species' survival and recovery. The July Order noted that the defendants' failure to consider the impact of hatcheries rendered the BiOp arbitrary and capricious, and that the BiOp acknowledged that interbreeding between spring and fall run Chinook was a threat to the survival or recovery of the spring Chinook. July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1271-72, 1272. According to plaintiffs, the genetic diversity of spring Chinook is currently threatened because Englebright Dam forces fall and spring Chinook to co-inhabit the same area, placing them in competition with each other and reducing spring chinook's spawning success. Spring chinook's genetic diversity is also threatened by hatchery-produced fish in the Yuba River, which create risk of interbreeding between hatchery-produced fish and spring chinook. Cavallo Decl. 11; see also Reedy Decl., Ex. H. To prevent this harm, plaintiffs' request an order requiring defendants to create a plan for a temporary segregation weir to segregate spring- from fall-run chinook. Plaintiffs request that the plan also include measures to counter the influence of hatchery fish on the genetic diversity of spring chinook.

In support of their request, plaintiffs' expert declarations 36 and exhibits stating "superimposition and competition for appropriate spawning habitat can limit spring-run Chinook salmon spawning success." Reedy Decl. Ex. H. Englebright Dam currently limits the spawning habitat accessible to each species, forcing the overlap that threatens spring-chinook spawning success. Absent the Englebright Dam, natural segregation of the two species would occur. Id. Placement of an artificial weir to separate species of salmon has been used successfully on other Sacramento River streams. Id.

Defendants argue that placement of a weir, "without adequate study has the potential to result in take of a listed species." Defs.' Oppo. 26:4. The measure that plaintiffs request, however, is for the Corps to study and develop a plan to place the weir. Plaintiffs do not request placement of a weir without adequate study. Additionally, defendants state that the Corps lacks the statutory authority to implement the requested measure. Defendant cites the August 6, 2010 declaration of Douglas Grothe, a Park Manager, who in fact states merely that the declarant is "not certain" whether the Corps has authority to implement the measure.

Additionally, defendants' expert, Mr. Ellrott, states: "In order for a spring-run population to persist in the Yuba River, reproductive isolation from fall-run Chinook salmon is necessary." Ellrott Decl. 9, ECF No. 321-2. Mr. Ellrott also states that, given current conditions on the Yuba River, "a segregation weir and restoring access to habitats upstream of Englebright Dam would likely be necessary in order to begin to restore reproductive isolation between fall-run and spring-run in the Yuba River." Id.

Defendants have not rebutted plaintiffs' argument, supported by this court's July Order and the BiOp, that interbreeding poses a threat to the survival of the species, and that a plan to segregate spring Chinook is required in order to prevent irreparable harm. Accordingly, defendants are ORDERED to study and develop a plan for measures that will promote and secure physical segregation/separation of spring Chinook from fall run Chinook in the Yuba River, allowing the former to spawn without competition from or crossbreeding with the fall run Chinook. The plan shall propose a seasonal segregation weir within the Yuba River below Englebright. The plan shall further propose measures for impeding the migration of stray hatchery fish into the Yuba River to locations where hatchery fish could compete with spring Chinook spawners and/or interbreed with spring Chinook. The Corps SHALL provide its plan for review and comment to the California Department of Fish and Game ("CDFG"), NMFS, and to plaintiffs within eight (8) weeks of the issuance of this order. The Corps shall then implement the plan if and as approved by CDFG and NMFS.

ii. Measure 8: Develop and implement a long-term gravel augmentation plan to create a new spawning habitat for spring Chinook and steelhead.

The July Order noted that Englebright dam limits the amount of gravel that can accumulate downstream from it. Salmonids require clean gravel beds in which to spawn, as well as woody material for protection. Recognizing Englebright interferes with gravel accumulation, the Corps adopted a plan to inject additional gravel into the river. The 2007 BiOp required implementation of a gravel augmentation plan to restore spawning habitat below Englebright by November 2010. Reedy Decl. 4. This court noted that the Corps' "reliance on the proposed gravel injection program was reasonable" even though the program had not yet commenced at the time the BiOp was issued, since at the time the BiOp was issued, the plan was reasonably certain to occur. July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1262 n. 14. Since the adoption of the BiOp, the gravel augmentation implementation plan has indeed commenced. In November 2007, the Corps injected a small amount of gravel as a pilot program. The purpose of the pilot program was to inject a small amount of gravel during a low-flow period, and then waiting to see where the gravel moved during the high-flow period. In September 2010, the Corps issued a Gravel Augmentation Implementation Plan ("GAIP"), which the Corps intended to satisfy the requirements of the 2007 BiOp. The GAIP recommends an adaptive management approach, which involves monitoring the movement of injected gravel, and placing additional gravel based on results of the monitoring. Grothe Decl. 12. In November, 2010, the Corps began placing gravel into the Englebright Dam Reach. Pursuant to the stipulation between the parties, the 2007 BiOp and Incidental Take Statement, including the requirement that the Corps implement a gravel augmentation plan, is currently in effect.

Plaintiffs argue that the Corps' placement of gravel around Englebright, pursuant to the GAIP, has been inadequate to offset Englebright's adverse impacts on spawning habitat. Pls.' Remedy Brief 23. Plaintiffs provide expert opinions stating that the amount of gravel to be injected is inadequate, and that the GAIP project area is too small, given the large area for which Englebright cuts off gravel supply. In Mr. Reedy's opinion, the GAIP is inadequate "because it is based on an incorrect conclusion that the only area the Corps' gravel augmentation project should encompass is the 300-700 foot section between the Narrows I pool to the top of the rapid downstream of the gaging station." The GAIP does not require augmentation in the other nearby sections of the river affected by Englebright. Reedy Decl. 5. Mr. Reedy cites a Final Habitat Expansion Plan ("HEP"), prepared by the California Department of Water Resources, which calls for gravel augmentation for a one-mile area starting about one-half mile downstream from Englebright, continuing to one and a half miles downstream from Englebright. Reedy Decl. 7; Reedy Decl. EX. D at 66.

Defendants counter that the GAIP is adequate. According to defendants, the GAIP is a long-term plan, developed by a leader in the field of gravel augmentation, and based on exhaustive modeling of various methods of gravel placements. The GAIP calls for replacement of 15,000 tons of gravel to the area, beginning with an injection of 5,000 tons that commenced in November 2010. The GAIP's incremental approach "yields a more resilient and time-tested outcome," according to the GAIP. Defs.' Remedy Brief 27. Defendants argue that Mr. Reedy mischaracterizes the scope of the GAIP. The GAIP itself states that its goal is for "the gravel deficit for the whole [Englebright Dam] reach [to] be erased." GAIP at 73, Reedy Decl. Ex. D. The Englebright Dam Reach is the canyon between Englebright Dam and the Yuba River's confluence with Deer Creek. This is the same area covered by the recommendations in the HEP, cited by plaintiffs' expert Mr. Reedy.

The court concludes that plaintiffs have not met their burden of showing that irreparable injury is likely to occur in the absence of an order that includes plaintiffs' proposed Measure 8. Although Mr. Reedy argues persuasively that requiring the measures described in the Habitat Expansion Plan would benefit spring chinook by restoring gravel spawning habitat to the area around Englebright, the court is not convinced that any interim measure is required, given the Corps' existing obligation to comply with the 2007 BiOp and the GAIP. The court notes that the July Order specifically found that the Corps' reliance, when preparing the BiOp, on a future plan to adopt a gravel augmentation plan was reasonable, since the plan "reasonably certain to occur." July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1262 n. 14. The court specifically found that it was not arbitrary or capricious for the BiOp to rely on the proposed plan. The court is disinclined to order an interim measure that is unrelated to a specific deficiency found in the BiOp. Defendants have shown that they continue to comply with the GAIP by injecting gravel into the area and monitoring its movement downstream.

Accordingly, plaintiffs' request for interim Measure 8 is DENIED.

iii. Measure 9: Develop a plan for riparian planting and wood structure.

Woody debris is a necessary element of spawning habitat for salmonids, as it provides a cover from predators and a refuge from fast-moving water. Englebright Dam traps woody debris, preventing it from flowing downstream. The July Order recognized the lack of woody debris as a stressor on the listed species. July Order, 723 F.Supp.2d at 1262. Measure 9 seeks to address this problem by requiring the Corps to develop a final plan and implement a project to plant native riparian vegetation on a parcel of land on the lower Yuba River. The plan to be implemented is identified as "Project 10" of a "Rehabilitation Concepts for the Parks Bar to Hammon Bar Reach of the Lower Yuba River," prepared in November 2010. Ex. R of Reedy Decl.

Plaintiffs' proposed Measure 9 is similar to a measure called for in the ITS issued pursuant to the 2007 BiOp, which is currently in effect. Defendants argue that this makes the measure redundant because a wood installation plan is scheduled to be implemented in November 2011. Plaintiffs' final remedy brief calls the loss of woody debris an "impact," but does not explain or argue that it is the cause of irreparable harm. Nor does the declaration of Brad Cavallo, which states that "the increase presence of native riparian vegetation and large wood ... would be very beneficial to spring Chinook and steelhead." Decl. Cavallo 16:2-3. Plaintiffs have not shown that an irreparable injury will occur in the absence of Measure 9. The court, therefore, declines to adopt it.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the court ORDERS as follows:

[1] Plaintiffs' Motion for Final Remedies, ECF No. 363, is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

[2] Corps SHALL develop a written plan within six weeks of the issuance of this order that specifies how the flash boards can be used to maximize fish passage at Daguerre, what Yuba River flow conditions will prompt the placement or removal of the flash boards, where the flash boards will be placed under different river flow scenarios, and any other pertinent criteria related to operating the flash boards in the way that best facilitates fish passage at Daguerre.

Additionally, the plan shall specify that the Corps will monitor the flash boards at least once per week to make sure that they have not collected debris that might contribute to juvenile fish mortality, and that the Corps will continually adjust the plan for operation and maintenance of flash boards based upon the information generated through monitoring efforts.

[3] The Corps SHALL conduct weekly manual inspections the Daguerre ladders for surface and subsurface debris weekly during routine flows. During flows of 4,200 cfs or greater, the Corps SHALL conduct daily manual inspections. Upon discovering debris in the ladders, the Corps SHALL remove it within twelve (12) hours, even if the Corps determines that flow levels are adequate for fish passage. If conditions do not allow for safe immediate removal of the debris, the Corps SHALL remove the debris within twelve (12) hours after flows have returned to safe levels.

[4] The Corps SHALL inspect the channel upstream from Daguerre immediately following a high flow event, as defined above. If the inspections reveal significant sediment buildup that risks impairing fish passage, the Corps SHALL dredge the channel in a manner that minimizes adverse impact risks to the fish. This order does not obviate the Corps' inspection and dredging obligations under the existing sediment management plan pursuant to the 2007 BiOp and ITS.

[5] The Corps SHALL install locking metal grates over the Daguerre fish ladders within six (6) weeks of the issuance of this order.

[6] The Corps SHALL study and develop a plan for measures that will promote and secure physical segregation/separation of spring Chinook from fall run Chinook in the Yuba River, allowing the former to spawn without competition from or cross-breeding with the fall run Chinook. The plan shall propose a seasonal segregation weir within the Yuba River below Englebright. The plan shall further propose measures for impeding the migration of stray hatchery fish into the Yuba River to locations where hatchery fish could compete with spring Chinook spawners and/or interbreed with spring Chinook. The Corps SHALL provide its plan for review and comment to the California Department of Fish and Game ("CDFG"), NMFS, and to plaintiffs within eight (6) weeks of the issuance of this order. The Corps shall then implement the plan if and as approved by DDFG and NMFS.

[8] Defendants MAY move for relief from judgment upon a showing that they have complied with this court's remand order, ECF No. 398.

[9] Defendants' Motion to Strike and/or Exclude Evidence, ECF No. 380, is DENIED.

[10] American Rivers, Inc.'s unopposed Motion for Leave to File an Amicus Brief, ECF No. 392, is GRANTED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

NOTES

[1] Where water is diverted, a screen is used to keep fish from being "entrained," i.e., diverted from the river to the diversion channel. Although these screens are necessary to protect fish, they also present a risk to fish, as fish can be "impinged," i.e., trapped against the screen by the force of water.

[2] Additionally, the preliminary injunction standard does not include evaluation of whether there are adequate remedies at law, although that question is certainly intertwined with the inquiry as to whether the type of harm likely to be suffered is "irreparable."

[3] Confusingly, defendants cite Ex. Q, at 2 of the Reedy Declaration (ECF No. 365-2) in an attempt to counter Dr. Swanson's conclusions. Defendants state "by contrast to other rivers, 2010 numbers indicate increased passage on the Yuba—approximately 3000 fish through Daguerre in May-August 2010, the spring-run immigration period." However, the chart in Ex. Q, at 2 appears to cover a period starting in September 2010 and ending in November, and does not appear to the court to indicate anything about fish passage through Daguerre.

[4] Plaintiffs, in their reply, also state that "the recent inspection conducted by plaintiffs" shows that the Corps has failed to actually clear debris discovered by inspectors, but plaintiffs do not cite any evidence of those inspections. See Pls.' Reply Brief at 10.

[5] Although the court declines plaintiffs' invitation to speculate as to whether it is a worse injury for an individual salmon to be cut by sharp metal edges or die on dry land, Pls.' Reply Brief 12, the court will note that in this case the court is most concerned with the survival and recovery of the species, and not the comfort of any individual salmon moving its way up the ladder. Put another way, "logic clearly dictates that the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the ... one." STAR TREK II; THE WRATH OF KHAN (Paramount Pictures 1982).