ORACLE AMERICA, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
GOOGLE INC., Defendant.
No. C 10-03561 WHA.
United States District Court, N.D. California.
July 22, 2011.*1112 Alanna Rutherford, Boies, Schiller, Flexner LLP, New York, NY, Beko Osiris Ra Reblitz-Richardson, Meredith Richardson Dearborn, Steven Christopher Holtzman, William Fred Norton, Jr., Boies Schiller & Flexner LLP, Oakland, CA, Daniel Pierre Muino, Morrison & Foerster LLP, San Francisco, CA, David Boies, Boies Schiller and Flexner, Armonk, NY, Deborah Kay Miller, Matthew M. Sarboraria, Oracle USA, Inc. Legal Department, Dorian Estelle Daley, Redwood Shores, CA, Marc David Peters, Michael A. Jacobs, Roman A. Swoopes, Ruchika Agrawal, Morrison & Foerster LLP, Palo Alto, CA, for Plaintiff.
Donald Frederick Zimmer, Jr., Robert Addy Van Nest, Cheryl A. Sabnis, Christopher C. Carnaval, Daniel Edward Purcell, Eugene Morris Paige, King & Spalding LLP, Christa M. Anderson, Matthias Andreas Kamber, Michael Soonuk Kwun, Keker & Van Nest LLP Dana K. Powers, Joseph Richard Wetzel, Greenberg Traurig LLP San Francisco, CA, Brian Christopher Banner, King and Spalding LLP, Austin, TX, Bruce W. Baber, Mark H. Francis, Robert F. Perry, Scott T. Weingaertner, King & Spalding LLP, New York, NY, Geoffrey M. Ezgar, King & Spalding LLP, Redwood Shores, CA, Heather Janine Meeker, Greenberg Traurig LLP, East Palo Alto, CA, Ian Ballon, Greenberg Traurig LLP, Santa Monica, CA, Renny F. Hwang, Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, Steven T. Snyder, King and Spalding LLP, Charlotte, NC, Valerie Wing Ho, Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Santa Monica, CA, for Defendants.
ORDER GRANTING IN PART MOTION TO STRIKE DAMAGE REPORT OF PLAINTIFF EXPERT IAIN COCKBURN
WILLIAM ALSUP, District Judge.
INTRODUCTION
In this patent and copyright infringement action involving features of Java and Android, defendant moves to exclude the report and testimony of plaintiff's damages expert. For the following reasons, the motion is largely GRANTED.
STATEMENT
The claims asserted in this action relate to the Java software platform, which was described in the claim construction order (Dkt. No. 137). The seven asserted patents purportedly cover inventions that improve the efficiency and security of Java. *1113 The copyright claim concerns the allegedly expressive elements of source code for Java class libraries. Java was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the 1990s, and it has become one of the world's most popular software platforms. By using a "virtual machine," Java enabled software developers to write programs that were able to run on a variety of different types of computer hardware. Java is commonly used on desktop computers to facilitate compatibility with application programs distributed through the internet. A more recent "micro edition" of the Java platform known as Java ME is used in mobile computing devices.
The accused product in this action is Android, a software platform that was designed specifically for mobile devices and that competes with Java in that market. Both Java and Android are complex platforms comprising virtual machines, programming languages, development and testing kits, software libraries, and other elements. Significantly, only part of Java and part of Android are said to embody the asserted claims. For example, the virtual machine concept underlying Java's "write once, run anywhere" solution is not covered by the asserted claims and indeed was part of the prior art that predated Java. And, it is undisputed that the Java programming language is in the public domain and anyone was free to use it without charge, as Android does. The asserted patent claims purport to disclose only incremental improvements to the efficiency and security of the Java system. For its part, Android uses the Linux kernel and has many non-Java elements as well.
Google acquired Android, Inc., in August 2005 and soon began discussing the possibility of taking a Java license from Sun for use in Android. The Android project sought to include a virtual machine that used Java technology in an open-source formatbut for mobile applications. Historically, Sun never "refused to license any of the Java technologies," and "the proportion of total Java licensing costs as against total software revenues [for Sun's Java licensees was] de minimis" (Weingaertner Exh. H at 64-65). Sun, however, seemed reluctant to authorize an open-source implementation of Java technology, possibly for fear that it would decrease other Java licensing revenue (Norton Exh. D).
In October 2005, following "discussions with Sun regarding Android's Open Source VM strategy," Google's then Senior Vice President Andy Rubin remarked in an e-mail, "If Sun doesn't want to work with us, we have two options: 1) Abandon our work and adopt MSFT CLR VM and C# languageor2) Do Java anyway and defend our decision, perhaps making enemies along the way" (ibid.). Google and Sun continued to negotiate over the next several months, but they were unable to reach a deal.
In January 2006, Google internally discussed a possible co-development partnership deal under which Java technology would become an open-source part of the Android platform. The deal was projected to cost Google 25-50 million dollars, plus a negotiable share of revenue from "platform-enabled mobile ads" (Norton Exh. C at GOOGLE-14-00042248). The record, however, contains no evidence that Google actually proposed this idea to Sun.
The following month, Sun supposedly "proposed [to Google] a deal that would include both a payment of $20 million per year for three years plus 10 percent of the revenue generated by Google on handsets running the open source platform, capped at $25 million" per year (Weingaertner Exh. A at ¶ 294). No documentation of Sun's proposal is in the record, but Oracle's economist summarized it as "a proposed licensing of Java for use in Android" *1114 in an official, conforming, Java-compatible implementation (id. at ¶¶ 294, 328, n. 370). Google rejected Sun's offer. Google supposedly made at least one more counteroffer, but the negotiations ultimately failed (id. at ¶ 295).
With no Java license from Sun, Google evidently forged ahead with the second of Mr. Rubin's fallback options"Do Java anyway and defend our decision, perhaps making enemies along the way." Android was publicly announced in November 2007, and the first Android phones went on sale the following year (Weingaertner Exh. S). Android-based mobile devices rapidly grew in popularity and now comprise a dominant share of the United States market.
In January 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun and renamed it Oracle America, Inc. Seven months later, Oracle America ("Oracle" herein) filed this action, asserting 132 claims in seven patents as well as copyright infringement allegations. The 132 claims in suit have since been reduced to fifty, and Oracle says it will select a fewer "triable" number for the jury trial set for October. In August 2010, Andy Rubin received an internal email stating that the technical alternatives to using Java for Android "all suck" and stating, "We conclude that we need to negotiate a license for Java under the terms we need" (Oracle hearing Exh. at 74, GOOGLE-12-00039565).
On May 21, 2011, one day after the deadline for serving "all of its damages report," Oracle served the expert report of Dr. Iain M. Cockburn (Weingaertner Decl. ¶ 1; Dkt. No. 56 at ¶¶ 8-9). Dr. Cockburn, who is a professor of finance and economics at Boston University, provided an opinion on the damages to Oracle due to the alleged patent and copyright infringement asserted in this action (Weingaertner Exh. A at ¶¶ 1, 4). Using the Nash bargaining solution and other economic analysis, Dr. Cockburn purported to calculate what a reasonable royalty for the alleged infringement might be. He opined that the fair market value of a license reached through hypothetical negotiations at the time infringement began would be "at least $1.4 billion" and "could be as much as $6.1 billion," "depending on different assumed fact scenarios." He further opined that "the most likely hypothetical license negotiation outcome in this case would have been a total royalty with a net present value of approximately $2.6 billion," structured as "an up-front payment of $0.9 billion to $1.4 billion" plus "a share of revenues attributable to Android ... between 10 and 15 percent" (id. at ¶¶ 9.5-9.6). Google now seeks to exclude Dr. Cockburn's damages testimony.
ANALYSIS
An expert witness may provide opinion testimony "if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case." FRE 702. District courts thus "are charged with a `gatekeeping role,' the objective of which is to ensure that expert testimony admitted into evidence is both reliable and relevant." Sundance, Inc. v. DeMonte Fabricating Ltd., 550 F.3d 1356, 1360 (Fed.Cir.2008).
Here, Google seeks to exclude the economic opinion testimony of Oracle's damages expert. The parties contest a myriad of items in addition to Google's several basic challenges. This order cannot address every point of contention. Instead, this order focuses on some of the fundamental flaws in Dr. Cockburn's expert report that render his opinion testimony unfit for the jury.
*1115 1. LACK OF RECORD SUPPORT.
Oracle now accuses Google of infringing fifty claims of seven patents. Only a triable subset of the patent claims will be presented to the jury, and some of those may be cancelled by the United States Patent and Trademark Office following the re-examination proceedings now underway. But even all fifty claims certainly do not cover all of Java or all of Android. Dr. Cockburn's analysis, surprisingly, was not tied to the specific patent claims at issue. He did not even identify a single patent claim. Instead, he used "Java" and "Android" as large-scale bargaining units (e.g., Weingaertner Exh. A at ¶¶ 196, 286). This approach was defective, because Oracle has provided no basis for equating the asserted claims with either all of Java or all of Android.
Dr. Cockburn recited a litany of facts to which "other witnesses will testify" which, if true, might support a conclusion that the asserted claims are important to Java or Android (id. at ¶¶ 19-24). But these facts are not in the sworn record. Oracle was required to serve "all of its damages report" two months ago, including any necessary support (Dkt. No. 56 at ¶ 9). Supposedly forthcoming testimony that was not timely disclosed is not a proper basis for the damages analysis. Accordingly, Dr. Cockburn's opinion was not based on sufficient facts.
2. ASSERTED CLAIMS VERSUS ALL OF JAVA.
Apart from evidentiary shortfalls, Dr. Cockburn's focus on Java as a whole runs afoul of controlling law. The reasonable royalty to be calculated is "a reasonable royalty for the use made of the invention by the infringer." 35 U.S.C. 284 (emphasis added). Java was not the invention. Only the claims asserted were the invention.
Therefore, the hypothetical license must be limited to the asserted claimsexcluding the rest of the Java platform. That "[t]he intellectual property at issue here was generally bundled into the technologies that Sun licensed on a portfolio basis" because "Sun's practice was to license Java, not to license individual patents," does not change this statutory requirement (Weingaertner Exh. A at ¶ 132). An opinion that the hypothetical negotiation would have resulted in a Java license simply fights the hypothetical. In postulating a full-blown "Java license," Dr. Cockburn evaded the question he was statutorily charged with answering (id. at ¶ 286).
3. ASSERTED CLAIMS VERSUS ALL OF ANDROID.
Turning to the Android side of the calculus, Dr. Cockburn once again should have limited his gaze only to the features of Android alleged to infringe the specific claims to be asserted at trial. Instead, he assumed the entire value of Android was due to the claims asserted.
"The entire market value rule allows a patentee to assess damages based on the entire market value of the accused product only where the patented feature creates the basis for customer demand or substantially create[s] the value of the component parts." Uniloc USA, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 632 F.3d 1292, 1318 (Fed. Cir.2011) (internal quotations omitted). As already stated, Dr. Cockburn provided no analysis showing either that the allegedly infringing features of Android create the basis for all value of the Android platform or that they substantially create the value of the non-infringing portions of the Android platform.
The fact that Java may be a critical component of Android does not justify application of the entire market value rule. Wheels are critical to an automobile, but *1116 no one would apportion all of the demand for a car to just the wheels.
It seems highly unlikely that Android derives its entire value from a small set of infringing features, given its breadth. The next report must apportion the total value between the specific infringing features versus the rest of Android.
4. DATE OF THE HYPOTHETICAL NEGOTIATION.
A reasonable royalty is derived by "envision[ing] the terms of a licensing agreement reached as the result of a supposed [bargain] between the patentee and the infringer at the time infringement began." Minks v. Polaris Indus., Inc., 546 F.3d 1364, 1372 (Fed.Cir.2008) (emphasis added). Direct patent infringement includes making, using, selling, offering to sell, or importing any patented invention in the United States without authorization. 35 U.S.C. 271(a).
Dr. Cockburn acknowledged that the hypothetical negotiation must take place "as of the date the alleged infringement began," but he timed it "just before the launch of Android on October 22, 2008, the date on which the first Google phone shipped" (Weingaertner Exh. A at ¶¶ 110, 119). This timing was incorrect because it ignored alleged infringement that would have taken place bringing Android to market. It also ignored the problem that determining the date of first infringement requires a claim-by-claim analysis. The jury may well find that infringement of some patent claims began at earlier dates while infringement of other patent claims began at later dates. These variations must be taken into account.
Oracle argues that "the date of the hypothetical negotiation is the date that the infringing product was first offered for sale in the United States" (Opp. 18). This is not the law. The decisions cited by Oracle do not state otherwise. The hypothetical negotiation must be scheduled as of the time infringement began. Uniloc, 632 F.3d at 1312. Yes, in some cases, such as where a foreign defendant expands its sales of an accused product into the United States market, the date the product is first offered for sale in the United States may in fact be the date infringement began. Where an accused product is developed and tested here in the United States, however, "use" and therefore infringement will almost always begin well before the first sale. Here, neither Oracle nor its expert has provided support for any negotiation at the unlikely time of the first sale of an Android device. Dr. Cockburn was simply resorting to wishful thinking.
5. FIGHTING THE HYPOTHETICAL.
Upon a finding of infringement, the patentee is entitled to "damages adequate to compensate for the infringement, but in no event less than a reasonable royalty for the use made of the invention by the infringer." 35 U.S.C. 284. "Two alternative categories of infringement compensation are the patentee's lost profits and the reasonable royalty he would have received through arms-length bargaining." Lucent Techs., Inc. v. Gateway, Inc., 580 F.3d 1301, 1324 (Fed.Cir.2009) (emphasis added).
A reasonable royalty typically is determined from the "hypothetical results of hypothetical negotiations between the patentee and infringer (both hypothetically willing) at the time infringement began." Mahurkar v. C.R. Bard, Inc., 79 F.3d 1572, 1579 (Fed.Cir.1996). "This hypothetical construct seeks the percentage of sales or profit likely to have induced the hypothetical negotiators to license use of the invention." Minco, Inc. v. Combustion Eng'g, Inc., 95 F.3d 1109, 1119 (Fed.Cir. 1996). Certain assumptions built into this *1117 thought experiment may not be discarded in favor of the parties' subjective preferences and history. Dr. Cockburn's analysis improperly fought the hypothetical.
First, as stated, the hypothetical negotiation takes place "between the patentee and infringer ... at the time infringement began." Mahurkar, 79 F.3d at 1579. At the time the alleged infringement began, Sun was the patentee, not Oracle. Dr. Cockburn erred in hypothesizing a negotiation between Google and Oracle, instead of one between Google and Sun. Oracle and Sun were different companies with different interests. Injecting Oracle into the bargaining room was wrong.
Second, the license reached in the hypothetical negotiation must compensate the licensor for the actual infringement that took placeno more and no less. See 35 U.S.C. 284; ResQNet.com, Inc. v. Lansa, Inc., 594 F.3d 860, 869 (Fed.Cir.2010) ("At all times, the damages inquiry must concentrate on compensation for the economic harm caused by infringement of the claimed invention."). The hypothetical license therefore must be tailored to the amount and type of alleged infringement that actually occurred.
If, for example, the hypothetical license were to cover only ten patent claims, it might not portend fragmentation of the Java platform, and many of the large-scale considerations in Dr. Cockburn's analysis might simply fall away. The reasonable royalty must compensate for the infringing features, but not for non-infringing ones. It must be limited to the time period(s) and geographic region(s) in which infringement took place.
On the other hand, Google wrongly criticizes Dr. Cockburn for assuming "that Sun and Google would have negotiated an expensive, Java-incompatible license rather than a cheap, Java-compatible license" (Br. 20). Android is not Java-compatible, or so a jury could reasonably find. The hypothetical negotiation therefore may include an assumption that Google's use of the licensed rights is not limited to Java-compatible products.
6. FRAGMENTATION.
In evaluating the patentee's hypothetical bargaining position, Dr. Cockburn considered a foreseeable possibility that Google's use of such an unrestricted license would "fork" or "fragment" the Java platform. For example, he explained that fragmentation would entail "[t]he potential for reduction in the size and loyalty of the Java developer community" as former Java developers chose instead to create Android applications, which could be written in the familiar Java programming language but which would not be compatible with Java systems (Weingaertner Exh. A at ¶ 159). According to Dr. Cockburn, the looming specter of fragmentation would have provoked the patentee to demand a higher royalty and a larger up-front payment.
Google attacks this reasoning, arguing that fragmentation is not a proper element of a royalty analysis (Br. 11). Google is incorrect. At the time of the hypothetical negotiation, the parties reasonably could have foreseen the possibility of Java fragmentation as a consequence of a license for use in implementations not subject to Sun's approval. Fragmentation therefore would have been taken into account in the hypothetical negotiation, or so plaintiff is entitled to argue. The weight of these fragmentation concerns and the degree to which they would have impacted the negotiation back then are questions of fact.
7. ADVERTISING REVENUE.
The accused product is Android, but unlike a typical infringing product, Android is not sold. Instead, Google profits from Android *1118 indirectly. Any valuation of Android must take this business model into account. Put differently, the question is "what is the market value of Android what could it be bought or sold forand to what extent do the infringing features contribute to that overall value?"
While Google is correct that we must ultimately isolate the infringing features' contribution, Google is incorrect in asserting that the overall value of Android is irrelevant and is further incorrect in asserting that advertising revenues have nothing to do with the overall value. Of course, they do have something to do with the overall value. There is evidence, for example, that users with Android phones "search twice as much" as users with other types of phones, increasing the advertising revenue derived from Google's search service. Additionally, for searches on Android devices, Google must share its revenue only with the device operator and not with any other intermediary (Norton Exh. G at 9). The relationship between Android and Google's advertising revenues would have been known to the parties at the time of the hypothetical negotiation. Plaintiff may base its damages model on then-expected advertising revenue so long as apportionment is done.
8. WORLDWIDE REVENUE.
The parties dispute the propriety of considering international revenue in valuations of Java and Android, but the law on this point is clear (Br. 17; Opp. 17-18). United States patents are infringed only in the United States. 35 U.S.C. 271. Patent infringement damages, therefore, must compensate only for the consequences of domestic activities. The features in question can infringe only when used in the United States. The analysis, therefore, must apportion worldwide revenue to isolate the part attributable to the features used in the United States, as those revenues would have been reasonably foreseen at the time of the hypothetical negotiation. The amount of such then-expected revenue is a question of fact.
9. GOOGLE'S SOVIET-STYLE NEGOTIATION.
Google emphasizes that negotiations between Sun and Google regarding a Java license for the mobile space "never got anywhere near the billion-dollar level." Google recounts that "Google rejected a proposal made by Sun to pay Sun $60 million over three years plus an additional amount up to $25 million per year in revenue sharing" and suggests that the total value of this offer"at most, a figure around $100 million"should serve as a ceiling for the reasonable royalty reached in any hypothetical negotiation (Br. 19-20). In other words, since Google rejected the offer, the rejected offer must serve as a ceiling for the hypothetical negotiation, or so Google argues.
This would be a Soviet-style negotiation: "What's mine is mine and what's yours is negotiable." The test is not what the infringer actually bargained for but what reasonable parties would have negotiated. Google may have simply been brazen, preferring to roll the dice on possible litigation rather than to pay a fair price. Moreover, by law, the hypothetical negotiation presupposes infringement and validity of the claims in suit, whereas back in 2006 Google was entitled to a discount based upon the risks of litigation over validity and non-infringement. Google is wrong on this criticism.
10. PROSPECT OF PERMANENT INJUNCTION.
Google accuses Dr. Cockburn of "straight-up double counting" because his calculation included future damages even though Oracle seeks an injunction (Br. 16). *1119 Damages, of course, will be awarded only for infringement that actually occurs and possibly provable future damages. There is a substantial possibility that a permanent injunction will be granted in the event infringement is found, especially if willfulness is proven. To account for this scenario, any damages report should address both the assumption that an injunction will be granted and the assumption that an injunction will not be granted. The hypothetical license, therefore, should be structured as a series of yearly payments with no additional lump sum to be paid up front. This structure should be adopted as an assumption in any damages analysis, so that the jury can more easily divide the amount of damages between past and future infringement. If and when a permanent injunction is entered, the damages award will then be adjusted accordingly. Furthermore, any projection of future damages must take into account the varying expiration dates of the asserted patent claims.
11. NASH BARGAINING SOLUTION.
The Nash bargaining solution is a mathematical model that purports to define the most mutually beneficial outcome of a two-party bargaining scenario. After identifying the profits each party could expect without a deal and the surplus created by their cooperation, the Nash model allocates the value of the deal in two steps: each party first receives the same profits it could expect without a deal, and then the remaining surplus is divided evenly between them. The Nash bargaining solution relies on "a few general assumptions" that "idealize the bargaining problem." John F. Nash, Jr., The Bargaining Problem, Econometrica, Apr. 1950, at 155. Like any mathematical model, the Nash solution cannot describe real-world behavior unless the conditions on which it is premised are satisfied in the real world.
It is no wonder that a patent plaintiff would love the Nash bargaining solution because it awards fully half of the surplus to the patent owner, which in most cases will amount to half of the infringer's profit, which will be many times the amount of real-world royalty rates. There is no anchor for this fifty-percent assumption in the record of actual transactions.
Dr. Cockburn purported to use the Nash bargaining solution to "project[] bargaining outcomes and calculat[e] the resulting payments and royalties" in the hypothetical negotiation he postulated between Google and Oracle (Weingaertner Exh. A at ¶ 281). He did not, however, adequately explain this method or tie it to facts in the record. In particular, Dr. Cockburn glossed over the axioms underlying the Nash solution without citing any evidence to show that those assumptions were warranted in the present case (id. at ¶ 282). In this respect, his analysis was not based on sufficient facts. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 591, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993) ("An additional consideration under Rule 702 and another aspect of relevancyis whether expert testimony proffered in the case is sufficiently tied to the facts of the case that it will aid the jury in resolving a factual dispute."). Because Dr. Cockburn did not provide an adequate justification for applying the Nash solution to the facts of this case, allowing him to testify to his results would risk misleading the jury as to the soundness of the foundation for his conclusions.
The Nash bargaining solution has never been approved by a judge to calculate reasonable royalties in litigation, at least in the face of objection. This is despite the fact that for decades it has been lurking in *1120 the field of economics.[*]
The Nash bargaining solution involves complex mathematical formulas and equations that would surely be incomprehensible to the average juror. For example, an article demonstrating how to apply the model to a reasonable royalty analysis includes much math, of which the following excerpt is illustrative:
If both the patent holder and the infringer possess production capabilities enabling them to use the invention, then the patent holder's disagreement payoff (what the patent holder could expect without a deal), d1, isd1 = P1Q1 - C1(Q1)
where P1 is the profit-maximizing price for the patent holder absent the infringer, Q1 is the profit-maximizing quantity for the patent holder absent the infringer, and C1(Q1) is the patent holder's cost function.
The joint profit from licensing, π, isπ = PmQm - C2(Qm)
where Pm represents price, Qm represents quantity, C2(Qm) represents the licensee's cost function, and the subscript m refers to a monopoly.
The bargaining payoff for the licensor,Π1*, is Π1* = d1 + [PmQm - C2(Qm) - d1 - d2 ]/2 = rQm.
where d2 is the infringer's disagreement payoff.
The bargaining payoff for the licensee,Π2*, is Π2* = d2 + [PmQm - C2(Qm) - d1 - d2 ]/2 = PmQm - C2(Qm) - rQm.
The total profit from licensing, Π, isΠ1* + 2* = Π = PmQm - C2(Qm).
And, finally, the reasonable royalty, r, isr = [Pm - AC2]/2 + [ 1 /2Qm] [d1 - d2].
See William Choi & Roy Weinstein, An Analytical Solution to Reasonable Royalty Rate Calculations, 41 IDEA 49, 56-60 (2001).
No jury could follow this Greek or testimony trying to explain it. The Nash bargaining solution would invite a miscarriage of justice by clothing a fifty-percent assumption in an impenetrable facade of mathematics. See Uniloc, 632 F.3d at 1312-15 (holding that the 25 percent rule of thumb is inadmissible under Daubert and the Federal Rules of Evidence for determining a baseline royalty rate in a hypothetical negotiation). Such confusing evidence will be excluded under FRE 403. No expert testimony based on the Nash bargaining solution will be admitted. Instead, the normal Georgia-Pacific factors, which have been approved by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and which are more understandable to the average fact-finder, will guide our reasonable royalty analysis. See Uniloc, 632 F.3d at 1317 ("This court has sanctioned the use of the Georgia-Pacific [Corp. v. U.S. Plywood *1121 Corp., 318 F.Supp. 1116 (S.D.N.Y.)] factors to frame the reasonable royalty inquiry.").
12. THE HYPOTHETICAL NEGOTIATION.
What we must do to stage the hypothetical negotiation is (i) to transport two fictitious persons back to an imaginary bargaining table on the date of first infringement, one person being a representative of the patent owner and the other being a representative of the infringer, (ii) to imbue both of them with reasonableness and objectivity, (iii) to require them to be mindful of the reasonably relevant real-world business considerations then known to both sides (to the extent allowed by Georgia-Pacific), (iv) to inform them of all reasonable non-infringing alternatives that would have been available in the absence of a license and, therefore, might have guided the negotiators, including their pros and cons, and (v) to instruct them then to negotiate in good faith a royalty fee that would fairly and reasonably reflect both sides' relevant business interests and bargaining positions so as to cover the actual infringement that eventually took place, while taking as a given the validity and enforceability of the patent claims.
In deciding how reasonable negotiators would have acted, the trier of fact may consider "comparables" including even comparables unknown to the litigants back at the time in question. While the patents must be presumed valid, the negotiations should not be based on any premise that the patent holder had the infringer "over the barrel" due to infringement that later occurred and, therefore, could extract a premium. Instead, the infringer must be presumed poised to start infringement, but still blessed with the option to pause and to pursue non-infringing alternatives.
Given the presence in this case of a real-world "comparable" close on pointthe last Sun offer in 2006the Court is strongly of the view that the hypothetical negotiation should take that $100 million offer as the starting point and adjust as follows:
Adjust downward for the fact that Java covers far more than the claims in suit and therefore the 2006 offer covered far more than the claims in suit.
Adjust downward for the fact that Android covers far more than the claims in suit.
Adjust upward due to the necessary assumption that all claims asserted must be deemed valid and infringed (whereas in 2006 this was uncertain).
Adjust upward or downward, as the case may be, for any further changes known to the parties between the date of the offer and the date of first infringement.
Adjust upward or downward for other comparables and other Georgia-Pacific factors.
Adjust downward for the fact that the offer included a copyright license, an issue not addressed herein (and which will not be addressed until the final report is done).
This order does not absolutely rule out all other formats. The foregoing would seem to be a clear-cut starting point.
CONCLUSION
On reflection, the Court erred in inviting the damages report to be submitted earlier than normal. The Court's express thinking was that allowing an earlier report would leave time to vet the analysis and then to adjust for the final report without trial delay. Instead, however, the patent owner here simply served a report that *1122 overreached in multiple wayseach and every overreach compounding damages ever higher into the billionsevidently with the goal of seeing how much it could get away with, a "free bite," as it were. Please be forewarned: the next bite will be for keeps. If the next and final report fails to measure up in any substantial and unseverable way, including ways this order did not have time to reach, then it may be excluded altogether without leave to try yet again. While this order has not reached every possible criticism, Oracle must be aware that some of the unaddressed criticisms seem, at least on one reading, to have merit, so it should proceed with caution before overreaching again.
If Oracle believes that it cannot craft a report until it figures out what patent claims (of the many currently asserted) it will actually assert at trial, that is a problem of its own making. If Oracle needs to postpone the October trial date until it settles on which claims it truly believes are triable, then it should bring a prompt motion to do so; otherwise, Oracle's revised damages report limited to the claims actually to be tried will be due 35 DAYS before the final pretrial conference and any responsive defense report will be due FOURTEEN DAYS before the final pretrial conference. The author of the report must, of course, sit for another deposition.
With respect to a possible stay pending re-examination, the Court is yet unwilling to give up on the October trial date. This will be revisited in due course, and in any event at the final pretrial conference. A factor will be whether this case will be truly trial-ready.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[*] Oracle cites no decision approving the use of the Nash bargaining solution to calculate a reasonable royalty in litigation. An exhaustive search has revealed only one decision that comes close. Amakua Dev. Co. v. Warner, No. 05 C 3082, 2007 WL 2028186, at *20 (N.D.Ill. July 10, 2007) ("Defendants have not challenged the reliability of Nash's theories, and the assessment of whether the theory persuasively can be applied in the context of this case is for the jury. Again, the Court finds that the proper method of challenging this testimony is on cross-examination."). The Nash bargaining solution is the subject of another Daubert challenge currently pending in this district. Like defendants here, the defendants in that action argue that use of the Nash bargaining solution to calculate a reasonable royalty runs afoul of guidance in the Federal Circuit's recent Uniloc decision. Mformation Techs., Inc. v. Research In Motion Ltd., No. 08-CV-04990 (JW), Dkt. No. 416, at 4-6, 2011 WL 1765442 (Mar. 28, 2011).