Case: 09-41247 Document: 00511506220 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/13/2011
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 13, 2011
No. 09-41247 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
JOSE ALVARO ACOSTA-GUERRERO,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 5:CR-1524-1
Before GARWOOD, GARZA, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
A jury convicted Defendant-Appellant Jose Alvaro Acosta-Guerrero
(“Acosta”) on one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute in
excess of fifty kilograms of marijuana and one count of possession with intent to
distribute in excess of fifty kilograms of marijuana. Acosta appeals, arguing that
the district court erred by admitting an expert witness’s testimony and by
denying his motion for acquittal. For reasons discussed within, we AFFIRM the
district court.
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
Case: 09-41247 Document: 00511506220 Page: 2 Date Filed: 06/13/2011
No. 09-41247
I
In the early morning of June 16, 2009, the border patrol arrested Acosta
at the border checkpoint on Interstate 35, about twenty-nine miles north of
Laredo, Texas, shortly after agents discovered 94.35 kilograms of marijuana
inside a tractor-trailer driven by Acosta for ATC Transport. The day before his
arrest, Acosta had arrived at the ATC truck yard in Laredo, Texas, where he
received paperwork and drove an empty trailer to a nearby warehouse where it
was loaded with corn flour. When he returned to ATC with the load, the trailer
was unsealed.1 Acosta was supposed to leave Laredo that evening, but instead,
he left Laredo about ten hours after his scheduled departure time. At trial, a
former safety officer for ATC, Frederick Haverty, testified that he had arrived
at ATC between 5 A.M. and 5:15 A.M. on June 16th and that Acosta arrived in
his own car a few minutes later. The unsealed tractor-trailer filled with corn
flour was parked nearby. Haverty testified that Acosta was in the ATC office for
about twenty to thirty minutes. Acosta had concerns because the shipment’s bill
of lading did not match the manifest and the trailer lacked a seal. Haverty told
Acosta to talk to a dispatch official who would arrive later. But instead of
waiting, Acosta left ATC with the trailer.
An hour after his departure from ATC, Acosta stopped the trailer at the
border checkpoint. A border patrol agent testified that Acosta’s 7 A.M. arrival
was significant because agents change shifts then. Due to the confusion with the
shift changes, 7 A.M. “tends to be the time where they [drug traffickers] try to
push the narcotics through.” A border patrol detection dog alerted agents to
possible contraband in Acosta’s trailer, which was now sealed shut. After an
x-ray scan, an agent broke the trailer’s seal and discovered marijuana in a
cardboard box and duffel bags.
1
A “seal” refers to an individually numbered plastic band that is latched around the
doors to prevent tampering with the trailer’s load.
2
Case: 09-41247 Document: 00511506220 Page: 3 Date Filed: 06/13/2011
No. 09-41247
An indictment charged Acosta with conspiring to possess with intent to
distribute in excess of fifty kilograms of marijuana and possessing with intent
to distribute in excess of fifty kilograms of marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 846, 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). Acosta pleaded not guilty to both charges. Before
trial, Acosta moved to exclude expert testimony concerning the marijuana’s
monetary value in Laredo and Jackson, Mississippi, the metropolitan area
closest to Acosta’s final destination. At the close of the Government’s case and
during closing arguments Acosta moved for an acquittal on both counts. The
district court denied the motions and the jury convicted Acosta. He appealed his
conviction to us.
II
Acosta argues that the district court erred by denying his motion for
judgment of acquittal because the Government failed to produce sufficient
evidence to establish that Acosta knowingly possessed the marijuana.
We review the district court’s denial of Acosta’s motion for acquittal de
novo. United States v. Floyd, 343 F.3d 363, 370 (5th Cir. 2003). We will affirm
the jury’s verdict if “a reasonable trier of fact could find that the evidence
establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Bell, 678 F.2d 547,
549 (5th Cir. 1982) (en banc). The evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn
from it are to be viewed on appeal in the light most favorable to the government.
Id. “The evidence need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or
be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt, and the jury is
free to choose among reasonable constructions of the evidence.” United States
v. Ortega Reyna, 148 F.3d 540, 543 (5th Cir. 1998) (internal quotations and
citations omitted). A violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) is shown by proof of
knowing possession of contraband with intent to distribute. United States v.
Skipper, 74 F.3d 608, 611 (5th Cir. 1996). A conspiracy conviction requires proof
“beyond a reasonable doubt that [the defendant] had the deliberate, knowing,
3
Case: 09-41247 Document: 00511506220 Page: 4 Date Filed: 06/13/2011
No. 09-41247
specific intent to join the conspiracy.” United States v. Mendoza, 722 F.2d 96,
103 (5th Cir. 1983) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
If drugs are found concealed in a vehicle, control of the vehicle alone is not
basis enough to prove knowledge on the part of the person controlling it. United
States v. Garza, 990 F.2d 171, 174 (5th Cir. 1993). Thus, in such circumstances
there must exist other evidence that is suspicious or demonstrates guilt. United
States v. Moreno, 185 F.3d 465, 471–72 (5th Cir. 1999). For cases in which the
value of contraband is high, a jury may reasonably infer that a defendant “would
not have been entrusted with [such] extremely valuable cargo if he was not part
of the drug trafficking scheme.” United States v. Villarreal, 324 F.3d 319, 324
(5th Cir. 2003). We have held that a drug smuggler is unlikely to entrust
valuable quantities of drugs to an unknowing driver who might deliver them to
the authorities or attempt to profit from them himself. Villarreal, 324 F.3d at
324–25.
The Government presented evidence that showed Acosta unexpectedly
delayed his departure from ATC by ten hours. The evidence also demonstrated
that Acosta’s tractor-trailer was unsealed when it left the trucking yard, but
when border patrol agents stopped the trailer an hour later, it was sealed shut.
Acosta departed from ATC about 6 A.M. and it took him at least an hour to reach
a border patrol stop twenty-nine miles away. During that time, Acosta had sole
possession and control of the tractor-trailer. In addition, the marijuana found in
Acosta’s trailer had a street value between, $124,542 and $207,570 at his final
destination of Brookhaven, Mississippi. The marijuana’s value permitted for the
reasonable inference that Acosta would not have been entrusted with the
valuable cargo unless he was part of the drug conspiracy. Villarreal, 324 F.3d
at 324. The district court did not err in denying Acosta’s motion for acquittal
because “a reasonable trier of fact could find that the evidence” established that
Acosta knowingly possessed the marijuana. Bell, 678 F.2d at 549.
4
Case: 09-41247 Document: 00511506220 Page: 5 Date Filed: 06/13/2011
No. 09-41247
Acosta also contends that the district court erred by admitting a DEA
agent’s testimony about the monetary value of the marijuana. We consider the
district court’s evidentiary rulings under an abuse of discretion standard.
United States v. Gutierrez-Farias, 294 F.3d 657, 662 (5th Cir. 2002). If the
decision to admit expert testimony constitutes an abuse of discretion we will not
reverse the trial court if the error was harmless. United States v. Williams, 957
F.2d 1238, 1241 (5th Cir. 1992). Such an error is harmless if there is no
“reasonable possibility that the improperly admitted evidence contributed to the
conviction.” Gutierrez-Farias, 294 F.3d at 664 (internal quotations omitted).
Acosta argues that the DEA agent’s testimony substantially prejudiced
him because “it attempted to link him to the specific characteristics of drug
couriers as well as to the drug trafficking industry.” We have held that
testimony offering a profile of drug couriers is inherently prejudicial and
inadmissible to prove guilt. United States v. Ibarra, 493 F.3d 526, 532 (5th Cir.
2007). The trial transcript belies Acosta’s assertion. The DEA agent testified
about his work experience, how he determined the value of the drugs seized from
Acosta’s trailer, and why the value of drugs increases as one travels north. The
Government did not ask the agent to comment on Acosta’s guilt nor did the
agent state whether Acosta fit the profile of a drug smuggler. The district court
did not err by admitting this evidence.2
III
We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
2
Acosta also asserts that under Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the district
court erred by permitting the DEA agent to testify because this evidence’s probative value was
substantially outweighed by the danger unfair prejudice to Acosta. This argument fails,
however, because as noted in Section II, our precedent permits for the Government to rely on
the testimony of law enforcement officials to establish the monetary value of drugs to
demonstrate a defendant’s knowledge. United States v. Sanchez-Hernandez, 507 F.3d 826, 832
(5th Cir. 2007); Villarreal, 324 F.3d at 324.
5