[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
_____________________________ COURT OF APPEALS
U.S.
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 08-12379 JUNE 6, 2011
_____________________________ JOHN LEY
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 07-20772-CR-FAM
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DULCE CASTELLANOS,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
____________________________
(June 6, 2011)
Before EDMONDSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and EVANS,* District Judge.
EVANS, District Judge:
* The Honorable Orinda Evans, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Georgia, sitting by designation.
Dulce Castellanos appeals her convictions for conspiracy to possess with
intent to distribute one kilogram or more of a substance containing heroin and five
kilograms or more of a substance containing cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1), all in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count 1), conspiracy to commit
money laundering that allegedly took place between June 2003 and October 23,
2007, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(I), all in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1956(h) (Count 4), and money laundering that allegedly took place on
March 15, 2007, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(B)(I) and 1956(a)(2)
(Count 6).
Dulce Castellanos raises two main issues on appeal. First, she argues that
the district court erred in denying her motion to suppress evidence obtained in a
search of a vehicle she drove and in a search of her residence. Second, she argues
that the district court erred in denying her Rule 29 motion for judgment of
acquittal.1 After careful review of the record, the briefs, and the benefit of oral
argument, we affirm the convictions on all counts.
1
At trial, Dulce Castellanos filed a motion for judgment of acquittal as to each count
against her. The district court denied the motion on all counts; Dulce Castellanos’ subsequent
notice of appeal indicated her intent to appeal “all trial court rulings.” Despite this, Dulce
Castellanos makes no mention on appeal of her motion for judgment of acquittal on any counts
other than her drug conspiracy charge (Count 1). The result of her failure to address the motion
for judgment of acquittal as to the other two counts is discussed herein.
2
TRIAL EVIDENCE
The government’s evidence showed the following at trial: On January 12,
2007, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents and Drug
Enforcement Agency (DEA) agents began a narcotics investigation of Martin
Castellanos (Dulce Castellanos’ husband) and William Martinez (Dulce
Castellanos’ son-in-law). Over the course of several months, agents observed the
suspicious activities of Martin Castellanos, William Martinez, and Dulce
Castellanos. On January 23, 2007, agents observed William Martinez driving a
red Expedition (registered to Nordis Martinez, Dulce Castellanos’ daughter) from
the Miami Gardens, Florida residence of Martin Castellanos and Dulce
Castellanos2 to a residence in nearby Opa-Lacka, where he remained briefly before
returning to the Miami Gardens residence. William Martinez then drove to an
apartment complex in nearby Davie, where he exited the Expedition, carried a
2
At the evidentiary hearing on Dulce Castellanos’ motion to suppress, the parties
stipulated to the nomenclature of each of the residences at issue in this case. The residence of
Dulce Castellanos and her husband, Martin Castellanos, at 5046 N.W. 186th Street, Miami
Gardens, Florida, would be referred to as “the Miami Gardens residence.” The residence at
11720 S.W. 24th Street, Miramar, Florida, would be referred to as “the Miramar residence.”
These names are used throughout this opinion. Further, this opinion refers to the residence of
Nordis Martinez, Dulce Castellanos’ daughter, at 8301 N.W. 179th Street, Hialeah, Florida, as
“Nordis Martinez’s residence.” Finally, this opinion refers to the storage unit located at 6550 W.
29th Avenue, Hialeah, Florida, on which Dulce Castellanos paid rent, as “the Storage Unit.”
3
duffle bag to a door on the second floor, and then emerged several minutes later
empty-handed.
After William Martinez departed the Davie apartment complex, agents
spoke to Neil Monroe, an occupant of one of the apartments that agents surmised
William Martinez entered. Within the apartment, agents found traces of cocaine,
marijuana residue, a scale, and the duffel bag William Martinez carried into the
apartment. Agents took Neil Monroe into custody, at which time Monroe stated
that William Martinez delivered cocaine to him weekly, including on that day.
Neil Monroe also described an older Latin male, later identified as Martin
Castellanos, who was known to deliver cocaine or pick up money from Neil
Monroe on behalf of William Martinez.
On February 2, 2007, agents observed Dulce Castellanos driving a red
Expedition, followed by Martin Castellanos in a silver car, near their Miami
Gardens residence. The two vehicles slowed when approaching the agents’ hidden
location. The agents drove away, but Dulce Castellanos and Martin Castellanos
followed the agents’ vehicle for several blocks.
On February 15, 2007, agents observed Martin Castellanos, driving a black
Ford F-150 pickup truck to the location of a cooperating source in Miami. There,
he delivered $89,000 in cash wrapped in green plastic to the source and then drove
4
back to the Miami Gardens residence. On March 7, 2007, agents observed
William Martinez depart the Miami Gardens residence in a silver Mercury Sable
and drive to the Miramar residence (the utilities of which were registered in the
name of Martin Castellanos). William Martinez remained inside the Miramar
residence for a few minutes before returning to the Miami Gardens residence, first
circling the Miami Gardens neighborhood several times before stopping at the
home.
On March 13, 2007, agents again observed William Martinez at the
Miramar residence, this time arriving with a rolling suitcase and later departing
carrying a black trash bag with red handles which he placed into the rear of a black
Ford F-150 pickup truck registered to Martin Castellanos. William Martinez
drove the truck behind a shopping center for a moment and then drove back to the
Miami Gardens residence—this time without the trash bag. Agents retrieved the
trash bag from a dumpster behind the shopping center and found that the bag
contained the rolling suitcase which was disassembled. The trash bag, to which
narcotics dogs reacted, also contained surgical gloves and packaging material that
an agent testified was consistent with kilogram wrappers of narcotics. On the
basis of this evidence, agents obtained (but did not immediately execute) a search
warrant for the Miramar residence.
5
On March 15, 2007 at approximately 1:00 p.m., agents observed Martin
Castellanos leave the Miami Gardens residence in a white Honda and travel to a
warehouse located off the Palmetto Expressway. At the warehouse, he pulled the
Honda into a garage and drove away in a black Ford F-150 pickup truck. At that
time, a Florida Highway Patrol officer initiated a traffic stop. A narcotics dog
reacted to the vehicle and the officer thereafter searched the truck. Inside, the
officer discovered approximately $81,000 in cash wrapped in green plastic and
concealed inside a black trash bag with red handles (identical to that in which
agents discovered the rolling suitcase). The officer also found keys to a Cadillac
in the truck’s center console.
DEA agents arrived on the scene and advised Martin Castellanos of his
Miranda rights. Martin Castellanos agreed to speak with agents but gave them
false information about his point of origin, his intended destination, and the money
in the vehicle (which he claimed was the proceeds from a real estate sale and
contended that he carried it on his person to conceal it from his wife, Dulce
Castellanos, from whom he contemplated divorce and with whom he did not
reside). Throughout this questioning, Martin Castellanos’ mobile phone rang
continuously. Although agents could not determine who was placing the calls
(because the calling numbers were blocked), they inferred that the caller was the
6
intended recipient of the money and was calling to inquire as to the delay in
delivery.
Moments after Martin Castellanos’ arrest, agents at the Miami Gardens
residence observed Dulce Castellanos outside the home looking around and
appearing nervous. Standing near the red Expedition, Dulce Castellanos stared in
the direction of the agents’ vehicle parked three houses away, began walking
towards her door, and backed up once to examine the vehicle again before finally
entering the residence. She emerged less than fifteen minutes later carrying two
heavy-appearing bags which she placed in the rear of the red Expedition and drove
away. Agents, believing that Dulce Castellanos was leaving the residence with
contraband, decided to pursue the vehicle. The agents signaled a traffic stop with
sirens and lights, but Dulce Castellanos continued to drive at a slow rate of speed,
once attempting to drive around an agent positioned in the road in front of her.
She also crossed three lanes of traffic before agents successfully stopped the red
Expedition.
The agents detained Dulce Castellanos, discovered two small children in the
back seat, and conducted a search of the vehicle. During the search, agents
identified two bags, one of which was a blue and grey duffel visible through the
rear hatchback window of the vehicle. According to one agent, this bag resembled
7
the one William Martinez used to deliver cocaine to Neil Monroe’s apartment on
January 23, 2007. An agent opened the rear hatch of the Expedition and opened
the duffel, finding that it contained bundles of cash totaling $120,628.00. The
agent next opened a blue backpack situated adjacent to the blue and grey duffel
and observed that it too contained cash, in the amount of $50,024.00, as well as a
heat sealer, rubber bands, money straps, wrapping paper, and drug ledgers.
Agents subsequently questioned Dulce Castellanos, who stated that she did
not own the Expedition or the bags inside, did not know the vehicle’s owner, and
was driving the vehicle because of a problem with her own car. When questioned
about the bags, she stated that she placed the bags into the Expedition at Martin
Castellanos’ request. When agents informed her that she would be charged with
conspiracy, she denied any involvement.
The red Expedition was moved to a parking lot, at which time agents seized
the cash from the two bags, totaling $174,193.00, and continued to search the
vehicle. They discovered a black briefcase containing wire transfer
documentation linking Dulce Castellanos, William Martinez, Saul Wynter (also a
co-defendant), and Martin Castellanos. From this documentation, agents
discerned that Dulce Castellanos was paying rent on a local storage unit (the
“Storage Unit”). Also in the briefcase was the red Expedition’s registration
8
information, listed in the name of Nordis Martinez, Dulce Castellanos’ daughter.
Elsewhere in the vehicle, agents discovered a garage door opener for the Miramar
residence.
Once in custody, Dulce Castellanos requested to speak with Martin
Castellanos. After the two spoke in private, Martin Castellanos wrote a statement
indicating that his wife had no involvement in the alleged conspiracy and did not
place the bags into the red Expedition. Instead, according to Martin Castellanos,
he loaded the money into the red Expedition for transport but failed to inform
Dulce Castellanos that he intended to use the vehicle. He stated that by the time
he was ready to drive the red Expedition, he realized that Dulce Castellanos had
already departed.
Later that evening, agents executed their search warrant on the Miramar
residence. The house was clearly a stash house, sparsely furnished and
unoccupied. Inside, agents found utility bills in Martin Castellanos’ name, drug
ledgers, heroin packages (a total of eight kilograms, found in the air vents of a
bedroom and in the kitchen), a Glock .8 caliber firearm and a .22 caliber revolver
(both hidden in an air vent), a heat-sealer, digital scales, black electrical tape, and
a large roll of green plastic wrap (the same wrap used on the heroin packages and
on money previously recovered from Martin Castellanos).
9
In the garage of the Miramar residence, agents found a Cadillac to which
narcotics dogs reacted. Agents unlocked the Cadillac with the keys found in the
black Ford F-150 pickup truck and inside they discovered two hydraulically
controlled hidden compartments containing $71,000 in cash wrapped in the green
plastic now familiar to the agents.
Agents next obtained consent from Dulce Castellanos and Martin
Castellanos, now detained, to search the Miami Gardens residence. There, agents
found the following: a black duffel bag containing cash wrapped in green plastic
(underneath the bed in the master bedroom); packaging material, a digital scale,
$7,100.00 in cash inside a fanny pack, and an eyeglass case containing cocaine (all
from a bedside table in the master bedroom); and $545.00 inside an envelope
(from within a dresser drawer in the master bedroom). Agents thereafter released
Dulce Castellanos and Martin Castellanos in order to continue surveillance and
evidence gathering. To this end, on July 20, 2007, agents obtained and executed a
search warrant for the Storage Unit, discovered to be tied to Dulce Castellanos
through financial documents seized from the red Expedition. Inside, they found
numerous wire transfer receipts, account statements, and other financial
documents belonging to Dulce Castellanos and relating to several distinct bank
accounts.
10
Dulce Castellanos was arrested on October 23, 2007. On November 7, 2007,
a federal grand jury in the Southern District of Florida returned a superseding
indictment charging her with conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute one
kilogram or more of a substance containing heroin and five kilograms or more of a
substance containing cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), all in violation
of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count 1), conspiracy to commit money laundering that
allegedly took place between June 2003 and October 23, 2007, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(I), all in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h) (Count 4), and
money laundering that allegedly took place on March 15, 2007, in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(B)(I) and 1956(a)(2) (Count 6). The indictment also charged
three other co-defendants with the conspiracy, including Martin Castellanos,
William Martinez (both of whom are fugitives and were not tried with Dulce
Castellanos), and Saul Wynter.
Before trial, counsel for Dulce Castellanos filed a motion to suppress
evidence recovered in the red Expedition and in the Storage Unit. Following a
hearing, the district court adopted a magistrate judge’s report and recommendation
recommending that the motion be denied. The magistrate judge found, and the
district court agreed, that the agents’ stop of the red Expedition was supported by
probable cause to believe that Dulce Castellanos was engaged in criminal activity
11
and that the Expedition contained contraband or evidence of that criminal activity.
In the alternative, according to the magistrate judge, there was at least reasonable
suspicion for the stop and for a protective sweep of the Expedition and, after the
protective sweep revealed the money, agents had probable cause to search the
entire Expedition and to seize the contents thereof. Finally, because the magistrate
judge found the search of the Expedition to be lawfully conducted, she rejected
Dulce Castellanos’ argument that the subsequent Storage Unit search was
unlawful as fruit of the poisonous tree.
At trial, which commenced on February 5, 2008, the government presented
evidence respecting the initial investigation that took place between January 12,
2007 and July 20, 2007, as outlined above. The government also provided more
detailed information about the financial documents found linking Dulce
Castellanos to the conspiracy. An agent testified that, within the black briefcase
found in the Expedition, agents discovered: a Western Union wire transfer receipt
(indicating that Saul Wynter, a co-defendant, sent “Eric Morillo” in Panama
$700.00); a second Western Union wire transfer receipt (indicating that Dulce
Castellanos paid $5,000.00 to Chase Home Finance); utility bills for the Miramar
residence in Martin Castellanos’ name; a cash register receipt noting payment by
Dulce Castellanos of $5,015.00 on August 24, 2006; and U.S. Postal Service
12
Money Order receipts totaling $3,720.00. The agent also testified that Dulce
Castellanos was carrying $3,541.00 in cash on her person when she was
apprehended while driving the red Expedition.
To bolster its argument that Dulce Castellanos was involved in the financing
of the drug conspiracy, the government presented testimony from an agent who
searched the Storage Unit. The Storage Unit was leased to a third party, but Dulce
Castellanos paid the rent for the unit. Inside the Storage Unit, agents found the
following financial documents: a group of Bank of America bank statements
addressed to Dulce Castellanos as the registered agent of a company called South
Florida Diagnostic and Treatment Center, Inc.; Bank of America statements for a
bank account held by A Sunrise and Associates Corp.; bank slips and deposit slips
for a personal Bank of America account in Dulce Castellanos’ name; Bank of
America statements addressed to Dulce Castellanos and William Martinez for a
joint bank account; and a Washington Mutual statement of accounts addressed to
Dulce Castellanos.
To corroborate Dulce Castellanos’ ties to these bank accounts and others,
the government presented custodians of record to verify the account holders and
account history on several accounts with which Dulce Castellanos was associated.
Dulce Castellanos held four bank accounts at Bank Atlantic, two of which were in
13
her name alone and two of which were in the names of two minors (William
Martinez, Jr. and Kaitlyn Martinez) with Dulce Castellanos designated as a co-
signor.
A records custodian also connected Dulce Castellanos to nine Bank of
America accounts. Of these, three were corporate accounts on which Dulce
Castellanos was designated a signator: (1) an account registered to Sunrise
Insurance, with Dulce Castellanos listed as president and Nordis Martinez listed as
vice president; (2) an account in the name of Sunrise Insurance Agency Miami,
Inc., with Dulce Castellanos listed as president and treasurer and with Nordis
Martinez listed as secretary; and (3) an account registered to South Florida
Diagnostic Treatment Center, Inc., with Dulce Castellanos listed as president. The
remainder of these Bank of America accounts named Dulce Castellanos in some
capacity, either as an account holder, co-signor, or “in trust for.” Finally, the
government called a records custodian from Washington Mutual Bank to testify to
the existence of an account at that bank in the name of Dulce Castellanos.
Defense counsel objected to the testimony of these records custodians on
relevancy grounds, contending that introduction of the documents shifted the
burden of proof to Dulce Castellanos. The district court overruled the objection
and admitted the evidence. On cross-examination, defense counsel suggested that
14
despite the existence of these numerous accounts, the government presented
insufficient evidence to demonstrate that the money in the accounts derived from
narcotics trafficking.
To illustrate the extent of the cumulative activity in Dulce Castellanos’
numerous bank accounts, the government presented testimony from a DEA agent
specializing in summarizing bank records and other documents relating to lifestyle
and income. Although the agent could not identify the source of the deposits, his
testimony laid the foundation for the introduction of a chart that compiled the
major financial transactions in Dulce Castellanos’ bank accounts between May 2,
2004 and August 8, 2007. These transactions included dozens of cash deposits in
excess of $1,000.00 and at least one deposit reaching $7,000.00. Despite this
income, the government presented testimony indicating that Dulce Castellanos and
Martin Castellanos failed to file an income tax return for the years of 2005 and
2006.
To tie Dulce Castellanos to the drug activity, the government presented
detailed testimony about the contraband recovered from the Miami Gardens
residence. An agent testified that he and other agents recovered within the house:
$23,011.00 inside a black duffel bag concealed underneath the master bedroom
bed and wrapped in green plastic; $545.00 from an envelope inside a dresser
15
drawer in the master bedroom; $7,100.00 inside a fanny pack, a digital scale and
small yellow plastic bags (both in the fanny pack), and an eyeglass case containing
38.9 grams of cocaine, all stashed in a bedside table in the master bedroom to the
right of the bed; a digital scale in or on the master bedroom dresser; and a lease
agreement with Martin Castellanos listed as lessee for the Miramar residence.
With respect to this lease, an agent testified that he recovered money orders from
the U.S. Postal Service showing that rent payments were made to the owner of the
Miramar residence from an account in the name Martin Castellanos. The agent
also testified that he obtained records of six money orders in $1,000.00 increments
made payable from Dulce Castellanos to herself and deposited into her several
Bank of America accounts.
In addition to evidence recovered from the Miami Gardens residence, the
government produced evidence about certain financial documents and money
found in Nordis Martinez’s residence, where Dulce Castellanos testified that she
lived at the time of her arrest. Inside that residence, agents recovered a wire
transfer request for $32,000.00, a Western Union receipt for money orders
purchased for $5,000.00, various receipts for cash purchases, and $14,000.00 in
cash stashed under a chair cushion.
16
On February 12, 2008, at the close of the government’s case-in-chief,
defense counsel moved for a motion for judgment of acquittal as to Counts 1, 4,
and 6 pursuant to Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Defense
counsel asserted that the government failed to present evidence that Dulce
Castellanos agreed to be a participant in a drug conspiracy, failed to establish a
nexus between the money discovered in the Expedition and the narcotics
conspiracy, and failed to establish that the moving of money in the Expedition was
a financial transaction affecting interstate and foreign commerce as required under
the money laundering statute. The district court denied the motion with respect to
all counts.
In the defense’s case-in-chief, defense counsel presented witnesses who
testified that Dulce Castellanos’ conduct was legitimate. A friend of Dulce
Castellanos, whose name appeared on the Storage Unit lease, testified that she
obtained the lease in her name so that Dulce Castellanos could store some of her
belongings outside the Miami Gardens residence without the knowledge of her
husband, Martin Castellanos, with whom Dulce Castellanos had a tumultuous
relationship. Another witness, Manuel Rodriguez, testified that Dulce
Castellanos’ income was legitimate: Rodriguez testified that he established a
17
company with Dulce Castellanos that was designed to ship packages to Cuba.
Similarly, a witness named Gertrude Rosales testified that Dulce Castellanos had
an immigration services business.
Dulce Castellanos then testified on her own behalf. She explained that she
was currently living with Nordis Martinez but denied knowledge of the
$14,000.00 found inside Nordis Martinez’s residence underneath a chair cushion.
Attempting to bolster her argument that she was legitimately employed, Dulce
Castellanos corroborated the stories of Manuel Rodriguez and of Gertrude Rosales
with respect to her shipping and immigration businesses and further testified that
she and Nordis Martinez also opened an insurance company (A Sunrise Insurance)
and a real estate company (InterAmerican Real Estate Group) together. Dulce
Castellanos also testified that she and a doctor started a medical business called
South Florida Diagnostic and Treatment Center.
Dulce Castellanos submitted that most of her clients paid her by cash,
money order, or personal check, all of which she deposited upon receipt. She
contended that all of the money in each of her accounts derived from these
legitimate sources of income. When asked why she failed to file income tax
returns in 2005 and 2006, Dulce Castellanos conceded that she failed to file but
asserted that she had no deceptive or unlawful purpose in failing to do so.
18
When asked about her husband, Martin Castellanos, Dulce Castellanos
explained that she never saw him with narcotics, scales, or any bags with money.
She also denied having ever seen the fanny pack containing cocaine, the digital
scales, or the money found in her master bedroom. She contended that she was
driving the red Expedition on March 15, 2007 because the air conditioning in her
vehicle was inoperable and Martin Castellanos told her to use his red Expedition.
She testified that she placed the two bags into the Expedition because she removed
them earlier and sought to replace them. She stated that she never opened the
bags. She denied all charges against her.
Dulce Castellanos did concede, however, that she and Martin Castellanos
shared a joint bank account and that she “wrote the checks” and “would pay the
bills” from that account. This included rent payments for the Miramar residence,
shown to be a stash house for narcotics and drug proceeds. Dulce Castellanos
denied that she was aware of the nature of the Miramar residence.
After Dulce Castellanos testified, defense counsel renewed its Rule 29
motion. The district court again denied the motion as to all counts, emphasizing
that because Dulce Castellanos testified, inconsistencies in the record created by
her testimony tended to make the issue of her guilt or innocence one for the jury to
decide, rather than for the court to determine.
19
On February 15, 2008, the jury returned a guilty verdict against Dulce
Castellanos on Counts 1, 4, and 6 of the superseding indictment. The district court
subsequently sentenced her to 121 months of incarceration as to each count,
running concurrently, followed by 5 years of supervised release to each count,
running concurrently, and a $300.00 special assessment. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
I. District Court’s Denial of Dulce Castellanos’ Motion to Suppress
A. Standard of Review
“‘A district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed question
of law and fact.’” United States v. Perez, 443 F.3d 772, 774 (11th Cir. 2006)
(quoting United States v. Zapata, 180 F.3d 1237, 1240 (11th Cir. 1999)). This
Court accordingly reviews the district court’s factual findings for clear error,
construing all facts in the light most favorable to the government (the prevailing
party below in this case). Id. The Court reviews the district court’s application of
the law to these facts de novo. Id.
B. Motion to Suppress Evidence Recovered from the Red
Expedition
Dulce Castellanos argues first that—although defense counsel conceded at
trial that the government had reasonable suspicion to stop the Expedition—agents
20
conducted an unlawful protective sweep of the vehicle by searching beyond the
scope that any potential danger permitted. In the alternative, she contends that no
probable cause existed to justify the agents’ search of the bags inside the
Expedition. Because we hold that probable cause existed to justify the search, we
need not discuss Dulce Castellanos’ first argument.
It is undisputed that the agents conducted a warrantless search of the
Expedition. However, a warrantless vehicular search is permissible if law
enforcement has probable cause to believe the vehicle contains contraband and if
exigent circumstances necessitate a warrantless search or seizure. United States v.
Alexander, 835 F.2d 1406, 1409 (11th Cir. 1988). In most cases, the mobility of a
vehicle is sufficient to satisfy the exigency requirement. Id. Here, the exigency
requirement is satisfied because the vehicle was readily mobile: it was not only
capable of mobility, but was in fact mobile at the time agents obtained control over
it. See United States v. Forker, 928 F.2d 365, 369 (11th Cir. 1991) (holding that
“ready mobility” of vehicle parked in a parking lot supported a finding of exigency
because officers “were not certain if the car would remain in the parking lot if they
left to obtain a warrant”).
With respect to probable cause, such cause exists when, under the “totality
of the circumstances,” there exists “a fair probability that contraband or evidence
21
of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238
(1983). Probable cause does not require certainty; rather, it is a doctrine of
“reasonable probability.” United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1535 (11th Cir.
1995).
Probable cause existed here, under the totality of the circumstances,
warranting a search of the Expedition. At the time they initiated the stop agents
knew that William Martinez and Dulce Castellanos were associated because
William Martinez frequented Dulce Castellanos’ Miami Gardens residence and
used the same Expedition she drove. Agents also had information showing that
William Martinez moved drugs in the Expedition from Dulce Castellanos’ Miami
Gardens residence to the home of a drug buyer. Agents knew that Dulce
Castellanos and Martin Castellanos were also associated and had information,
based on the stop of Martin Castellanos in the black Ford F-150 pickup truck,
tending to show that Martin Castellanos was in possession of drugs and currency.
These connections, combined with Dulce Castellanos’ nervous conduct and
evasive behavior when confronted by agents, provided agents with a common-
sense based “reasonable probability” that the vehicle would contain contraband.
Thus, the vehicular search was lawful. Importantly, the legality of this search
extended to the two bags (which were capable of containing drugs or currency or
22
both) within the Expedition. United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 825 (1982) ("If
probable cause justifies the search of a lawfully stopped vehicle, it justifies the
search of every part of the vehicle and its contents that may conceal the object of
the search.").
Dulce Castellanos maintains that agents lacked probable cause because they
had little evidence at the time of the stop connecting her to the drug conspiracy.
Her argument misses the point. The search was lawful because agents had enough
evidence to establish probable cause that the object of the search—the vehicle
itself, not Dulce Castellanos—contained contraband. See Gates, 462 U.S. at 238
(emphasizing that probable cause must exist that contraband “will be found in a
particular place” (emphasis added)). Thus, the district court did not err in denying
Dulce Castellanos’ motion to suppress evidence found in the Expedition.
C. Motion to Suppress Evidence Found in the Miami Gardens
Residence
Dulce Castellanos also contends, based on her argument that the vehicular
search was unconstitutional, that subsequent searches—including the search of her
Miami Gardens residence—are similarly unlawful. This argument fails. Dulce
Castellanos failed to object to the agents’ search of her Miami Gardens residence
on a motion to suppress before trial. She has accordingly waived her right to make
23
the argument on appeal. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(e) (“A party waives any Rule
12(b)(3) defense, objection, or request” that must be raised before trial, including a
motion to suppress evidence, “not raised by the deadline the court sets . . . or by
any extension the court provides.”); Norelus v. Denny’s, Inc., 628 F.3d 1270, 1296
(11th Cir. 2010) (citing “well-established rule against reversing a district court
judgment on the basis of issues and theories that were never presented to that
court—issues not raised in the district court should not be considered on appeal”).
Although the court may grant relief from the waiver on a showing of good cause,
no such cause exists here because, as explained above, the agents’ search of the
Expedition did not violate Dulce Castellanos’ Fourth Amendment rights and the
agents’ subsequent search of the Miami Gardens residence was therefore not
tainted.
II. District Court’s Denial of Dulce Castellanos’ Rule 29 Motion for
Judgment of Acquittal
A. Standard of Review
We review a district court’s denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal de
novo. United States v. Bowman, 302 F.3d 1228, 1237 (11th Cir. 2002). The
Court must, however, view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government, making all inferences and credibility choices in the government’s
24
favor. United States v. Calderon, 127 F.3d 1314, 1324 (11th Cir. 1997).
Furthermore, “The test for sufficiency of evidence is identical regardless of
whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial, and no distinction is to be made
between the weight given to either direct or circumstantial evidence.” United
States v. Mieres-Borges, 919 F.2d 652, 656-57 (11th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
B. Rule 29 Motion for Judgment of Acquittal as to Count 1
Dulce Castellanos asserts that the district court erred in denying her Rule 29
motion for judgment of acquittal as to Count 1, conspiracy to possess with intent
to distribute narcotics in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), all in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 846. Specifically, she argues that the government presented no evidence
demonstrating that she agreed to join the conspiracy, had knowledge of the drugs,
and agreed to or intended to distribute drugs. Essentially, she contends that the
government merely established her presence in proximity to the criminal conduct
and that her presence alone was insufficient to establish her knowledge and
agreement, both of which are required to sustain a conviction.
To sustain a conviction for possession with intent to distribute narcotics
under 21 U.S.C. § 846, the government must establish beyond a reasonable doubt
three elements: knowledge, possession, and intent to distribute. United States v.
25
Poole, 878 F.2d 1389, 1391 (11th Cir. 1989). To convict Dulce Castellanos of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute narcotics, the government must
prove: (1) that a conspiracy to possess narcotics existed; (2) that Dulce Castellanos
knew of the goal of the conspiracy; and (3) that she voluntarily joined the
conspiracy with knowledge thereof. See United States v. Mejia, 97 F.3d 1391,
1392 (11th Cir. 1996).
Based on the record below, we hold that the government met its burden at
trial to establish that Dulce Castellanos agreed to join the conspiracy, had
knowledge of the narcotics, and agreed to or intended to distribute the narcotics.
While it is true that the evidence presented at trial was largely circumstantial as to
Dulce Castellanos, it is well established that a “defendant’s knowing participation
in a conspiracy may be established through proof of surrounding circumstances
such as acts committed by the defendant which furthered the purpose of the
conspiracy.” United States v. Morales, 868 F.2d 1562, 1573 (11th Cir. 1989)
(internal quotation marks omitted); see Poole, 878 F.2d at 1391-92 (“All three
elements [of a 21 U.S.C. § 846 violation] can be proven by either direct or
circumstantial evidence.”).
With respect to her agreement to participate in the conspiracy, receipts
found in the Expedition and in the Storage Unit showed that Dulce Castellanos
26
maintained several distinct bank accounts and made numerous wire transfers. She
also admitted that she made rent payments on the Miramar residence, which was
shown to be a stash house for narcotics and drug proceeds. Perhaps most
convincingly, Dulce Castellanos was clearly observed moving large sums of
money from her Miami Gardens residence to the red Expedition moments after
agents apprehended her husband. Taken together, this evidence established
beyond a reasonable doubt that Dulce Castellanos furthered the purpose of the
conspiracy by participating in the financing aspect of the drug conspiracy: she
controlled and concealed the drug proceeds and used proceeds to maintain the
stash house, a critical asset to the conspiracy. Thus, the government proved
beyond a reasonable doubt that Dulce Castellanos knowingly participated in the
conspiracy.
With respect to Dulce Castellanos’ knowledge of and agreement to
distribute the drugs, the government also presented sufficient evidence. Agents
found drugs and money in areas of Dulce Castellanos’ master bedroom over which
she exercised dominion and control: under the bed, on or in the only dresser in the
bedroom, and in a bedside table. Further, it was reasonable for the jury to
disbelieve Dulce Castellanos’ testimony that she had no knowledge of the drugs,
paraphernalia, and money because her testimony stood in stark contrast to this
27
abundant evidence of contraband within her control. This evidence, although
circumstantial, was sufficient to establish that Dulce Castellanos had knowledge of
the drugs in close proximity to her. Additionally, when paired with the evidence
showing her involvement in the financing of the conspiracy, sufficient evidence
existed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Dulce Castellanos agreed to
participate in a conspiracy to sell the narcotics. See Morales, 868 F.2d at 1573-74
(upholding defendant’s drug conspiracy conviction when government provided
circumstantial evidence, including evidence that: (1) the defendant carried out of a
stash house and into a car a mobile telephone used in drug transactions; (2) the
defendant’s girlfriend carried to the car a bag containing cocaine; (3) the
defendant’s name appeared as a co-signor on the lease agreement for the stash
house; and (4) the defendant made rent and utility payments on the stash house).
Dulce Castellanos argues that a jury note to the district court provides
telling evidence of the jury’s belief that she was merely aware of—and did not
agree to—the criminal conduct. The note indicated that members of the jury
“believe [Dulce Castellanos] was fully aware of the operation but . . . cannot figure
out the amount [she] would have conspired on.” This argument is unavailing. The
note plainly demonstrates only that the jury had difficulty discerning the actual
amount of drugs that were the subject of the conspiracy. Nothing in the note
28
suggests that the jury was unsure whether the conspiracy existed or whether Dulce
Castellanos agreed to participate.
Accordingly, the district court did not err in denying Dulce Castellanos’
Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal as to Count 1.
C. Rule 29 Motion for Judgment of Acquittal as to Counts 4 and 6
Dulce Castellanos initially indicated her intent to appeal “all trial court
rulings,” presumably including the district court’s denial of her Rule 29 motion for
judgment of acquittal as to Counts 4 and 6, in her notice of appeal. Despite this,
appellate counsel has not briefed any arguments for reversal based on the original
Rule 29 motion on Counts 4 and 6. These arguments are accordingly waived. See
In re Egidi, 571 F.3d 1156, 1163 (11th Cir. 2009) (“Arguments not properly
presented in a party’s initial brief or raised for the first time in the reply brief are
deemed waived.”); Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th
Cir. 2005) (“When an appellant fails to offer argument on an issue, that issue is
abandoned.” (citing U.S. v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998)));
see also Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(9)(A) (providing that argument section of an
appellant’s brief must contain “appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them,
29
with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant
relies”).3
CONCLUSION
Dulce Castellanos’ conviction is AFFIRMED.
3
To the extent that Dulce Castellanos’ argument as to why the district court erred in
denying her Rule 29 motion on Counts 4 and 6 simply relies on her lack of knowledge or specific
intent with respect to the drug conspiracy, the preceding discussion adequately refutes this
contention. Regardless, the Court finds no plain error in the district court’s ruling on the Rule 29
motion for judgment of acquittal as to Counts 4 and 6.
30